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Computer Organization and Architecture Tutorial

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Input and Output Organization

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COA GATE PYQ's AND COA Quiz

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Computer Organization and Architecture is used to design computer systems. Computer Architecture is considered to be those attributes of a system that are visible to the user like addressing techniques, instruction sets, and bits used for data, and have a direct impact on the logic execution of a program, It defines the system in an abstract manner, It deals with What does the system do.

Whereas, Computer Organization is the way in which a system has to structure and It is operational units and the interconnections between them that achieve the architectural specifications, It is the realization of the abstract model, and It deals with How to implement the system.

In this Computer Organization and Architecture Tutorial, you’ll learn all the basic to advanced concepts like pipelining, microprogrammed control, computer architecture, instruction design, and format.

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Top 19 computer-architecture Open-Source Projects

Cs-video-courses.

List of Computer Science courses with video lectures.

Project mention: Need advice | /r/PAK | 2023-07-12 course Computer science is very wast field the fundamental remains same, learn basic fundamentals, data structures, concepts of object oriented programming.

A categorized list of C++ resources.

Project mention: Needed an advice in compilers dev! | /r/Compilers | 2023-12-07 linking and loading: https://github.com/MattPD/cpplinks/blob/master/executables.linking_loading.md - in addition to the aforementioned books and blog posts, there also some pretty good talks: https://github.com/MattPD/cpplinks/blob/master/executables.linking_loading.md#talks

JetBrains Dev Survey

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A graphical processor simulator and assembly editor for the RISC-V ISA

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minixfromscratch

Development and compilation setup for the book versions of MINIX (2.0.0 and 3.1.0) on QEMU

Project mention: Ask HN: High-quality resources for writing complex systems software? | news.ycombinator.com | 2023-11-05 Open BSD software source. UNIX Systems Programming: Communication, Concurrency and Threads: Communication, Concurrency and Threads 2nd Edition by K Robbins and S. Robbins minix from scrath [0]; linux from scratch[1]; [1] : https://www.linuxfromscratch.org/ [0] : https://github.com/o-oconnell/minixfromscratch

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Technical articles about console architecture

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An out-of-order execution CPU simulator for CS2410 Computer Architecture course final project at the University of Pittsburgh.

Project mention: Sophie Wilson. She designed the architecture behind your phone’s CPU. She is also a trans woman. | /r/pics | 2023-05-24 Here is a CPU simulator that I made during the Spring semester, which implements a subset of the RISC V ISA. :)

The modern API for authentication & user identity. The APIs are flexible and easy-to-use, supporting authentication, user identity, and complex enterprise features like SSO and SCIM provisioning.

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  • MINIX from Scratch 1 project | /r/patient_hackernews | 23 Feb 2023
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What are some of the best open-source computer-architecture projects? This list will help you:

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We design the next generation of computer systems. Working at the intersection of hardware and software, our research studies how to best implement computation in the physical world. We design processors that are faster, more efficient, easier to program, and secure. Our research covers systems of all scales, from tiny Internet-of-Things devices with ultra-low-power consumption to high-performance servers and datacenters that power planet-scale online services. We design both general-purpose processors and accelerators that are specialized to particular application domains, like machine learning and storage. We also design Electronic Design Automation (EDA) tools to facilitate the development of such systems.

Advances in computer architecture create quantum leaps in the capabilities of computers, enabling new applications and driving the creation of entirely new classes of computer systems. For example, deep learning, which has transformed many areas of computer science, was made practical by hardware accelerators (initially GPUs and later more specialized designs); and advances in computer performance have also made self-driving cars and autonomous drones possible.

Computer architecture spans many layers of the hardware and software stack, and as a result we collaborate with researchers in many other areas. For example, several of our current projects focus on the design of domain-specific architectures, and involve researchers in programming languages and compilers to ensure that our systems are broadly useful, as well as domain experts. In addition, the waning of Moore’s Law is making emerging technologies, like CN-FETs, photonics, or resistive memories, an attractive way to implement computation, sparking collaborations with experts in these areas.

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Eecs alliance roundup: 2023.

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This ongoing listing of awards and recognitions won by our faculty is added to all year, beginning in September.

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What Is Computer Architecture? Components, Types, and Examples

Computer architecture determines how a computer’s components exchange electronic signals to enable input, processing, and output.

Image depicting the various components of a computer

  • Computer architecture is defined as the end-to-end structure of a computer system that determines how its components interact with each other in helping execute the machine’s purpose (i.e., processing data).
  • This article explains the components of computer architecture and its key types and gives a few notable examples.

Table of Contents

What is computer architecture.

Components of Computer Architecture

Types of Computer Architecture

Examples of Computer Architecture

Computer architecture refers to the end-to-end structure of a computer system that determines how its components interact with each other in helping to execute the machine’s purpose (i.e., processing data), often avoiding any reference to the actual technical implementation.

Examples of Computer Architecture: Von Neumann Architecture (a) and Harvard Architecture (b)

Examples of Computer Architecture: Von Neumann Architecture (a) and Harvard Architecture (b)

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Computers are an integral element of any organization’s infrastructure, from the equipment employees use at the office to the cell phones and wearables they use to work from home. All computers, regardless of their size, are founded on a set of principles describing how hardware and software connect to make them function. This is what constitutes computer architecture.

Computer architecture is the arrangement of the components that comprise a computer system and the engine at the core of the processes that drive its functioning. It specifies the machine interface for which programming languages and associated processors are designed.

Complex instruction set computer (CISC) and reduced instruction set computer (RISC) are the two predominant approaches to the architecture that influence how computer processors function.

CISC processors have one processing unit, auxiliary memory, and a tiny register set containing hundreds of unique commands. These processors execute a task with a single instruction, making a programmer’s work simpler since fewer lines of code are required to complete the operation. This method utilizes less memory but may need more time to execute instructions.

A reassessment led to the creation of high-performance computers based on the RISC architecture. The hardware is designed to be as basic and swift as possible, and sophisticated instructions can be executed with simpler ones.

How does computer architecture work?

Computer architecture allows a computer to compute, retain, and retrieve information. This data can be digits in a spreadsheet, lines of text in a file, dots of color in an image, sound patterns, or the status of a system such as a flash drive.

  • Purpose of computer architecture: Everything a system performs, from online surfing to printing, involves the transmission and processing of numbers. A computer’s architecture is merely a mathematical system intended to collect, transmit, and interpret numbers.
  • Data in numbers: The computer stores all data as numerals. When a developer is engrossed in machine learning code and analyzing sophisticated algorithms and data structures, it is easy to forget this.
  • Manipulating data: The computer manages information using numerical operations. It is possible to display an image on a screen by transferring a matrix of digits to the video memory, with every number reflecting a pixel of color.
  • Multifaceted functions: The components of a computer architecture include both software and hardware. The processor — hardware that executes computer programs — is the primary part of any computer.
  • Booting up: At the most elementary level of a computer design, programs are executed by the processor whenever the computer is switched on. These programs configure the computer’s proper functioning and initialize the different hardware sub-components to a known state. This software is known as firmware since it is persistently preserved in the computer’s memory.
  • Support for temporary storage: Memory is also a vital component of computer architecture, with several types often present in a single system. The memory is used to hold programs (applications) while they are being executed by the processor and the data being processed by the programs.
  • Support for permanent storage : There can also be tools for storing data or sending information to the external world as part of the computer system. These provide text inputs through the keyboard, the presentation of knowledge on a monitor, and the transfer of programs and data from or to a disc drive.
  • User-facing functionality: Software governs the operation and functioning of a computer. Several software ‘layers’ exist in computer architecture. Typically, a layer would only interface with layers below or above it.

