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history of nursing assignment ppt

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history of nursing assignment ppt

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history of nursing assignment ppt

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history of nursing assignment ppt

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history of nursing assignment ppt

American Nursing: An Introduction to the Past

history of nursing assignment ppt

Professional nursing holds a unique place in the American health care system. As members of the largest health care profession, the nation’s 3.1 million nurses work in diverse settings and fields and are frontline providers of health care services. While most nurses work in acute-care settings such as hospitals, nurses’ expertise and skills extend well beyond hospital walls. Working independently and with other health care professionals, nurses promote the health of individuals, families, and communities. Millions of Americans turn to nurses for delivery of primary health care services, health care education. and health advice and counseling. Nurses are critical links in maintaining a cutting-edge health care system.Nursing continues to be an indispensable service to the American public.  

21st century nurses preparing to care for a patient in a modern acute care hospital.

Florence Nightingale

Florence Nightingale

Nursing and Hospital Care in the United States

The Philadelphia Almshouse, 1835

The Beginnings of Nurse Education

Click on the image to read a pdf of the full text.

The outbreak of the Civil War created an immediate need for capable nurses to care for the enormous number of sick and wounded. About 20,000 women and men served as nurses in both the North and the South. The commendable service rendered by Civil War nurses provided a rationale for future experiments in setting up training programs for nursing. One such program was initiated in Pennsylvania where the Women’s Hospital of Philadelphia offered a six months nurse training course, which graduated its first class in 1869. Similar courses, such as that offered by the New England Hospital for Women and Children were begun in other locales.

Professional Nurse Education Begins  

Philadelphia Hospital School of Nursing, first graduating class, 1886. Chief Nurse Alice Fisher is fourth from the right, second row from...

The success of these first three so-called “Nightingale schools” led to a proliferation of similar nursing schools, or as they were most commonly called, nurse training programs. By 1900, somewhere between 400 to 800 schools of nursing were in operation in the country. These programs followed a fairly typical pattern. The school was either affiliated with or owned by a hospital that provided the students with the clinical experience considered necessary for the education of a nurse. Students received two to three years of training. While in the program students carried out the majority of patient care activities offered in the hospital, receiving only a modicum of classroom education in the form of lectures on patient care and related subjects. At the end of the educational program, students received a diploma and were eligible to seek work as a trained nurse .

Two nurses in the J. William White private operating room, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 1898

The Profession of Nursing Organizes

Students in class, Mercy Hospital School of Nursing, Philadelphia, PA, class of 1929

These changes improved and reformed many aspects of the nurse training system, but problems remained. Reflecting the social and legal status of African Americans at the time, American professional nursing maintained strict racial segregation until the mid-twentieth century. African American individuals wanting to become nurses had to train in a separate educational system and faced a divided employment field in which white and black nurses did not participate equally. Nursing also remained a predominantly female profession. While a few schools admitted men, most schools refused them admission.  

Challenges for Nursing

Employment conditions for nurses also presented challenges. In the early part of the twentieth century, hospitals employed only a few graduate nurses, mainly in supervisory positions. They relied instead on student nurses for the majority of the bedside care provided to patients. Most nurses, once they graduated from their educational program, entered the field of private duty nursing. Private duty nurses were employed by individual patients primarily in their homes. As institutions became the more normative site for delivery of sick care, private duty nurses moved with their patients into the hospital, delivering care to hospitalized individuals who could afford to pay for their own nurse. But for nurses, private duty often did not provide regular and dependable employment; nurses were hired on an ad hoc basis by patients and were oftentimes without a regular source of income. The cost of private duty was also quite high, limiting the number of patients employing private duty nurses. It was not until the mid-twentieth century that hospitals hired nurses as regular staff on a permanent basis, providing full professional nursing services to all hospitalized patients.

Nursing Diversifies  

Despite the many difficulties within the profession, nursing continued to grow as an occupational field and became recognized as an essential health care service by the early twentieth century. Nurses fanned out into diverse fields delivering services to many people outside of hospitals. For example, Lillian Wald founded the Henry Street Settlement House in 1893, which provided nursing and other social services to impoverished populations on the Lower East Side of New York City. Replication of Wald’s work in other parts of the country led to the growth of the field of public health nursing, opening up new employment opportunities for nurses and expanding the type of services provided  by nurses.

July 4, 1918 celebration in Paris. A regiment of Red Cross nurses, the Army's Guardian Angels - French Pictorial Service

The special skills possessed by nurses were easily transferred to different fields of health care. For example, nurses were educated to administer anesthesia during surgery, leading to the specialty field of nurse anesthetists. By the early twentieth century it was quite common to find nurse anesthetists delivering anesthesia in many of the nation’s hospitals. By the 1920s, in some parts of the country, nurse-midwives delivered babies, in many cases to the most impoverished populations.

