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The links on this page lead to a variety of tutorials and training materials. Whether you are just starting, learning the basics, or are an old hand at web development, you can find helpful resources here for best practices.

These resources are created by forward-thinking companies and web developers who have embraced open standards and best practices for web development and that provide or allow translations, through an open content license such as Creative Commons.

For complete beginners to the Web

Getting started with the Web is a concise series introducing you to the practicalities of web development. You'll set up the tools you need to construct a simple webpage and publish your own simple code.

HTML Tutorials

Introductory level.

This module sets the stage, getting you used to important concepts and syntax, looking at applying HTML to text, how to create hyperlinks, and how to use HTML to structure a webpage.

A comprehensive reference for HTML elements, and how the different browsers support them.

An HTML guide for beginners that includes explanations of common tags, including HTML tags. Also includes a step-by-step guide to creating a basic web page with code examples.

Use these challenges to hone your HTML skills (for example, "Should I use an <h2> element or a <strong> element?"), focusing on meaningful markup.

Intermediate level

This module explores how to use HTML to include multimedia in your web pages, including the different ways that images can be included, and how to embed video, audio, and even entire other webpages.

Representing tabular data on a webpage in an understandable, accessible way can be a challenge. This module covers basic table markup, along with more complex features such as implementing captions and summaries.

Advanced level

Forms are a very important part of the Web — these provide much of the functionality you need for interacting with websites, e.g. registering and logging in, sending feedback, buying products, and more. This module gets you started with creating the client-side parts of forms.

Optimize web pages to provide a more responsive site for visitors and reduce the load on your web server and Internet connection.

CSS Tutorials

CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) is the code you use to style your webpage. CSS Basics takes you through what you need to get started. We'll answer questions like: How do I make my text black or red? How do I make my content show up in such-and-such a place on the screen? How do I decorate my webpage with background images and colors?

CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) is used to style and lay out web pages — for example, to alter the font, color, size, and spacing of your content, split it into multiple columns, or add animations and other decorative features. This module provides a gentle beginning to your path toward CSS mastery with the basics of how it works, what the syntax looks like, and how you can start using it to add styling to HTML.

This module carries on where CSS first steps left off — now you've gained familiarity with the language and its syntax, and got some basic experience with using it, it's time to dive a bit deeper. This module looks at the cascade and inheritance, all the selector types we have available, units, sizing, styling backgrounds and borders, debugging, and lots more.

The aim here is to provide you with a toolkit for writing competent CSS and help you understand all the essential theory, before moving on to more specific disciplines like text styling and CSS layout .

Target HTML elements, including based on element state, with CSS.

Understanding the browser algorithm to determine which CSS declarations get applied to an element when there are competing declarations, with a specificity quiz

The cascade, specificity, and inheritance control how CSS is applied to HTML and how conflicts between style declarations are resolved.

Here we look at text styling fundamentals, including setting font, boldness, and italics, line and letter spacing, and drop shadows and other text features. We round off the module by looking at applying custom fonts to your page, and styling lists and links.

Common questions and answers for beginners.

At this point we've already looked at CSS fundamentals, how to style text, and how to style and manipulate the boxes that your content sits inside. Now it's time to look at how to place your boxes in the right place in relation to the viewport, and one another. We have covered the necessary prerequisites so can now dive deep into CSS layout, looking at different display settings, traditional layout methods involving float and positioning, and new fangled layout tools like flexbox.

Complete reference to CSS, with details on support by Firefox and other browsers.

Design layouts that fluidly resize with the browser window, while still using a typographic grid.

Flex your CSS skills, and see where you need more practice.

Apply rotation, skewing, scaling, and translation using CSS.

CSS transitions provide a way to animate changes to CSS properties, instead of having the changes take effect instantly.

Learn how to draw graphics using scripting using the canvas element.

JavaScript Tutorials

In our first JavaScript module, we first answer some fundamental questions such as "what is JavaScript?", "what does it look like?", and "what can it do?", before moving on to taking you through your first practical experience of writing JavaScript. After that, we discuss some key JavaScript features in detail, such as variables, strings, numbers and arrays.

In this module, we continue our coverage of all JavaScript's key fundamental features, turning our attention to commonly-encountered types of code blocks such as conditional statements, loops, functions, and events. You've seen this stuff already in the course, but only in passing — here we'll discuss it all explicitly.

What is JavaScript and how can it help you?