The working of a computer architecture begins with the bootup process. Once the firmware is loaded, it can initialize the rest of the computer architecture and ensure that it works seamlessly, i.e., helping the user retrieve, consume, and work on different types of data.

See More: Distributed Computing vs. Grid Computing: 10 Key Comparisons

Depending on the method of categorization, the parts of a computer architecture can be subdivided in several ways. The main components of a computer architecture are the CPU, memory, and peripherals. All these elements are linked by the system bus, which comprises an address bus, a data bus, and a control bus. Within this framework, the computer architecture has eight key components, as described below.

Components of computer architecture

1. Input unit and associated peripherals

The input unit provides external data sources to the computer system. Therefore, it connects the external environment to the computer. It receives information from input devices, translates it to machine language, and then inserts it within the computer system. The keyboard, mouse, or other input devices are the most often utilized and have corresponding hardware drivers that allow them to work in sync with the rest of the computer architecture.

2. Output unit and associated peripherals

The output unit delivers the computer process’s results to the user. A majority of the output data comprises music, graphics, or video. A computer architecture’s output devices encompass the display, printing unit, speakers, headphones, etc.

To play an MP3 file, for instance, the system reads a number array from the disc and into memory. The computer architecture manipulates these numbers to convert compressed audio data to uncompressed audio data and then outputs the resulting set of numbers (uncompressed audio file) to the audio chips. The chip then makes it user-ready through the output unit and associated peripherals.

3. Storage unit/memory

The storage unit contains numerous computer parts that are employed to store data. It is typically separated into primary storage and secondary storage.

Primary storage unit

This component of the computer architecture is also referred to as the main memory, as the CPU has direct access to it. Primary memory is utilized for storing information and instructions during program execution. Random access memory (RAM) and read-only memory (ROM) are the two kinds of memory:

  • RAM supplies the necessary information straight to the CPU. It is a temporary memory that stores data and instructions intermittently.
  • ROM is a memory type that contains pre-installed instructions, including firmware. This memory’s content is persistent and cannot be modified. ROM is utilized to boot the machine upon initial startup. The computer is now unaware of anything outside the ROM. The chip instructs it on how to set up the computer architecture, conduct a power-on self-test (POST), and finally locate the hard drive so that the operating system can be launched.

Secondary storage unit

Secondary or external storage is inaccessible directly to the CPU. Before the CPU uses secondary storage data, it must be transferred to the main storage. Secondary storage permanently retains vast amounts of data. Examples include hard disk drives (HDDs), solid-state drives (SSDs) , compact disks (CDs), etc.

See More: What Is IT Infrastructure? Definition, Building Blocks, and Management Best Practices

4. Central processing unit (CPU)

The central processing unit includes registers, an arithmetic logic unit (ALU), and control circuits, which interpret and execute assembly language instructions. The CPU interacts with all the other parts of the computer architecture to make sense of the data and deliver the necessary output.

Here is a brief overview of the CPU’s sub-components:

1. Registers

These are high-speed and purpose-built temporary memory devices. Rather than being referred to by their address, they are accessed and modified directly by the CPU throughout execution. Essentially, they contain data that the CPU is presently processing. Registers contain information, commands, addresses, and intermediate processing results.

2. Arithmetic logic unit (ALU)

The arithmetic logic unit includes the electrical circuitry that performs any arithmetic and logical processes on the supplied data. It is used to execute all arithmetic (additions, subtractions, multiplication, division) and logical (<, >, AND, OR, etc.) computations. Registers are used by the ALU to retain the data being processed.

3. Control unit

The control unit collaborates with the computer’s input and output devices. It instructs the computer to execute stored program instructions via communication with the ALU and registers. The control unit aims to arrange data and instruction processing.

The microprocessor is the primary component of computer hardware that runs the CPU. Large printed circuit boards (PCBs) are utilized in all electronic systems, including desktops, calculators, and internet of things (IoT) devices. The Intel 40004 was the first microprocessor with all CPU components on a single chip.

In addition to these four core components, a computer architecture also has supporting elements that make it easier to function, such as:

5. Bootloader

The firmware contains the bootloader, a specific program executed by the processor that retrieves the operating system from the disc (or non-volatile memory or network interface, as deemed applicable) and loads it into the memory so that the processor can execute it. The bootloader is found on desktop and workstation computers and embedded devices. It is essential for all computer architectures.

6. Operating system (OS)

The operating system governs the computer’s functionality just above firmware. It manages memory usage and regulates devices such as the keyboard, mouse, display, and disc drives. The OS also provides the user with an interface, allowing them to launch apps and access data on the drive.

Typically, the operating system offers a set of tools for programs, allowing them to access the screen, disc drives, and other elements of the computer’s architecture.

A bus is a tangible collection of signal lines with a linked purpose; a good example is the universal serial bus (USB) . Buses enable the flow of electrical impulses between various components of a computer’s design, transferring information from one system to another. The size of a bus is the count of information-transferring signal lines. A bus with a size of 8 bits, for instance, transports 8 data bits in a parallel formation.

8. Interrupts

Interrupts, also known as traps or exceptions in certain processors, are a method for redirecting the processor from the running of the current program so that it can handle an occurrence. Such an event might be a malfunction from a peripheral or just the fact that an I/O device has completed its previous duty and is presently ready for another one. Every time you press a key and click a mouse button, your system will generate an interrupt.

See More: What Is Network Hardware? Definition, Architecture, Challenges, and Best Practices

It is possible to set up and configure the above architectural components in numerous ways. This gives rise to the different types of computer architecture. The most notable ones include:

Types of computer architecture

1. Instruction set architecture (ISA)

Instruction set architecture (ISA) is a bridge between the software and hardware of a computer. It functions as a programmer’s viewpoint on a machine. Computers can only comprehend binary language (0 and 1), but humans can comprehend high-level language (if-else, while, conditions, and the like). Consequently, ISA plays a crucial role in user-computer communications by translating high-level language into binary language.

In addition, ISA outlines the architecture of a computer in terms of the fundamental activities it must support. It’s not involved with implementation-specific computer features. Instruction set architecture dictates that the computer must assist:

  • Arithmetic/logic instructions: These instructions execute various mathematical or logical processing elements solely on a single or maybe more operands (data inputs).
  • Data transfer instructions: These instructions move commands from the memory or into the processor registers, or vice versa.
  • Branch and jump instructions: These instructions are essential to interrupt the logical sequence of instructions and jump to other destinations.