Nurse examining chest tube drainage bottles, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 1972

Mid-twentieth Century Nursing

Eileen Daffy, Jeanne Simpson, Eleanor Snoke, and Jean Gerhard, Student Nurse Cadet Corps, Philade...

The community college movement achieved only partial success. Community college programs did graduate many new nurses and often at a lower cost than traditional diploma programs. But, as the needs of late-twentieth-century patients became increasingly more complex, research studies indicated that being treated by nurses prepared at the baccalaureate level improved patient outcomes.  

The Modern Practice of Nursing

Nurse with an intensive care patient, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 1972

  Nursing education also thrived in the latter half of the twentieth century. Significant federal financial support for educating nurses, which became available beginning in the 1960s, permitted the revamping and modernizing of many nursing educational programs. Significantly, increased funding for nursing research permitted nursing to develop a sounder scientific basis for its practice. Nurse researchers today carry out cutting-edge studies that shed light on the ways and means of solving many health care problems and improving nursing services.

21st century nurse with patient

Historically, the nursing profession has consistently demonstrated its ability to adapt to changing and varied health care needs. It remains an exceedingly popular and highly respected profession that attracts large numbers of new recruits to its ranks. There is little doubt that nursing will continue to maintain its status as an extremely important profession, serving the health needs of the nation.

  

Jean C. Whelan (1949-2017) was Adjunct Assistant Professor of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing.

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Barbara Bates Center for the Study of the History of Nursing

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Nurses Professional Education

Unit 1 History of Nursing ppt

History of Nursing

Table of Contents

Summary of Ancient Cultures

Introduction:.

Ancient Egypt is considered as one of the earliest, longest-lasting and most prominent civilization in history.

Ancient Egyptians overlapped between magic, religion, sin, punishment, and the influence of the supernatural in the events of daily life.

Demons and Sins were assumed to bring diseases, sickness and disabilities as way of punishment.

In ancient Egypt, health care professions such as physician or healers were usually priests who were accountable for healing physical and psychological

The priests acted as a link between humans and gods. They believed that people had to make the Gods happy to have good health and peace of mind.

The embalmer is the one who prepares the mummies to keep the body after death without damage because to improve their knowledge of anatomy comparing the anatomy of human bodies with that of animal bodies as indicated in the most of their ancient texts’

Other fields with such as the pharmacist, bandagers, masseur and even amulet seller who was trained to take the pulse

Medical treatment In ancient Egypt:

Ancient Egypt treatment includes leaves, grass and the bark of the willow tree contain salicylic acid used to treat inflammatory disease, to alleviate birth pains and reduce fever.

Egyptian doctors could stitch up wounds, repair broken bones and amputate infected limbs. The incision was dressed by mixture of raw meat, linen, and swabs soaked with honey. At the beginning of the Late period and early Ptolemaic period [656 BC–323 BC], the so-called healing statues were appeared.

Internal disorders were managed by using magic and amulets in this case will be wider beside the invocations to gods who were considered to be involved in both causing diseases and cure them.

Different title to Caregivers In Ancient Egypt:

The Coffin Texts were developed in the first Intermediate Period [2134 BCE–2040 BCE] and composed of the Pyramid Texts, which had been placed only in royal tombs/ pyramids) Also, for the first time the male title ” male nurse “ was attested in the (CT) as a God’s child or as priestly title.

history of nursing assignment ppt

Site of Healthcare in Ancient Cultures :

According to the Ottawa Charter, ‘Health Promotion’ is a health strategy that aims to incorporate skills and community development and to create supportive environments for health, endeavors to build healthy public policy and looks at re-orienting health services (WHO, 1986).

Although it is commonly accepted that these basic concepts of health promotion have been developed in the last two decades, they have roots in ancient civilizations and in particular in Greek antiquity. 

As evident from medical and philosophical documents—especially of the sixth to fourth centuries B.C. the ancient Greeks were the first to break with the metaphysical/supernatural conceptions of health and disease that had so far dominated human societies (Edelstein, 1987). 

The ancient Greeks’ apprehension of health and illness was based on the theory of the four ‘fluids’ (blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile) which was of great significance for Pythagorean philosophy that dominated the pre-Socratic period (Temkin, 1995).

Hippocratic :

history of nursing assignment ppt

Pathogenic process, according to Hippocratics, is a result of the overturn of equilibrium and the predominance of one of the four fluids that causes disease through the disruption of the equilibrium of the four fluids

Hippocratics posited a natural theory of disease etiology and notes that the treatment of male impotence.