Codecademy is an easy way to learn how to code JavaScript. It's interactive and you can do it with your friends.

freeCodeCamp teaches a variety of languages and frameworks for web development. It also has a forum , an internet radio station , and a blog .

In JavaScript, most things are objects, from core JavaScript features like strings and arrays to the browser APIs built on top of JavaScript. You can even create your own objects to encapsulate related functions and variables into efficient packages. The object-oriented nature of JavaScript is important to understand if you want to go further with your knowledge of the language and write more efficient code, therefore we've provided this module to help you. Here we teach object theory and syntax in detail, look at how to create your own objects, and explain what JSON data is and how to work with it.

When writing client-side JavaScript for websites or applications, you won't go very far before you start to use APIs — interfaces for manipulating different aspects of the browser and operating system the site is running on, or even data from other websites or services. In this module, we will explore what APIs are, and how to use some of the most common APIs you'll come across often in your development work.

A comprehensive guide to intermediate and advanced JavaScript methodologies.

For programmers who want to learn JavaScript quickly and properly, and for JavaScript programmers who want to deepen their skills and/or look up specific topics.

An introduction to essential JavaScript design patterns.

Part 1: The Language. Part 2: Working with Browsers.

A comprehensive, regularly updated guide to JavaScript for all levels of learning from beginner to advanced.

A series of books diving deep into the core mechanisms of the JavaScript language.

Documentation of the most quirky parts of JavaScript.

Reliable and in-depth information on ECMAScript 2015.

A JavaScript pattern and anti-pattern collection that covers function patterns, jQuery patterns, jQuery plugin patterns, design patterns, general patterns, literals and constructor patterns, object creation patterns, code reuse patterns, DOM.

A detailed research article describing different modern browsers, their engines, page rendering etc.

A collection of JavaScript videos to watch.

Extension Development

WebExtensions is a cross-browser system for developing browser add-ons. To a large extent, the system is compatible with the extension API supported by Google Chrome and Opera. Extensions written for these browsers will in most cases run in Firefox or Microsoft Edge with just a few changes . The API is also fully compatible with multiprocess Firefox .

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HTML Graphics

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HTML Questions

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  • How to Create Section Counter using HTML and CSS ?
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  • How to make a Pagination using HTML and CSS ?

Introduction: HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language. It is used to design web pages using a markup language. HTML is an abbreviation of Hypertext and Markup language. Hypertext defines the link between the web pages. The markup language is used to define the text document within the tag which defines the structure of web pages. HTML 5 is the fifth and current version of HTML. It has improved the markup available for documents and has introduced application programming interfaces (API) and Document Object Model (DOM). 

  • It has introduced new multimedia features which supports both audio and video controls by using <audio> and <video> tags.
  • There are new graphics elements including vector graphics and tags.
  • Enrich semantic content by including <header> <footer>, <article>, <section> and <figure> are added.
  • Drag and Drop- The user can grab an object and drag it further dropping it to a new location.
  • Geo-location services- It helps to locate the geographical location of a client.
  • Web storage facility which provides web application methods to store data on the web browser.
  • Uses SQL database to store data offline.
  • Allows drawing various shapes like triangle, rectangle, circle, etc.
  • Capable of handling incorrect syntax.
  • Easy DOCTYPE declaration i.e., <!doctype html>
  • Easy character encoding i.e., <meta charset=”UTF-8″>

Removed elements from HTML 5: There are many elements which are depreciated from HTML 5 are listed below:

New Added Elements in HTML 5:

  • <article>: The <article> tag is used to represent an article. More specifically, the content within the <article> tag is independent from the other content of the site (even though it can be related).
  • <aside>: The <aside> tag is used to describe the main object of the web page in a shorter way like a highlighter. It basically identifies the content that is related to the primary content of the web page but does not constitute the main intent of the primary page. The <aside> tag contains mainly author information, links, related content and so on.
  • <figcaption>: The <figcaption> tag in HTML is used to set a caption to the figure element in a document.
  • <figure>: The <figure> tag in HTML is used to add self-contained content like illustrations, diagrams, photos or codes listing in a document. It is related to main flow, but it can be used in any position of a document and the figure goes with the flow of the document and if it is removed it should not affect the flow of the document.
  • <header>: It contains the section heading as well as other content, such as a navigation links, table of contents, etc.
  • <footer>: The <footer> tag in HTML is used to define a footer of HTML document. This section contains the footer information (author information, copyright information, carriers etc.). The footer tag is used within body tag. The <footer> tag is new in the HTML 5. The footer elements require a start tag as well as an end tag.
  • <main>: Delineates the main content of the body of a document or web app.
  • <mark>: The <mark> tag in HTML is used to define the marked text. It is used to highlight the part of the text in the paragraph.
  • <nav>: The <nav> tag is used to declaring the navigational section in HTML documents. Websites typically have sections dedicated to navigational links, which enables user to navigate the site. These links can be placed inside a nav tag.
  • <section>: It demarcates a thematic grouping of content.
  • <details>: The <details> tag is used for the content/information which is initially hidden but could be displayed if the user wishes to see it. This tag is used to create interactive widget which user can open or close it. The content of details tag is visible when open the set attributes.
  • <summary>: The <summary> tag in HTML is used to define a summary for the <details> element. The <summary> element is used along with the <details> element and provides a summary visible to the user. When the summary is clicked by the user, the content placed inside the <details> element becomes visible which was previously hidden. The <summary> tag was added in HTML 5. The <summary> tag requires both starting and ending tag.
  • <time>: The <time> tag is used to display the human-readable data/time. It can also be used to encode dates and times in a machine-readable form. The main advantage for users is that they can offer to add birthday reminders or scheduled events in their calendars and search engines can produce smarter search results.
  • <bdi>: The <bdi> tag refers to the Bi-Directional Isolation. It differentiates a text from other text that may be formatted in different direction. This tag is used when a user generated text with an unknown direction.
  • <wbr>: The <wbr> tag in HTML stands for word break opportunity and is used to define the position within the text which is treated as a line break by the browser. It is mostly used when the used word is too long and there are chances that the browser may break lines at the wrong place for fitting the text.
  • <datalist>: The <datalist> tag is used to provide autocomplete feature in the HTML files. It can be used with input tag, so that users can easily fill the data in the forms using select the data.
  • <keygen>: The <keygen> tag in HTML is used to specify a key-pair generator field in a form. The purpose of <keygen> element is to provide a secure way to authenticate users. When a form is submitted then two keys are generated, private key and public key. The private key stored locally, and the public key is sent to the server. The public key is used to generate client certificate to authenticate user in future.
  • <output>: The <output> tag in HTML is used to represent the result of a calculation performed by the client-side script such as JavaScript.
  • <progress>: It is used to represent the progress of a task. It also defines how much work is done and how much is left to download a task. It is not used to represent the disk space or relevant query.
  • <svg>: It is the Scalable Vector Graphics.
  • <canvas>: The <canvas> tag in HTML is used to draw graphics on web page using JavaScript. It can be used to draw paths, boxes, texts, gradient and adding images. By default, it does not contain border and text.
  • <audio>: It defines the music or audio content.
  • <embed>: Defines containers for external applications (usually a video player).
  • <source>: It defines the sources for <video> and <audio>.
  • <track>: It defines the tracks for <video> and <audio>.
  • <video>: It defines the video content.

Advantages:

  • All browsers supported.
  • More device friendly.
  • Easy to use and implement.
  • HTML 5 in integration with CSS, JavaScript, etc. can help build beautiful websites.

Disadvantages:

  • Long codes have to be written which is time consuming.
  • Only modern browsers support it.

Supported Browsers: It is supported by all modern browsers. 

Below examples illustrate the HTML 5 content. 

Example 1:  

html5 tutorial javatpoint

Example 2:  

html5 tutorial javatpoint

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Learn Web Development Basics – HTML, CSS, and JavaScript Explained for Beginners

If you are learning web development, you will come across terms like HTML, CSS, and JavaScript. These are often called the building blocks of the Web.

These three tools dominate web development. Every library or tool seems to be centered around HTML, CSS, and JS. So if you want to become a web developer, you need to learn them well.

You'll also discover that websites are mostly built from these three languages.

But you're probably wondering what each one is and what it's really used for. What makes these languages so special and important? And what makes them so ubiquitous that you can’t help but see them in every tutorial and topic based on web development?

Well, now you need wonder no more.

In this article, I will explain the basics of what HTML, CSS, and JavaScript are, how they make the Web work, and what they do on their own.

What is the Internet?

The internet is simply a network of computers that communicate with each other to send and receive data (information).

Each of these computers on the internet can be distinguished and located by a unique number called an IP Address. An IP Address looks something like this: 168.212.226.204

What is the Web?