2. Microarchitecture

Microarchitecture, unlike ISA, focuses on the implementation of how instructions will be executed at a lower level. This is influenced by the microprocessor’s structural design.

Microarchitecture is a technique in which the instruction set architecture incorporates a processor. Engineering specialists and hardware scientists execute ISA with various microarchitectures that vary according to the development of new technologies. Therefore, processors may be physically designed to execute a certain instruction set without modifying the ISA.

Simply put, microarchitecture is the purpose-built logical arrangement of the microprocessor’s electrical components and data pathways. It facilitates the optimum execution of instructions.

3. Client-server architecture

Multiple clients (remote processors) may request and get services from a single, centralized server in a client-server system (host computer). Client computers allow users to request services from the server and receive the server’s reply. Servers receive and react to client inquiries.

A server should provide clients with a standardized, transparent interface so that they are unaware of the system’s features (software and hardware components) that are used to provide the service.

Clients are often located on desktops or laptops, while servers are typically located somewhere else on the network, on more powerful hardware. This computer architecture is most efficient when the clients and the servers frequently perform pre-specified responsibilities.

4. Single instruction, multiple data (SIMD) architecture

Single instruction, multiple data (SIMD) computer systems can process multiple data points concurrently. This cleared the path for supercomputers and other devices with incredible performance capabilities. In this form of design, all processors receive an identical command from the control unit yet operate on distinct data packets. The shared memory unit requires numerous modules to interact with all CPUs concurrently.

5. Multicore architecture

Multicore is a framework wherein a single physical processor has the logic of multiple processors. A multicore architecture integrates numerous processing cores onto only one integrated circuit. The goal is to develop a system capable of doing more tasks concurrently, improving overall system performance.

See More: What Is Middleware? Definition, Architecture, and Best Practices

Two notable examples of computer architecture have paved the way for recent advancements in computing. These are ‘Von Neumann architecture’ and ‘Harvard architecture.’ Most other architectural designs are proprietary and are therefore not revealed in the public domain beyond a basic abstraction.

Here’s a description of what these two examples of computer architecture are all about.

1. Von Neumann architecture

The von Neumann architecture, often referred to as the Princeton architecture, is a computer architecture that was established in a 1945 presentation by John von Neumann and his collaborators in the First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC (electronic discrete variable automatic computer). This example of computer architecture proposes five components:

  • A processor with connected registers
  • A control unit capable of storing instructions
  • Memory capable of storing information as well as instructions and communicating via buses
  • Additional or external storage
  • Device input as well as output mechanisms

2. Harvard architecture

The Harvard architecture refers to a computer architecture with distinct data and instruction storage and signal pathways. In contrast to the von Neumann architecture, in which program instructions and data use the very same memory and pathways, this design separates the two. In practice, a customized Harvard architecture with two distinct caches is employed (for data and instruction); X86 and Advanced RISC Machine (ARM) systems frequently employ this instruction.

See More: Top 8 Middleware Software Platforms in 2021

Computer architecture is one of the key concepts that define modern computing. Depending on the architecture, you can build micro-machines such as Raspberry Pi or incredibly powerful systems such as supercomputers. It determines how electrical signals move across the different pathways in a computing system to achieve the most optimal outcome.

Did this article help you understand how computer architecture works? Tell us on Facebook Opens a new window , Twitter Opens a new window , and LinkedIn Opens a new window . We’d love to hear from you!

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Here are 47 public repositories matching this topic..., amey-thakur / computer-organization-and-architecture-and-processor-architecture-lab.

CSC403: Computer Organization and Architecture [COA] & CSL403: Processor Architecture Lab [PAL] <Semester IV>

  • Updated Jun 3, 2022

explcre / 21Summer-VE370-Intro-to-Computer-Organization-Projects

21Summer-VE370-Intro-to-Computer-Organization-Projects: -Project1: RISC-V Assembly, simluating c code. -Project2: 1.RISC-V64 single cycle processor. 2.RISC-V64 five-stage pipelined processor. -Project3: Virtual memory, TLB, cache, memory simulator. -Project4: Literature review on Computer Organization.

  • Updated Apr 11, 2023

Matrixpecker / VE370-Pipelined-Processor

An MIPS pipelined processor with hazard detection for the course VE370 (FA2020) of UM-SJTU JI.

  • Updated Dec 28, 2020

Aparnaraha / Gate2024

here the notes provided by the seniors who already cracked IITs as well as how much I'll cover for my exams I'll provide my notes as well. If you want you can access the course by these links also

  • Updated Jan 22, 2024

Umar-Waseem / BS-CS-Semester-3

Semester 3 course material for BS Computer Science at Fast National University Of Computer And Emerging Sciences

  • Updated Jan 19, 2023

imranabeel / cs235coal

The repo will provide the support and learning material for the course computer organization and assembly language

  • Updated Jan 14, 2021

ayushtiwari / COA-IITKgp

Computer Organisation and Architecture - Autumn 2019

  • Updated Sep 3, 2019

fokerman / Orga2Course

Clases dictadas para la materia Organización del Computador II (Orga2) en la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEN) de la Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA)

  • Updated Nov 13, 2021

Dhruvpatel004 / Booth-Multiplication-Algorithm

Booth's multiplication algorithm is a multiplication algorithm that multiplies two signed binary numbers in two's complement notation.

  • Updated Oct 27, 2023

MRSAIL-Mini-Robotics-Software-AI-Lab / Corona-PU

Computer Organization and Architecture (Corona PU because it was during covid 🤷‍♂️)

  • Updated Jan 12, 2022

BhavyaC16 / Two-Pass-Assembler

CSE112: Computer Organisation Project 1 | Two Pass Assembler in Python

  • Updated Dec 13, 2019
  • Jupyter Notebook

TienNHM / ebooks

Tổng hợp các ebooks hay

  • Updated Jun 8, 2023

GarvitSingh05 / awesome-computer-science

Contains all the notes created by me during my Computer Science studies.

  • Updated Feb 19, 2024

maanas-talwar / PyWash

Two-Pass Assembler for a Washing Machine System

  • Updated Aug 31, 2021

IshanMehta115 / Assembler

Converts the code written in assembly language into machine language.

  • Updated Jun 3, 2023

zawster / ASMSnakeGame

Snake Game in Assembly Language(MASM 6.15)

  • Updated Feb 6, 2019

sohumsikdar / ASM-Assembler-Simulator

Python script written to interpret and simulate asm code. Done as the final project of course Computer Organisation(CSE112)

  • Updated Jan 1, 2022

PranavMehrotra / COA-Lab-22

This repository contains the lab assignments for Computer Organization and Architecture Laboratory.

  • Updated Nov 21, 2022

IshanMehta115 / Cache-Simulator

A cache simulator made using python. It can work in 3 modes direct mapping, associative mapping and set associative.

TDanny / CS_Bsc_Technion-

Projects I did while studying Computer Science Bsc in Technion

  • Updated Jan 31, 2023

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We've developed a variety of hardware platforms to support this research.