Hippocratics recognized that some diseases were always present in a given population. They called these diseases ‘endemic’, whereas other diseases, which were not always present but which occurred in greater frequency at certain times, they called ‘epidemic’. Both terms are widely used today. Rosen (1993)

Hippocrates’ treatise  About Wind, Water and Places  is not only a text of great historical value but also a groundbreaking achievement. Beneficence and nonmaleficence are age old requirements of the  Hippocratic Oath  for health professionals to ‘do good’ and ‘do not harm’ (Racher, 2007).

Greek History:

Little is known of Greek medicine before the appearance of written texts in the fifth century B.C. Greece as many other prehistoric countries possessed folk healers, including priest healers and chief tribunes employing divination and drugs.

Greek society at large drew heavily upon sacred healing. In Homer, Apollo appears as the ‘God of healing’. 

Once Asklepius was recognized as the God of medicine .

During the fourth and the third century the cult of Asclepius and the practice of Hippocratic medicine spread, and by 200 B.C. every large town in Greece had an Asklepieion.

Roman Empire:

  • After 300 BC they built them self with the work of Greece and Egyptian.
  • They advance their work more and known as best in public health.
  • Believe health can be restored by God.
  • Two classes Patricians (upper class) and Plebicians (Lower class).
  • Organized group and funded monasteries and hospitals.
  • They mostly hired male staff for work
  • They work on four major components knowledge, devotedness, cleverness and purity.
  • First civilizations were highly developed 1500 BC.
  • The first master’s degree course, two year postgraduate program was begun in 1960 at college of nursing Delhi.

Christianity:

Women begin nursing as an expression of Christianity( Act of mercy) ,Christianity brings the clear role of Nursing in modified way. Women work in care of sick people and male contribute themselves in to buried the dead people. Fabiola started the first public hospital in Rome.

Middle Ages:

history of nursing assignment ppt

Established the first educational program to be affiliated with a religious nursing order with care provided by monks and nuns.

More hospital were built and Nursing role became more prominent.

The Eastern Orthodox Church had established many hospitals in the middle east.

Nursing care was controlled by catholic church.

Known as Dark Ages – intellectual progress nearly halted.

Fifteenth to Nineteenth Century:

The Eastern Orthodox Church had established many hospitals in the middle east, but following the rise of Islam from the 7th century. Increased in population in cites with more hygiene and sanitation leads to sever health problems. Society changes were forming a great effect on health care system.

Nursing in Mughal period:

  • Emperor Akbar went through many vicissitudes in his life and probably the most cumbersome was the presence and activities of his wet-nurse or foster mothers known in the Mughal world as ‘angas’.
  • Maham Anaga was the governess of Emperor Akbar. As the word ‘Anaga’ means nurse.
  • Maham Anga (died 1562) was the chief nurse of the Mughal emperor Akbar from 1560 to 1562.

Islam and Nursing:

Islamic traditions include sympathy for and responsibility toward those in need. Rufaida Al- Aslamia introduced nursing in Muslim world 1’200  Years before. Rufaida Al- Aslamia was recognized for her work in medical and social circle. She was the first female Muslin Nurse. She was among first people in Madinah to accept Islam. She contributed with other Ansar women to welcome Muhammad ( peace be upon him) on arrival in Madinah.

Pre-Islamic and Islamic Era (570–632 AD):

Rufiada Al- Aslamia’s father, Saad Al- Aslami, was a physician and mentor. She initially obtained clinical experience from her father. Then deovoted herself to nursing. she practiced her skills in field hospital in her tent during many battles.

When Saad Ibn Muaath was injured in the battle of Al-Khandaq ( The Trench) , Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) ordered that he be placed and treated in her tent.

She focused on hygiene and stabilizing patients prior further more invasive medical procedures.

Rufaida led groups of volunteer nurses who went to battlefield and treated the casualties. She participated in the battles of Badr, Uhud, Khandaq, khaibar and others.

The founder of Modern Nursing :

history of nursing assignment ppt

  • Florence Nightingale (May 12, 1820 – August 13, 1910)
  • She was English reformer, statistician and the founder of modern nursing.
  • Nightingale came to prominence while serving as a manager and trainer of nurses during the Crimean War , in which she organized care for wounded soldiers at Constantinople.
  • She became Icon of Victorian culture by giving nursing favorable reputation.

The Lady with the Lamp:

She is also refer as  “The Lady with the Lamp” . In 1860, she laid the foundation of professional nursing with the establishment of her nursing school at St Thomas’ Hospital London. It was the first secular nursing school in the world. Annual International Nurses Day is celebrated on her birthday

Definitions of Nursing :

Definition of nursing by who :.

Nursing encompasses autonomous and collaborative care of individuals of all ages, families, groups, and communities, sick or well, and in all settings. It includes the promotion of health, the prevention of illness, and the care of ill, disabled, and dying people.