The Web is a subset of the internet.

Like every other computer network out there, the Web is made up of two main components: the web browser client and the web server.

The client requests the data and the server shares or serves its data. To achieve this, the two parties have to establish an agreement. That agreement is called the Application Programming Interface or in short, the API.

But this data has to be arranged and formatted into a form that's understandable by end-users who have a wide range of technical experiences and abilities.

This is where HTML, CSS, JavaScript and the whole concept of web development come into play.

What is HTML?

HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language.

Dictionary.com defines a Markup as:

a set of detailed instructions, usually written on a manuscript to be typeset, concerning style of type, makeup of pages, and the like.

So you can think of HTML as the language used for creating detailed instructions concerning style, type, format, structure and the makeup of a web page before it gets printed (shown to you).

But in the context of web development, we can replace the term ‘printed’ with ‘rendered’ as a more accurate term.

HTML helps you structure your page into elements such as paragraphs, sections, headings, navigation bars, and so on.  

To illustrate what a page looks like, let's create a basic HTML document:

This is how you can format and structure a document with just HTML. As you can see, this markup contains some web elements such as:

  • Level 1 heading h1
  • Level 2 heading h2
  • Level 3 heading h3
  • A paragraph   p
  • An unordered list with bullet points   ul li
  • A button input input
  • And the whole body of the page body

This is what that markup above renders on a web browser:

HTML

You can also add attributes to these elements which you can use to identify the elements and access them from other places in the site.

In our example, we set the id attributes to all of the three span elements. This will help us access them from our JavaScript as you will see later.

Think of this attribute the same way as your social media username. With this name, others can find you on social media. And someone can also refer to you or mention you with this name (you can get tagged in a post, and so on).

This page is very basic and unattractive, though. If you are building anything other than a demo, you will need to add some basic styling to make it more presentable. And we can do exactly that with CSS.

Want to learn more about HTML? You can start with freeCodeCamp's Responsive Web Design certification and this brand new full HTML course from Beau Carnes .

What is CSS?

While HTML is a markup language used to format/structure a web page, CSS is a design language that you use to make your web page look nice and presentable.

CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets , and you use it to improve the appearance of a web page. By adding thoughtful CSS styles, you make your page more attractive and pleasant for the end user to view and use.

Imagine if human beings were just made to have skeletons and bare bones – how would that look? Not nice if you ask me. So CSS is like our skin, hair, and general physical appearance.

You can also use CSS to layout elements by positioning them in specified areas of your page.

To access these elements, you have to “select” them. You can select a single or multiple web elements and specify how you want them to look or be positioned.

The rules that govern this process are called CSS selectors .

With CSS you can set the colour and background of your elements, as well as the typeface, margins, spacing, padding and so much more.

If you remember our example HTML page, we had elements which were pretty self-explanatory. For example, I stated that I would change the color of the level one heading h1 to red.

To illustrate how CSS works, I will be sharing the code which sets the background-color of the three levels of headers to red, blue, and green respectively:

The above style, when applied, will change the appearance of our web page to this:

CSS

Cool, right?

We access each of the elements we want to work on by "selecting" them. The h1 selects all level 1 headings in the page, the h2 selects the level 2 elements, and so on. You can select any single HTML element you want and specify how you want it to look or be positioned.

Want to learn more about CSS? You can check out the second part of freeCodeCamp's Responsive Web Design certification to get started.

What is JavaScript?

Now, if HTML is the markup language and CSS is the design language , then JavaScript is the programming language.

If you don’t know what programming is, think of certain actions you take in your daily life:

When you sense danger, you run. When you are hungry, you eat. When you are tired, you sleep. When you are cold, you look for warmth. When crossing a busy road, you calculate the distance of vehicles away from you.

Your brain has been programmed to react in a certain way or do certain things whenever something happens. In this same way, you can program your web page or individual elements to react a certain way and to do something when something else (an event) happens.

You can program actions, conditions, calculations, network requests, concurrent tasks and many other kinds of instructions.

You can access any elements through the Document Object Model API (DOM) and make them change however you want them to.

The DOM is a tree-like representation of the web page that gets loaded into the browser.

DOM-

Thanks to the DOM, we can use methods like getElementById() to access elements from our web page.

JavaScript allows you to make your webpage “think and act” , which is what programming is all about.

If you remember from our example HTML page, I mentioned that I was going to sum up the two numbers displayed on the page and then display the result in the place of the placeholder text. The calculation runs once the button gets clicked.