Research Topics

Languages and compilers for multi-core architectures.

  • Compiling for fine-grain parallel processing arrays
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On-chip and multi-chip interconnection networks

  • Low-latency and low-power on-chip networks
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Programmable processing substrates

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Selected Previous Projects

Mrc2 - resilient cloud computing.

MRC2 built on the CTSRD project by extending the techniques to multiprocessors and multirack systems, and added many networking components.

BIMPA - Biologically inspired massively parallel architectures

The BIMPA project looked at full-custom FPGA-based compute pipelines and also distributed vector processors on FPGA for high performance neural execution. See the BIMPA project page for more details.

Communication centric computer design

  • This project focused on communication as a first class design constraint.
  • One outcome was Dan Greenfield's award winning Ph.D. thesis on Communication Locality in Computation: Software, Chip Multiprocessors and Brains
  • The Communication centric computer design (C3D) project

Hardware security

  • Technology- and circuit-level countermeasures to side-channel analysis attacks
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Sensor networks

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Novel approaches to system-timing

  • Self-timed circuitry for global clocking
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Advanced Topics in Computer Architecture

  • The department

This course aims to provide students with an introduction to a range of advanced topics in computer architecture. It will explore the current and future challenges facing the architects of modern computers. These will also be used to illustrate the many different influences and trade-offs involved in computer architecture.

On completion of this module students should:

  • understand the challenges of designing and verifying modern microprocessors
  • be familiar with recent research themes and emerging challenges
  • appreciate the complex trade-offs at the heart of computer architecture

Each seminar will focus on a different topic:

  • Trends in computer architecture
  • State-of-the-art microprocessor design
  • Memory system design
  • Hardware reliability
  • Specification, verification and test
  • Hardware security (2)
  • HW accelerators and accelerators for machine learning

Each two hour seminar will include three student presentations (15mins) questions (5mins) and a broader discussion of the topics (around 30mins). The last part of the seminar will include a short scene setting lecture (around 20mins) to introduce the following week's topic.

Each week students will compare and contrast two of the main papers and submit a written summary and review in advance of each seminar (except when presenting).

Students will be expected to give a number of 15 minute presentations.

Essays and presentations will be marked out of 10. After dropping the lowest mark, the remaining marks will be scaled to give a final score out of 100.

Students will give at least one presentation during the course. They will not be required to submit an essay during the weeks they are presenting.

Each presentation will focus on a single paper from the reading list. Marks will be awarded for clarity and the communication of the paper's key ideas, an analysis of the work's strengths and weaknesses and the work’s relationship to related work and broader trends and constraints.

Recommended prerequisite reading

Patterson, D. A., Hennessy, J. L. (2017). Computer organization and design: The Hardware/software interface RISC-V edition Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-0-12-812275-4.

Hennessy, J. and Patterson, D. (2012). Computer architecture: a quantitative approach . Elsevier (5th ed.) ISBN 9780123838728. (the 3rd and 4th editions are also relevant)

Further Information

Due to COVID-19, the method of teaching for this module will be adjusted to cater for physical distancing and students who are working remotely. We will confirm precisely how the module will be taught closer to the start of term.

Related links

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EE282: Computer Systems Architecture

Instructor : Caroline Trippel Teaching Assistant : Sneha Goenka

EE282 focuses on key topics in advanced computer systems architecture such as multilevel in memory hierarchies, advanced pipelining and super scalar techniques, vectors, GPUs and accelerators, non-volatile storage and advanced IO systems, virtualization, and datacenter hardware and software architecture. The programming assignments introduce performance analysis and optimization techniques for computer systems. At the completion of the course, you will understand how computer systems are organized and, why they are organized that way, and what determines their performance. You will also understand the rich interactions between the hardware and software layers in modern systems.   EE282 is appropriate for undergraduate and graduate students specializing in the broad field of computer systems. It is also appropriate for other EE and CS students who want to understand, program, and make efficient use of modern computer systems of any scale in their day-to-day work.   Post-EE282, students can take CS316, a research seminar on advanced computer architecture based on recent papers, or CS349d, a seminar that covers the software infrastructure of cloud computing and large-scale datacenters.

News (top is most recent)

  • (5/24) Problem Set 3 due date has been extended to May 31, 1pm PST.
  • (5/20) Programming Assignment 2 has been released. It is due June 4, 1pm PST.
  • (5/10) Problem Set 3 has been released. It is due May 26, 1pm PST.
  • (5/6) Programming Assignment 1 has been released. It is due May 20, 1pm PST.
  • (4/28) We will not have the office hour on May 4.
  • (4/28) We will have the virtual office hour/midterm review session (SCPD students) on May 2 from 5:30AM-6:30PM. It will appear as a lecture under Zoom on Canvas.
  • (4/28) We will have the virtual office hour/midterm review session on May 2 from 11:00AM-1:00PM. It will appear as a lecture under Zoom on Canvas.
  • (4/28) We will have a review session on April 29 from 2:30PM-5:00PM. It will appear as a lecture under Zoom on Canvas.
  • (4/21) Problem Set 2 has been released. It is due May 10, 1pm PST.
  • (4/14) We will have a review session on April 15 from 3:00PM-4:30PM. It will appear as a lecture under Zoom on Canvas.
  • (4/7) We will have a review session on April 8 from 3:00PM-4:30PM. It will appear as a lecture under Zoom on Canvas.
  • (4/5) Problem Set 1 has been released. It is due April 21, 1pm PST.
  • Sneha's March 30th office hours will be held over zoom [Password: 101121] from 3:00pm.
  • Programming Assignment 3 released here . It is due June 6, 1pm PST on Gradescope. Setup instructions are available here .
  • Programming Assignment 2 released here . It is due May 18, 1pm PST on Gradescope. Setup instructions are available here .
  • Programming Assignment 1 released here . It is due May 9, 1pm PST on Gradescope.
  • GCP setup instructions released here .
  • Problem Set for the quarter released here .
  • Please make sure you have access to the Canvas, Ed and GradeScope (links posted above).
  • Welcome to EE282!

Required Textbook: H&P : J. Hennessy & D. Patterson, Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach , 6th edition. M/C : Morgan Claypool Synthesis Lectures (available through the library using your SUID). Problem Set (for the Reference Problems in the table below) Programming Assignment 1 Programming Assignment 2

Homework and Projects

Problem sets.

  • Problem Set 3 , due Thursday 5/31, at 1pm PST. Solutions
  • Problem Set 2 , due Tuesday 5/10, at 1pm PST. Solutions
  • Problem Set 1 , due Thursday 4/21, at 1pm PST. Solutions

Programming Assignments

  • GCE Setup Instructions
  • Programming Assignment 1 , due Friday 5/20, at 1pm PST.
  • Programming Assignment 2 , due Saturday 6/4, at 1pm PST.

Announcements: Visit this web page regularly to access all the handouts, solutions, and announcements. Please check your email regularly as well for announcements from Ed!