Definition of nursing by Virginia Henderson:

“The unique function of the nurse is to assist the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery (or to peaceful death) that he would perform unaided if he had the necessary strength, will or knowledge“ \

Definition of Nursing by Florence Nightingale:

Nursing is a profession within the health care sector focused on the care of individuals, families, and communities so they may attain, maintain, or recover optimal health and quality of life.

Definition of nursing by Dorothea Orem:

The self-care deficit nursing theory is a grand nursing theory that was developed between 1959 and 2001 by Dorothea Orem. The theory is also referred to as the Orem’s Model of Nursing.

Definition of Nursing by Effie Taylor:

“The adaptation of the prescribed therapeutic and preventive treatment for physical and psychological needs specific person“.

Nursing Defined by International Council of Nursing:

Nursing encompasses autonomous and collaborative care of individuals of all ages, families, groups and communities, sick or well and in all settings.

Nursing includes the promotion of health, prevention of illness, and the care of ill, disabled and dying people.

Definition of nursing by ANA (American Nurses Association):

Nursing is the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities, prevention of illness and injury, facilitation of healing, alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response, and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, groups, communities, and populations.

Types of Nursing Educational Programs :

  • Nursing Diploma and associated degree in nursing (AND) program
  • Bachelor of science in nursing (BSN) program
  • Master of science in nursing (MSN) program
  • Family Nurses practitioner (FNP) program
  • Midwifery program
  • Doctor of nursing practice (DNP) and Ph.D

Resources :

Elhabashy, Sameh & Abdelgawad, Elshaimaa. (2019). The History of Nursing Profession in Ancient Egyptian Society. International Journal of Africa Nursing Sciences. 11. 100174. 10.1016/j.ijans.2019.100174.

Frenk, Julio, Lincoln Chen, Zulfiqar A. Bhutta, Jordan Cohen, Nigel Crisp, Timothy Evans, Harvey Fineberg, et al. (2010). Health professionals for a new century: transforming education to strengthen health systems in an interdependent world. The Lancet 376(9756): 1923-1958.

Alligood MR, Tomey AM.  Nursing Theorists and Their Work.  6th ed. Mosby: Singapore; 2006. [ Google Scholar ]

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history and evolution of nursing

History and Evolution of Nursing

Apr 04, 2019

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History and Evolution of Nursing. Trends and Changes. Early History. Ancient writings in Greece, Rome, Egypt and India refer to persons dedicated to caring for the sick, injured, making herbal remedies, and midwives for new mothers

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History and Evolution of Nursing Trends and Changes

Early History • Ancient writings in Greece, Rome, Egypt and India refer to persons dedicated to caring for the sick, injured, making herbal remedies, and midwives for new mothers • Nurses are mostly household servants, part of the military or members of religious orders. • 12th century the Knights of St. Thomas a group of vowed Englishmen with the purpose of tending to the sick, wounded and burying fallen crusade soldiers

Plague Doctors • Separate occupation from the surgeon-barber and town physician • Hired to care for people inflicted with bubonic plague (black death) and dispose of the bodies • Kept quarantined from the rest of the town and village

Contract for a plague doctor: Pavia, Italy 1479 • Clause 1.  The community of Pavia and its council shall provide the sum of 30 florins per month to Master Giovanni de Ventura. • Clause 4.  The community of Pavia and its council shall provide Dr. Ventura with an adequate house in an adequate location, completely furnished.   • Clause 5.  The community of Pavia and its council shall continue to pay Master Giovanni Ventura for a period of two months after the termination of his employment. • Clause 6.  The said Master Giovanni shall not be bound or held under obligation except only in attending the plague patients. Giovanni must treat all patients and visit infected places as it shall be found to be necessary. • Clause 9.  The said Master Giovanni shall not be able to ask a fee from anyone, unless the plague victim himself or his relatives shall freely offer it. • Clause 14.  Said Master Giovanni would have and should be obliged to do his best and visit the plague patients twice or three times or more times per day, as it will be found necessary. • (http://web.mac.com/mloret/iWeb/apeuro06/Plague%20Doctor.html)

The Reformation • Diminished role of nursing care provided by religious orders as convents and monasteries were closed in countries hostile to the Catholic Church (www.angelfire.com/fl/EeirensFaerieTales/NursingDeclineHistory, 2010) • Early application of science in explanation of health and disease • Illustrations of human anatomy • Rudimentary explanations from vivisections

Victorian Era • Attending to the ill in poor houses and sanatoriums was done by prostitutes and prisoners • SaireyGamp (Charles Dickens’ novel Martin Chuzzlewitt) the unpleasant domestic nurse . (Dickens, 1843) • Mrs. Beeton's Book of Household Management, 1861, places nurses in the chapter ‘domestic servants’ (www.victorianlondon.org/professionsandtrades, 2010)