CSS-1

This code illustrates how you can do calculations with JavaScript:

Remember what I told you about HTML attributes and their uses? This code displays just that.

The displaySum is a function which gets both items from the web page, converts them to numbers (with the Number method), sums them up, and passes them in as inner values to another element.

The reason we were able to access these elements in our JavaScript was because we had set unique attributes on them, to help us identify them.

So thanks to this:

We were able to do this:

Finally, upon clicking the button, you will see the sum of the two numbers on the newly updated page:

JAVASCRIPT

If you want to get started with JavaScript, you can check out freeCodeCamp's JavaScript Algorithms and Data Structures certification. And you can use this great Intro to JS course to supplement your learning.

How to Put HTML, CSS, and JavaScript Together

Together, we use these three languages to format, design, and program web pages.

And when you link together some web pages with hyperlinks, along with all their assets like images, videos, and so on that are on the server computer, it gets rendered into a website .

This rendering typically happens on the front end, where the users can see what's being displayed and interact with it.

On the other hand, data, especially sensitive information like passwords, are stored and supplied from the back end part of the website. This is the part of a website which exists only on the server computer, and isn't displayed on the front-end browser. There, the user cannot see or readily access that information.

Wrapping Up

As a web developer, the three main languages we use to build websites are HTML, CSS, and JavaScript.

JavaScript is the programming language, we use HTML to structure the site, and we use CSS to design and layout the web page.

These days, CSS has become more than just a design language, though. You can actually implement animations and smooth transitions with just CSS.

In fact, you can do some basic programming with CSS too. An example of this is when you use media queries, where you define different style rules for different kinds of screens (resolutions).

JavaScript has also grown beyond being used just in the browser as well. We now use it on the server thanks to Node.js .

But the basic fact remains: HTML, CSS, and JavaScript are the main languages of the Web.

So that's it. The languages of the Web explained in basic terms. I really hope you got something useful from this article.

To round off this article, I have something to share. I recently started a weekly coding challenge series aimed at teaching beginners how to program in JavaScript. Check it out on my blog .  

Thank you for reading and see you soon.

P/S : If you are learning JavaScript, I created an eBook which teaches 50 topics in JavaScript with hand-drawn digital notes. Check it out here .

Helping you learn how to code one tutorial at a time. Online creator and entrepreneur.

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HTML5 is the next major revision of the HTML standard superseding HTML 4.01, XHTML 1.0, and XHTML 1.1. HTML5 is a standard for structuring and presenting content on the World Wide Web.

HTML5 is a cooperation between the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) and the Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group (WHATWG).

The new standard incorporates features like video playback and drag-and-drop that have been previously dependent on third-party browser plug-ins such as Adobe Flash, Microsoft Silverlight, and Google Gears.

Browser Support

The latest versions of Apple Safari, Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, and Opera all support many HTML5 features and Internet Explorer 9.0 will also have support for some HTML5 functionality.

The mobile web browsers that come pre-installed on iPhones, iPads, and Android phones all have excellent support for HTML5.

New Features

HTML5 introduces a number of new elements and attributes that can help you in building modern websites. Here is a set of some of the most prominent features introduced in HTML5.

New Semantic Elements − These are like <header>, <footer>, and <section>.

Forms 2.0 − Improvements to HTML web forms where new attributes have been introduced for <input> tag.

Persistent Local Storage − To achieve without resorting to third-party plugins.

WebSocket − A next-generation bidirectional communication technology for web applications.

Server-Sent Events − HTML5 introduces events which flow from web server to the web browsers and they are called Server-Sent Events (SSE).

Canvas − This supports a two-dimensional drawing surface that you can program with JavaScript.

Audio & Video − You can embed audio or video on your webpages without resorting to third-party plugins.

Geolocation − Now visitors can choose to share their physical location with your web application.

Microdata − This lets you create your own vocabularies beyond HTML5 and extend your web pages with custom semantics.

Drag and drop − Drag and drop the items from one location to another location on the same webpage.

Backward Compatibility

HTML5 is designed, as much as possible, to be backward compatible with existing web browsers. Its new features have been built on existing features and allow you to provide fallback content for older browsers.

It is suggested to detect support for individual HTML5 features using a few lines of JavaScript.

If you are not familiar with any previous version of HTML, I would recommend that you go through our HTML Tutorial before exploring the features of HTML5.

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COMMENTS

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