  • Caroline Trippel: Tuesdays 3:00pm – 4:00pm, Gates 470 (starting 04/04/2023) or by appointment.
  • Sneha Goenka: Wednesdays 12:00noon – 1:30pm, Packard 106 (starting 04/05/2023) or by appointment.
  • Mondays 2:00PM – 3:00pm, over zoom and it is recorded.
  • Midterm quiz on Wednesday, May 11th (1:30PM - 3:00PM PST) in Skilling Auditorium, covers lectures 1-10.
  • Final quiz on Saturday, June 10th (3:30PM - 5:00PM PST) in Skilling Auditorium,, covers lectures 1-18.

Grading: Read the material for each lecture, ask questions, participate (5%) Problem set (15%) 3 programming assignments (30%) Midterm quiz (25%) Final quiz (25%)

  • No more than 2 people can collaborate on a homework or project assignment.
  • Students working together should submit a single assignment for the pair .
  • Any assistance received for homework or programming assignment solutions should be acknowledged in writing with specific details.
  • No sharing of code, or partial or complete solutions among groups is permitted.

SCPD Video Recording Disclaimer: Video cameras located in the back of the room will capture the instructor presentations in this course. For your convenience, you can access these recordings by logging into the course Canvas site. These recordings might be reused in other Stanford courses, viewed by other Stanford students, faculty, or staff, or used for other education and research purposes. Note that while the cameras are positioned with the intention of recording only the instructor, occasionally a part of your image or voice might be incidentally captured. If you have questions, please contact a member of the teaching team.

Adapted from a template by Andreas Viklund .

Red Dot Geek

Basic Computer Architecture (Beginner’s Crash Course)

Welcome to a beginner’s tutorial on basic computer architecture. In the modern-day cyber world, we have all kinds of computers – Desktops, laptops, tablets, smartphones, and even game consoles. While they are different in size and function, the basic architecture is almost always the same.

All of them have a central processing unit (CPU), random access memory (RAM), and storage (hard disk or memory card). This is called the “computer architecture”, and it pretty much “outlines” how computers are designed. Just what does a basic computer architecture look like? What is the history behind it? Read on!

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Architecture models.

computer architecture related project

When it comes to computer architecture, this is one of the very first things that every cyber geek has to know – The Von Neumann Model.

THE VON NEUMANN MODEL

computer architecture related project

John von Neumann is this handsome guy here. A Hungarian-American physicist, mathematician, and pioneer computer scientist. In the year 1945, he came up with a design architecture for computers, which we later call the Von Neumann architecture:

computer architecture related project

In simple terms:

  • Every computer should have a central processing unit (CPU) that consists of an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and a control unit.
  • The ALU is a “big calculator” that crunches data.
  • The control unit manages how programs and applications run. It allocates system resources and does coordination between the system components.
  • Lastly, there is a memory unit to store data and instructions.
  • To feed data and instructions into the computer, we do so via input devices.
  • On processing the data, the computer may show the results or perform some other tasks on the output devices.

THE HAVARD ARCHITECTURE

computer architecture related project

While the original Von Neumann architecture works, it is also a bad design in the modern-day world:

  • There is only a single source of memory, used for both instructions (run applications) and data (read/write).
  • The CPU cannot run instructions and read/write data at the same time.
  • In short, this will grossly slow the computer down. When the CPU is running instructions, it cannot read/write data. When the CPU is reading/writing data, it cannot run instructions.

To solve this problem, smart people later introduced the Harvard architecture, where the memory used for the instructions is separate from the data. I.E. The CPU can run instructions and read/write data simultaneously.

WHY ARE THESE IMPORTANT?

Even though these models are “outdated” by today’s standards, the Von Neumann architecture is still the very basis of modern-day computers. It pretty much still holds true today:

  • CPU – All modern CPUs still have arithmetic cores that do data crunching and control units for coordination.
  • Memory – There are many “kinds” of memory today, but the CPU essentially still has its own memory cache. We also have RAM for temporary storage and hard disks for permanent storage.
  • Input devices – Keyboard, mouse, touchscreen, game controllers, microphones, webcam, etc…
  • Output devices – Monitors, speakers, printers, etc…

MEMORY & BUS

computer architecture related project

Now that we are done with the basic computer architecture, let us look take a deeper look at the CPU. Into the finer details of the CPU works with the memory, and “bus lines” where data is being transferred around.

PRIMARY & SECONDARY MEMORY

computer architecture related project

Remember from 1 minute ago that you read something about “different kinds of memory”? Yes, in a modern computer, we have:

  • CPU Register: The “highest level in the memory chain”. This is blazing fast memory within the CPU itself to store immediate instructions; The instructions will perish once it is processed.
  • Cache Memory : Also blazing-fast memory within the CPU. Used to store data, but may not be for immediate processing.
  • Primary Storage:  Data storage that is immediately accessible to the CPU. That is, the hard disks and RAM.
  • Secondary Storage: Data storage that is not directly accessible to the CPU. That is, external storage devices.

TYPES OF REGISTERS

computer architecture related project

There are several different “types” of registers depending on the design of the CPU, but here are a few common ones.

  • Instruction register : The “current line of code”.
  • Program counter: Keeps track of the currently running application, which are the current and next instructions to execute.
  • Accumulator register : Used by the ALU for calculations.
  • I/O register : Used for working with various input/output devices.
  • Data register : Used as temporary storage for data acquired from input devices, or data to be transmitted to output devices.

REGISTER OPERATIONS

Just how do the registers work then? What happens behind the scenes is usually a repetitive 3-steps operation:

  • Fetch : Load the instructions from either the main memory or directly from the user through the input device.
  • Decode : Interpret what the instructions mean.
  • Execute : Run the instructions, usually producing some sort of results – Which is then displayed on the screen or output to a device.

A “bus” is simply “electrical lines” that connect components together inside a computer. It is not related to the 4-wheeled vehicles we call buses, but originates from the Latin word “omnibus” – “for all”.

TYPES OF BUSES

computer architecture related project

Remember how a bottleneck is formed when instructions and data are all squeezed into a single memory pool? The same will happen if we only have a “one-lane bus”. This is why in most basic designs, the system bus is split into 3 different parts:

  • Control bus : Carries the commands from the CPU.
  • Address bus : Carries information on the target component the instructions are meant for.
  • Data bus : Carries the actual data itself.

USEFUL BITS & LINKS

computer architecture related project

That’s it for the basic architecture of a computer, and here are some links that may be useful to you.

LINKS & REFERENCES

  • Computer Architecture – Wikipedia
  • Basic Computer Architecture – Jenkov.com
  • Architecture of Computer System – Study Tonight

computer architecture related project

Thank you for reading, and we have come to the end of this guide. I hope that this has helped you to better understand the basic architecture of computers, and if you have anything to share with this guide, please feel free to comment below. Good luck and may the digital force be with you.

1 thought on “Basic Computer Architecture (Beginner’s Crash Course)”

The four wheeled vehicle that carries passengers is also called an omibus as it is derived from the same Latin word as are many other words used in English. Other than that an instructive article . Perhaps it could have mentioned Alan Turing who developed the first computer used by the British to decipher the German enigma codes in WW2.