Contemporary Events • 1796: Jenner inoculates people with cow pox to prevent small pox – trend towards science of vaccines • 1858: Publication of Gray’s Anatomy: Descriptive and Surgical • 1860s: Louis Pasteur proves broth does not spontaneously spoil without microorganisms • Beginning of the germ theory • 1856-1863: Bro. Gregor Mendel charted genetic patterns in pea plants (work rediscovered in 1930s) • 1867: Joseph Lister performed surgery using carbolic acid for antiseptic surgery • 1901: Landsteiner categorized blood types for successful transfusions

Florence Nightingale • Considered the founder of modern nursing, applied statistics, epidemiology, hospital administration and sanitary engineering, plus was a social reformer • Highly-educated and from a wealthy family • Went from goodwill hospital visitor to nurse • Trained in hospital at Kaiserwerth Germany and with Sisters of Charity in Paris • 1860, Opened college level St. Thomas school of nursing in London • Wanted nurses to be upper-class and educated women who cared for the sick and wounded for altruistic reasons • (Tomey and Alligood, 2006)

Nightingale’s Work • In 1859, wrote Notes on nursing: What it is and what it is not, the first textbook and nursing theory • A social reformer who petitioned politicians for better conditions for the poor and soldiers, and more career opportunities for women • Organized district nursing in London in partnership with businessman and MP William Rathbone

Nightingale in the Crimean War • With 38 women volunteers, Nightingale travelled to Turkey in 1854 to help the sick and wounded English soldiers in camps • Her statistics proved more soldiers died from preventable infections than from battle injuries • Improved the camp’s sanitation and lowered the mortality rate from infections 42% to 2% • An example of one of her pie charts, she visually depicted more soldiers dying from infections then from battle injuries. • (www.uh.edu/engines/epi1712.htm, 2010)

Her Nursing Practice • The body heals itself, disease is the body’s way of repairing itself after exposure to poison or decay • Nurses should be proper women who are single, chaste, and live without alcohol, tobacco and dancing • Nursing is to create an environment where healing can occur • Fresh air, clean water, removal of waste, moderate room temperatures • Exposure to pollutants perpetuates illness • Create an atmosphere of rest and protect patient from worry

Her writings • Nightingale did not write about human anatomy or microorganisms in her book. She wrote about maintaining a clean and healing environment. The chapters to Notes on Nursing are as follows: Preface Ventilation and Warming Health of Houses Petty Management Noise Variety Taking Food What Food? Bed and Bedding Light Cleanliness of Rooms And Walls Personal Cleanliness Chattering Hopes And Advices Observation of the Sick Conclusion Appendix

Notes on Nursing • Notes on Nursing was not a comprehensive guide for trained nurses, but was written to help any women provide better care for sick persons at home • ‘The following notes are by no means intended as a . . . manual to teach nurses to nurse. They are meant simply to give hints for thought to women who have personal charge of the health of others. Every woman . . . in England has, at one time or another of her life, charge of the personal health of somebody, whether child or invalid,--in other words, every woman is a nurse’ (Nightingale, Notes on Nursing, Preface, 1859)

Select Quotes • Air: ‘The very first canon of nursing, the first and the last thing upon which a nurse's attention must be fixed, the first essential to a patient, without which all the rest you can do for him is as nothing, with which I had almost said you may leave all the rest alone, is this: TO KEEP THE AIR HE BREATHES AS PURE AS THE EXTERNAL AIR, WITHOUT CHILLING HIM. (Nightingale, Notes on Nursing, Ch 1, 1859) • Every nurse ought to be careful to wash her hands very frequently during the day. (Nightingale, Notes on Nursing, Ch 11, 1859)

Select Quotes • Light: Second only to their need of fresh air is their need of light; that, after a close room, what hurts them most is a dark room. And that it is not only light but direct sun-light they want. (Nightingale, Notes on Nursing, Ch. 9, 1859) • Music: Wind instruments, including the human voice, and stringed instruments, capable of continuous sound, have generally a beneficent effect--while the piano-forte, with such instruments as have no continuity of sound, has just the reverse. The finest piano-forte playing will damage the sick, while an air . . . will sensibly soothe them. (Nightingale, Notes on Nursing, Ch.4, 1859)

Nursing in the Civil War Era • No organized nursing profession prior to the 1860s in the United States • Confederate and Union armies during the Civil War recruited nurses to treat injured soldiers • First use of shrapnel to injure multiple people at once • More people needed to treat the injured • Gangrene infections • Catholic Sisters formed and staffed make-shift tent hospitals • Efficient, clean and devoted to their patients • Men and women volunteers • Sojourner Truth, Harriet Tubman and Walt Whitman