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Argonne National Laboratory

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Argonne maintains a wide-ranging science and technology portfolio that seeks to address complex challenges in interdisciplinary and innovative ways. Below is a list of all articles, highlights, profiles, projects, and organizations related specifically to computer architecture.

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Argonne computing research wins accolades

Visualization of kinases, as predicted by APACE. Grey and orange colors are chain A and B of multimer kinase complex. The bubble at the interface shows polarity: green for polar, white for apolar, red for acidic, blue for basic. The orange and grey colors contain secondary structures such as alpha helix (cylinder rod), beta strands (arrow) and turn/coil (string). (Image by Hyun Park.)

Meet Carissa Holohan, computer architect

Image of Carissa Holohan

Researchers develop all-optical switches that could lead to faster computer processors

Graphical depiction of fiberoptic cables with increased speed

Using supercomputers to help companies advance clean energy technologies

Image of the Polaris supercomputer fronts

How microelectronics will take computing to new heights

Schematic drawing of a cross-bar circuit element

Argonne training program provides crash course in supercomputing

Argonne computer scientist Yanfei Guo stands teaching attendees at the 2023 Argonne Training Program on Extreme-Scale Computing.

Speeding up the discovery of new catalysts for clean energy with Aurora

Graphic of spheres representing molecules

Kate Keahey breaks new ground in computer science

computer architecture related project

Argonne’s new Sunspot testbed provides on-ramp for Aurora exascale supercomputer

computer architecture related project

List of Semester Projects for Computer Organization

  • Objective: (The objective describes the goal of the project work.)
  • Theory: (The theory is formal design comprising descriptions, essential mathematics, formulas, drivations, etc.)
  • Design: (The design part comprises flow-charts, algorithms, tables, diagrams, derivations, etc.)
  • Implementation: (The implementation is description of functional modules of code, hierarchical relationship, coding with built-in documentation, list of system requirements, like compilers, operating system, etc.)
  • Debugging-Test-run: (The Test-run and result part of the report contains detailed method of testing, assuring that the code is fool-proof and fully debugged.)
  • Results analysis (if any): (The Analysis part should discuss other aspects, like complexity of algorithms in terms of average and worst case complexity for time and space, robutsness of the approach used, finer technical details, etc.)
  • Conclusion and Future Improvements: (The conclusion and future aspect should summarize the project in brief, what improvements can be possible which could not be considered due to time limits, limitations (if any in the design and implementation), various applications of this design, etc.)
  • Bibliography: The bibliography section should provide the detailed list of references of books, journals, websites, conferences, and others in the standard accepted formats.
  • Design and computer architecture: Design a processor with minimum number of instructions, so that it can do the basic arithmatic and logic operations.
  • Design a serial interface to connect the 8085 micro-processor with a keyboard for that on pressing of enter key of keyboard, it can receive the characters typed.
  • Design and pipeline architecture for 2,3,4 stages pipeline.
  • Using microprogram as instructions directly: Consider that there is no "instruction set", no program counter (but microprogram counter), no instruction fetch in the normal sense. Your machine and "program" is THE microprogram itself. You have to add some fields into microprogram word such as : ADD R0, R1, R2 which hold the appropriate values.
  • Give a comparative study of 8085, 6502, and NSC micro-processors
  • Design a Turing machine using java, to implement basic operations of TM.
  • Write program to generate assembly code from prefix code.
  • Simulate a word multiplier.
  • Simulate a word divider.
  • Suggest a high speed addition method and logic for 4-bit addition.
  • Microprocessor-based automatic door opener.
  • Microprocessor based furnance temperature controller.
  • Microprocessor based water level controller in domestic water storage tank (when water goes above a height, it switches off the pump motor, and when it goes below some level, it switches ON the pump motor).
  • Microprocessor based automatic attendance recorder (make use of RFID: a unique for each student).
  • Microprocessor based ECG recorder.
  • Design and implement an arbitrary precision four function calculator.
  • Stack machine ISA : Design a stack machine, its instruction set must be stack oriented (no register!).
  • Implement quick sort using 8085 assembly language.
  • Implemet binary search using 8085 assembly language.
  • Implement matrix multiplication using 8085 assembly language.
  • Design a instruction set for a limited functionality machine having all instructions of 8-bits fixed length only, including opcode and operands.
  • Write/create a tool for bench-marking of a hardware (CPU).
  • Suggest and design a minimal cpu architecture for controlling the washing machine.
  • Simulate modern traffic controlsystem.
  • Project for piano sound generation.
  • Quantum Compters.
  • DNA Computers.

Graphic

Computational Design

MSCD | PhD-CD

The Computational Design (CD) program investigates creative opportunities and critical issues at the nexus of design and computation. Fundamentally interdisciplinary, it mobilizes Carnegie Mellon University’s computational strengths critically towards design, architecture, and other creative disciplines.

Daniel Cardoso Llach

Associate Professor & CD Track Chair

Daniel Cardoso Llach

With a shared emphasis on critical technical practice, faculty and students in the program draw from fields including computer science, robotics, human-machine interaction, machine learning, art, and science and technology studies to illuminate emerging potentials as well as unforeseen consequences of new technologies in design. The program examines topics including robotically-supported construction, machine learning- and AI-based approaches to design generation and analysis, tangible interaction, shape grammars, responsive environments, digital heritage, computational urban studies, as well as historical and ethnographic investigations into design technologies and technologically-mediated design practices. The program’s research and creative works are frequently discussed, published, and exhibited in leading national and international venues. Inherently interdisciplinary, the program invites students to forge unique curricular paths, closely interacting with field-defining researchers, educators, and mentors in the program and across the university. 

The program offers Master of Science (MS) and Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degrees, and is well suited to highly inquisitive applicants with technical, creative, and/or critical backgrounds who are motivated to challenge disciplinary boundaries; develop a unique research agenda; and explore the intersection computation and design with creativity, technical rigor, and critical depth.

Master of Science in Computational Design

The Masters of Science in Computational Design is a two-year, research-focused program that prepares students for leading industry positions and advanced studies in the broad field of Computational Design. 

Students in the program develop technical and conceptual skills to a) formulate and develop technologies that reimagine material, sociotechnical, and/or environmental relations in design; b) approach digital systems and human-machine encounters as sites for both creative exploration and critical inquiry; and c) produce a thesis that documents a substantial work of research and a novel contribution to knowledge in the field of Computational Design.

Responsive Robotic Assembly with Heterogeneous Raw Wood. Jiaying Wei, MSCD 2023

The program’s curriculum is structured around a lean sequence of research seminars that builds cohesive cohorts, explores the field’s technical, conceptual, and historical underpinnings, and introduces a variety of approaches to research in the field. Selective courses, special topics seminars, and faculty-led independent studies and research groups delve deeper into technical and critical issues, and help instigate the development of unique theses. With guidance from faculty advisors, students define a sequence of courses providing a solid technical understanding of computational concepts and techniques. The precise choice and sequence is based on each student’s prior skill level and their research orientation. In addition, a vast pool of eligible extra departmental courses gives students the opportunity to enrich their methodological and conceptual toolkits further. During the second year, students form advisory committees and develop their theses. Of publishable, or close to publishable, quality, theses in the program rigorously document the definition, prototyping, and critical interrogation of design-technological systems, and/or their histories and the communities they support. 

The program’s typical duration is four semesters. Students must complete a minimum of 147 units of coursework including a 36 unit thesis for graduation. Proficient candidates with prior relevant experience may be considered for advanced standing, subject to approval of the faculty committee upon admission based on a proposed plan of studies. In all cases, full-time registration must be maintained for the first three semesters.

MSCD Curriculum

Doctor of Philosophy in Computational Design

The Doctor of Philosophy in Computational Design prepares students for careers as leading educators, scholars, and researchers in academia and industry. The program offers students the opportunity to conduct research that explores Computational Design questions in greater technical and critical depth, resulting in novel and original contributions to knowledge in the field.

Students work closely with their advisors throughout all stages of the program. Advisors are responsible for supervising and offering guidance, including working with students in the formulation of an individual plan of studies that supports both technical and conceptual elements of the student’s chosen area of concentration. Advisory committees in the doctoral program in CD must be chaired by a CD Core Faculty member, and must include one external member. External advisors might be at a different Carnegie Mellon University department, at a different institution, or in industry. Faculty currently serving as PhD advisors in the program include Profs Joshua Bard, Daragh Byrne, Daniel Cardoso Llach, and Vernelle Noel. Prospective applicants are encouraged to familiarize themselves with the work of the program and with individual advisors’ recent and ongoing research. 

Students’ doctoral path in CD is punctuated by four milestones. The first is the presentation of a game plan that specifies the student’s area of concentration within the program and a scope of work within that area comprising both a plan of studies and research activities, as well as an advisory committee. The second milestone, usually completed after fulfilling course requirements, is a written and oral examination that gives students the opportunity to demonstrate their command over technical and conceptual aspects of their area of concentration, and their ability to formulate an original research project. The third is the public presentation of their dissertation proposal, a document detailing the dissertation’s conceptual, technical, and methodological components, arguing for its relevance to the field of Computational Design, and demonstrating its viability by documenting completed and ongoing research activities. The final milestone is the public defense of their doctoral dissertation. A doctoral dissertation in CD must be a rigorous, significant, and novel contribution to knowledge in the field. It must be grounded on a deep understanding of the state of the art in the field and their specific area of concentration, as well as a critical awareness of the broader contexts of the research.

^ A Data Informed Workflow in Design for Architecture and Urbanism. Javier Argota Sánchez-Vaquerizo, MSCD 2018

PhD-CD Curriculum

About the Program

The highly selective Computational Design graduate program at the School of Architecture at Carnegie Mellon University is a trailblazer in computational design research and pedagogy. With origins in the late 1960s, it is one of the earliest programs of its kind. Its pioneering focus on applications of computational representation and symbolic AI to design has evolved into a broader inquiry into computational modes of design interaction, materiality, and intelligence, and a sensitivity towards the cultural, material, and historical specificity of computational media in design. Today, the Computational Design program adopts a broad view of computation as a vehicle of design inquiry, as a key technical scaffolding for applied and speculative design research, and as a worthy subject of scholarly analysis and debate. 

More than mere instruments, computational methods and ideas — including those linked to recent developments in machine learning/AI, virtual and augmented reality, and robotics — configure new technical infrastructures and imaginaries. Shaping contemporary spaces, artifacts, materials, and labors, these also configure new conceptions of design and creativity. Embracing this complex context, the Computational Design program works to develop new knowledge that harnesses computational ideas and methods towards humane, ecological, and creative environments, and that reimagines the interplay of the technological, the social, and the material in design.

^ Interfacing the Multiplexer Room: Speculative Spatio-Mediated Assemblages for the Digitally Interfered Home. Policarpo Del Campo Baquera, MSCD 2021

MSCD thesis presentations and discussions at CODE Lab (photo credit: Chitika Vasudeva).

Computational Design students occupy the Computational Design Laboratory (CODe Lab) , a beautiful double-height space strategically located in the Margaret Morrison building’s fourth floor, and its two adjacent suites. Aside from workspaces and an area for presentations and collaborative work, the lab houses a fabrication space equipped with a variety of tools to support research including desktop digital and hand fabrication tools, an electronics workbench, as well as dedicated terminals for specialized data and graphics processing and virtual/augmented reality research. 

In addition, CD students have access to many other School of Architecture and Carnegie Mellon University’s world-class laboratories and facilities, including the Design Fabrication Laboratory (dFAB) and Applied Architectural Robotics Laboratory. They often participate in research and learning activities at other labs including the Frank Ratchye STUDIO for Creative Inquiry , the College of Fine Arts’ research hub, and the Manufacturing Futures Institute at Mill 19 , among others.

Extracurricular activities including yearly lecture series and workshops by leading computational design scholars and practitioners further enrich the program, fostering a vibrant atmosphere of research, learning, and creativity.

Program Faculty

Joshua Bard

Joshua Bard

Associate Professor & Associate Head for Design Research

Daragh Byrne

Daragh Byrne

Associate Teaching Professor

Dana Cupkova

Dana Cupkova

Associate Professor & MSSD Track Chair

Jeremy Ficca

Jeremy Ficca

Associate Professor, MAAD Track Chair & dFAB Lab Director

Sinan Goral

Sinan Goral

Adjunct Faculty

Matthew Huber

Matthew Huber

Special Faculty

Omar Khan

Professor & Head

Kristen Kurland

Kristen Kurland

Teaching Professor

Vernelle A. A. Noel

Vernelle A. A. Noel

Lucian and Rita Caste Assistant Professor in Architecture

Paul Pangaro

Paul Pangaro

Visiting Scholar in Computational Design

Admissions Resources

Are you a current student looking for resources? Handbooks, procedures and other information can be found on the Student Resources page .

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The 21 Most Anticipated Projects of 2024

computer architecture related project

  • Written by Maria-Cristina Florian
  • Published on December 14, 2023

As the year 2023 comes to a close, we review the evolution of the field of architecture, but we also look forward to the most anticipated projects planned to open in 2024. As Paris is preparing to host the 2024 Summer Olympic Games , several projects and infrastructure updates have been planned to support the global event. Another milestone for Paris will be the reopening of the Notre Dame Cathedral , as reconstruction works near completion for the fire-damaged 12th-century monument.

The selection of projects spans various scales and programs, from restoration and expansion works such as OMA's plan for Museo Egizio in Turin, or David CHipperfield's Grand Residential Building in Belgium, to architecture developed with indigenous peoples, such as Snøhetta's Čoarvemátta in Northern Norway, cultural facilities in Asia and Europe and environmentally-conscious buildings such as Studio Gang's Hotel in the United States.