Dorothea Dix (1802-1887) • Originally a school teacher who in 1841 became a reformer for treatment of the mentally ill • Within 10 years visited >300 jails and >500 almshouses • Advocated for mentally ill persons to be removed from jails/almshouses and be placed in public hospitals • By 1880, <1% of prison population were the mentally ill • Union’s superintendent for nurses during the Civil War

Clara Barton 1821 - 1912 • Teacher and U.S. patent office clerk prior to volunteering for the War • While travelling in Switzerland she read the works of Henry Dunant about treating all war wounded • She founded the American Red Cross in 1881 (biggest single charity in the U.S. today) to aid victims of disasters • Also championed prison reform, women’s voting, education and civil rights movements • (www.redcross.org/museum/history/claraBarton.asp, 2011) • “Angel of the Battlefield” • Collected and distributed supplies for Civil War soldiers • Formed a tent hospital • Direct care for wounded men

Formation of Education • 1873: three nursing schools opened in NY, CT, and MA • Based on the St. Thomas model • Segregated, limited opportunities for Black and Jewish Americans • Three nursing schools for men (often to work in mental health institutions by 1898. Little changed for men until after 1950s) • At the turn of the century majority of nurses were trained in hospital apprentice programs

Professional Organizations • Establishment of Official Groups • Formation of the National League of Nurses (1893) • American Nurses Association (1896) • International Council of Nurses (1899) • National Association of Colored Graduate Nurses (1908) • Early discussions for professional standards and training • Address lack of uniformity and inadequate curriculums in nursing schools • Consider a state registration of nurses

Emergence of Public Health Nurses • Nightingale created ‘district nursing’ in London where a nurse was assigned to overall health of a neighborhood • Lillian Wald – Working in poverty stricken neighborhoods in NYC, she formed the outreach clinic The Henry Street Settlement (1893) • health education, lifestyle education, infant/children checkups, home visits, sanitation improvements • Racial equality, all services were integrated • Founding member of the NAACP • Jessie Scales and Elizabeth Tyler established The Stillman House in the African-American districts of NYC alongside Ms. Wald

Women’s Health – early 1900s • Mary Breckinridge – midwife who founded Frontier Nursing Service to extend healthcare to women and infants in poverty stricken areas of the rural Appalachian Mountains • Meticulous record keeper and patient educator • Lower infant mortality rate than today’s national average • Margaret Sanger – Advocated for the rights over contraception and reproductive control • Founder of Planned Parenthood • Supported the eugenics movement

Contemporary Events • World War I – Militaries internationally mobilized nurses to provide care wounded soldiers • 1920: U.S. Congress approved nurses as ranked military • Spanish Influenza Pandemic (1918) – H1N1 virus infected over 30% of the world’s population (1.86B) and killed over 50 million (may be as high as 100 million) • In 1928 Alexander Fleming incidentally discovered bacteria did not grow around penicilliumnotum mold, further work put Penicillin antibiotics into mass production by 1948 • During the Great Depression and WWII President Roosevelt designated funds in SSA & CWA for public health projects • Dr. Jonas Salk polio vaccine was made public in 1955

Professional and Societal Evolutions • 1940s – proliferation of hospitals led to staffing shortages and strained working conditions • Hospitals start to become the biggest employer of nurses • 1947: Nurses gain status as commissioned officers in the U.S. military • Segregation ended in corps • men allowed as military nurses in 1954 • 1950s – formation of associates degree as abbreviated education from community colleges to increase supply of practicing nurses • 1950-1960s - formation of nursing process, theories, nurse specialties and graduate degrees • (Young and Patterson, 2007)

Contemporary Events • 1965 – President Johnson and Congress pass Medicare and Medicaid to fund healthcare for the elderly and poor • Remains single largest funder of hospitals and nursing homes • 1971 – Pres. Nixon approves presence of for-profit managed healthcare business model • 1980s to present – • emergence of technology and specialized technicians and professionals • Increasing cost and decreasing access to healthcare • Slow infusion of men and minorities into nursing • Proliferation in lifestyle related illnesses in population

Contemporary Issues in Nursing • Uneven allocation of funding for patient care • Mismatch of employment availability comes in waves • Projected long-term shortage • Stable career myth • Prevalent view of nurses as skilled labor in servant role and not as independent professionals • Blurred professional boundaries, roles and images • Don’t let Hollywood inform the public on nurse’s image and role. It’s wrong almost every time. • Finding the nursing presence in technology dominant interventions

Nursing as a Profession • Profession vs. Occupation • Job, career, or occupation signify a person’s primary work for income • Profession - a vocation to espouse the knowledge, principles and dutyof a chosen identity with a designated purpose of work • Nursing and nurses contain features of both • Distinct education pathways for entry • Various attitudes in practicing nurses • Diverse and dynamic roles • Role and capabilities tied to employer

Features of a Profession • Abraham Flexner, Richard Hall and committees and provided definitions of professionalism. • All professions include themes of: • A sense of service to the public good • Specialized theories begat intellectual and practical knowledge • Control over own practice and code of conduct • Internal Barriers ? • External Barriers ? • Breakthroughs ?

Nursing’s Professional Standards • Nursing’s Social Policy Statement: summarizes the relationship between the nursing profession and society • Obligation to recipients • Scope and Standards of Practice: Outlines the expectations of a member’s practice • Establish competencies and requirements of care • Code of Ethics: Guides the profession’s and members’ decisions toward greater principles and duties

Features of the Nursing Profession • Lucie Kelly PhD. RN listed 8 characteristics of the nursing profession • 1. Services are vital to humanity • 2. Special body of knowledge • 3. Practitioners are accountable for own work and decisions • 4. Practitioners are educated at institutions of higher learning • 5. Practitioners are relatively independent, autonomous • 6.Practitioners are motivated by service to others and consider their work as an important part of their lives • 7. Presence of code of conduct and ethics guides decisions of practitioners • 8. Organization encourages high standards

References Chitty, K. and Black, B. (2011). Professional nursing: Concepts and challenges (6thed). Maryland Heights, MO: Saunders Dickens, C. (1843) Martin Chuzzlewitt. London: Oxford European History (2010). Retreived online homepage.mac. Com/mloret/apeuro/Personal48 Nightingale, F. (1859) Notes on nursing: What it is and what it is not. New York: Appleton American Red Cross (2011) Retrieved online from www.redcross.org/museum/history/claraBarton.asp Tomey, A & Alligood, M (2006). Nursing theorists and their work. St. Louis: Mosby Victorian History (2010). Retrieved online www.victorianlondon.org Young, L. and Paterson, B. (2007). Teaching nursing: Developing a student-centered learning environment. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott

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Nursing History, Education, and Organizations

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Nursing History, Education, and Organizations

Chapter 1 The Origins of Nursing

history of nursing assignment ppt

Education For Social Work

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Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Chapter 2 Beginning Your Nursing Career.

history of nursing assignment ppt

PROFESSIONAL NURSING PRACTICE

history of nursing assignment ppt

Chapter 3: The History of Social Work Social.

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Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Chapter 1 Nursing Foundations.

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Islamic University of Gaza Faculty of Nursing

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Nursing as a Discipline and a Profession Week 2. Nursing as a Discipline Discipline- –A unique perspective or way of viewing something –It is a body of.

history of nursing assignment ppt

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The Evolution of Licensure, Certification and Nursing Organization Chapter Four Catherine Hrycyk, MScN Nursing 50.

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history of nursing assignment ppt

NURSING HISTORY, EDUCATION AND ORGANIZATION

history of nursing assignment ppt

Meaning and Scope Chapter 1.

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history of nursing assignment ppt

PROFESSION OF NURSING OBJECTIVES: 1. Discuss the historical development of professional nursing. 2. Discuss the modern definitions, philosophies, and theories.

history of nursing assignment ppt

History and Evolution of Nursing Dr. walaa Nasr

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Why were so many metro stations in Moscow renamed?

Okhotny Ryad station in Soviet times and today.

Okhotny Ryad station in Soviet times and today.

The Moscow metro system has 275 stations, and 28 of them have been renamed at some point or other—and several times in some cases. Most of these are the oldest stations, which opened in 1935.

The politics of place names

The first station to change its name was Ulitsa Kominterna (Comintern Street). The Comintern was an international communist organization that ceased to exist in 1943, and after the war Moscow authorities decided to call the street named after it something else. In 1946, the station was renamed Kalininskaya. Then for several days in 1990, the station was called Vozdvizhenka, before eventually settling on Aleksandrovsky Sad, which is what it is called today.

The banner on the entraince reads:

The banner on the entraince reads: "Kalininskaya station." Now it's Alexandrovsky Sad.

Until 1957, Kropotkinskaya station was called Dvorets Sovetov ( Palace of Soviets ). There were plans to build a monumental Stalinist high-rise on the site of the nearby Cathedral of Christ the Saviour , which had been demolished. However, the project never got off the ground, and after Stalin's death the station was named after Kropotkinskaya Street, which passes above it.

Dvorets Sovetov station, 1935. Letters on the entrance:

Dvorets Sovetov station, 1935. Letters on the entrance: "Metro after Kaganovich."

Of course, politics was the main reason for changing station names. Initially, the Moscow Metro itself was named after Lazar Kaganovich, Joseph Stalin’s right-hand man. Kaganovich supervised the construction of the first metro line and was in charge of drawing up a master plan for reconstructing Moscow as the "capital of the proletariat."

In 1955, under Nikita Khrushchev's rule and during the denunciation of Stalin's personality cult, the Moscow Metro was named in honor of Vladimir Lenin.

Kropotkinskaya station, our days. Letters on the entrance:

Kropotkinskaya station, our days. Letters on the entrance: "Metropolitan after Lenin."

New Metro stations that have been opened since the collapse of the Soviet Union simply say "Moscow Metro," although the metro's affiliation with Vladimir Lenin has never officially been dropped.

Zyablikovo station. On the entrance, there are no more signs that the metro is named after Lenin.

Zyablikovo station. On the entrance, there are no more signs that the metro is named after Lenin.

Stations that bore the names of Stalin's associates were also renamed under Khrushchev. Additionally, some stations were named after a neighborhood or street and if these underwent name changes, the stations themselves had to be renamed as well.

Until 1961 the Moscow Metro had a Stalinskaya station that was adorned by a five-meter statue of the supreme leader. It is now called Semyonovskaya station.

Left: Stalinskaya station. Right: Now it's Semyonovskaya.

Left: Stalinskaya station. Right: Now it's Semyonovskaya.

The biggest wholesale renaming of stations took place in 1990, when Moscow’s government decided to get rid of Soviet names. Overnight, 11 metro stations named after revolutionaries were given new names. Shcherbakovskaya became Alekseyevskaya, Gorkovskaya became Tverskaya, Ploshchad Nogina became Kitay-Gorod and Kirovskaya turned into Chistye Prudy. This seriously confused passengers, to put it mildly, and some older Muscovites still call Lubyanka station Dzerzhinskaya for old times' sake.

At the same time, certain stations have held onto their Soviet names. Marksistskaya and Kropotkinskaya, for instance, although there were plans to rename them too at one point.

"I still sometimes mix up Teatralnaya and Tverskaya stations,” one Moscow resident recalls .

 “Both have been renamed and both start with a ‘T.’ Vykhino still grates on the ear and, when in 1991 on the last day of my final year at school, we went to Kitay-Gorod to go on the river cruise boats, my classmates couldn’t believe that a station with that name existed."

The city government submitted a station name change for public discussion for the first time in 2015. The station in question was Voykovskaya, whose name derives from the revolutionary figure Pyotr Voykov. In the end, city residents voted against the name change, evidently not out of any affection for Voykov personally, but mainly because that was the name they were used to.

What stations changed their name most frequently?

Some stations have changed names three times. Apart from the above-mentioned Aleksandrovsky Sad (Ulitsa Kominterna->Kalininskaya->Vozdvizhenka->Aleksandrovsky Sad), a similar fate befell Partizanskaya station in the east of Moscow. Opened in 1944, it initially bore the ridiculously long name Izmaylovsky PKiO im. Stalina (Izmaylovsky Park of Culture and Rest Named After Stalin). In 1947, the station was renamed and simplified for convenience to Izmaylovskaya. Then in 1963 it was renamed yet again—this time to Izmaylovsky Park, having "donated" its previous name to the next station on the line. And in 2005 it was rechristened Partizanskaya to mark the 60th anniversary of victory in World War II. 

Partizanskaya metro station, nowadays.

Partizanskaya metro station, nowadays.

Another interesting story involves Alekseyevskaya metro station. This name was originally proposed for the station, which opened in 1958, since a village with this name had been located here. It was then decided to call the station Shcherbakovskaya in honor of Aleksandr Shcherbakov, a politician who had been an associate of Stalin. Nikita Khrushchev had strained relations with Shcherbakov, however, and when he got word of it literally a few days before the station opening the builders had to hastily change all the signs. It ended up with the concise and politically correct name of Mir (Peace).

The name Shcherbakovskaya was restored in 1966 after Khrushchev's fall from power. It then became Alekseyevskaya in 1990.

Alekseyevskaya metro station.

Alekseyevskaya metro station.

But the station that holds the record for the most name changes is Okhotny Ryad, which opened in 1935 on the site of a cluster of market shops. When the metro system was renamed in honor of Lenin in 1955, this station was renamed after Kaganovich by way of compensation. The name lasted just two years though because in 1957 Kaganovich fell out of favor with Khrushchev, and the previous name was returned. But in 1961 it was rechristened yet again, this time in honor of Prospekt Marksa, which had just been built nearby.

Okhotny Ryad station in 1954 and Prospekt Marksa in 1986.

Okhotny Ryad station in 1954 and Prospekt Marksa in 1986.

In 1990, two historical street names—Teatralny Proyezd and Mokhovaya Street—were revived to replace Prospekt Marksa, and the station once again became Okhotny Ryad.

Okhotny Ryad in 2020.

Okhotny Ryad in 2020.

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