The 21 Most Anticipated Projects of 2024 - Image 2 of 23

Read on to discover the projects we look forward to opening in 2023, in no particular order.

Related Article

Notre-dame de paris cathedral restoration.

The 21 Most Anticipated Projects of 2024 - Image 2 of 23

The famous Gothic monument in the center of Paris has been closed to the public since 2019, when a devastating fire engulfed its roof leading to the collapse of the 19th-century spire and the endangerment of its stone vaults. Restoration efforts quickly started. Recently, the interior cleaning of the stonework has been completed, and the reconstructed spire is nearing completion . The Cathedral is set to reopen in December 2024, following the ambitious deadline set by French authorities. Some rehabilitation works will continue even after this date.

Museo Egizio / OMA

The 21 Most Anticipated Projects of 2024 - Image 12 of 23

OMA / David Gianotten and Andreas Karavanas have been awarded in the competition to renovate Turin's Museo Egizio, the world's oldest museum for Ancient Egyptian culture, founded in 1824. The winning project envisions a 2024 transformation, repositioning the museum as a scholarly destination and a revitalized public space. Collaborating with local architects and a historical consultant, the proposal focuses on inclusivity, featuring a covered courtyard and interconnected urban rooms to welcome all visitors.

Paris 2024 Olympic and Paralympic Village / Dominique Perrault

The 21 Most Anticipated Projects of 2024 - Image 16 of 23

The Olympic Games represent one of the most well-known sporting events worldwide, an event that has important implications for the spatial planning and infrastructure of its hosting city. The next edition will be held in the summer of 2024 in Paris, France. Architect Dominique Perrault is in charge of the master plan and vision for the Paris 2024 Olympic and Paralympic Village. Hosting a diverse program over an area of 119,000 square meters, the village is designed to become a permanent community in Paris after the closing of the games.

China Philharmonic Concert Hall in Beijing / MAD Architects

The 21 Most Anticipated Projects of 2024 - Image 10 of 23

Designed by MAD Architects under Ma Yansong's leadership, Beijing's China Philharmonic Concert Hall is close to completion. Set to be the permanent home of the China Philharmonic Orchestra, the 26,000-square-meter building was awarded to MAD in a 2014 competition. It will establish a new hub for classical music and cultural exchange upon its scheduled completion in 2024, despite initial predictions that placed the expected opening in early 2023.

Čoarvemátta / Snøhetta

The 21 Most Anticipated Projects of 2024 - Image 18 of 23

A new cultural and educational facility is under construction in Kautokeinoin Northern Norway, dedicated to strengthening two important cultural institutions of Sápmi–the cultural region traditionally inhabited by the Sámi people. The Sámi National Theater Beaivvášand Sámi High School and Reindeer Husbandry School will be housed within the same structure designed by 70°N arkitektur , in collaboration with Snøhetta and artist and architect Joar Nango . The project is scheduled to open next year.

Populus Hotel / Studio Gang

The 21 Most Anticipated Projects of 2024 - Image 5 of 23

Studio Gang's Populus Hotel is set to become the first carbon-positive hotel in the United States. Scheduled to open in 2024 in Denver, Colorado, the development strives to combine innovative construction techniques and carefully chosen materials, as well as collaborate with local agricultural and forest partners to find methods to sequester more carbon than it is estimated to produce during its lifespan.

The Greenwich by Rafael Viñoly / Rafael Viñoly

The 21 Most Anticipated Projects of 2024 - Image 8 of 23

The Greenwich by Rafael Viñoly , formerly 125 Greenwich Street, is a residential tower in downtown Manhattan. The tower's slender, tall structure integrates an exposed concrete column and a curved glass facade, emphasizing its distinctive architectural and structural approach. The 88-story skyscraper resumed construction earlier this year and is expected to be completed in 2024.

Beijing City Library / Snøhetta

The 21 Most Anticipated Projects of 2024 - Image 3 of 23

Due to open in early 2023, the new Beijing Library aims to offer a new type of public space centered on learning, knowledge sharing, and open discussions, as well as celebrating the cultural richness of Beijing. Currently under construction, the library designed by Snøhetta and ECADI features a forest-like canopy that, upon completion, will house the world’s largest library reading space.

Sun Tower / OPEN Architecture

The 21 Most Anticipated Projects of 2024 - Image 20 of 23

Conceived as a landmark in Yantai, China, OPEN Architecture ’s Sun Tower topped out in July 2023, ahead of its scheduled completion in 2024. The building centered around the relationship between man and nature will offer a variety of cultural programs accessible to the public and open to the city.

The Grand Residential Building / David Chipperfield

The 21 Most Anticipated Projects of 2024 - Image 19 of 23

Initiated in 2019, the restoration of Belgium's Grand Hotel in Nieuwpoort seeks to transform it into a residential building while preserving its landmark status. The project, set for completion in 2024, involves adapting and extending the historic structure with a focus on a "sensitive understanding of heritage value."

Shopping District in Xi’an, China / Heatherwick Studio

The 21 Most Anticipated Projects of 2024 - Image 21 of 23

Heatherwick Studio has designed a new shopping district in Xi’an, China, celebrating the city's ceramic heritage. Spanning 111,000 square meters, the development integrates offices, apartments, a hotel, green spaces, and social areas. Currently under construction, the development is slated for completion in 2024.

BIG / One High Line Skyscrapers

The 21 Most Anticipated Projects of 2024 - Image 4 of 23

Currently under construction and nearing completion, BIG's One High Line development in New York is slanted to open in early 2024. The twisting towers, situated on 'Architecture Row,' interact with iconic neighbors like Gehry's IAC building and Piano's Whitney Museum. Organized around a central public courtyard, the towers blend residential spaces with retail and commercial facilities.

Grand Egyptian Museum, Egypt / Heneghan Peng

The 21 Most Anticipated Projects of 2024 - Image 17 of 23

After having experienced several delays since the 2002 design competition, the Grand Egyptian Museum represents one of the most long-anticipated projects internationally. Upon completion, it will become the world's largest museum dedicated to one civilization. While some sections of the exhibition have become available, no grand museum opening was held during 2023. Now, the museum's website displays a subtitle reading "Estimated opening: Late-Spring 2024."

Sun Rock Project / MVRDV

The 21 Most Anticipated Projects of 2024 - Image 14 of 23

MVRDV's project for Taiwan's Taipower power company is a data-driven tool for energy production, reflecting Taiwan's commitment to green energy transition. The design optimizes solar energy generation on-site. Functioning as an operations facility with offices, a maintenance workshop, storage, and a public gallery, the project strives to become as a "built manifesto," embodying the company's vision for a carbon-free future.

Zayed National Museum / Foster + Partners

The 21 Most Anticipated Projects of 2024 - Image 9 of 23

Designed as a tribute to the late Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, the Zayed National Museum aims to become the focal point of the Saadiyat Island Cultural District. Showcasing the evolution of the UAE, the museum merges contemporary efficiency with traditional Arabic design and hospitality. To celebrate Sheikh Zayed's legacy, the museum is nestled in a landscaped garden reflecting the timeline of his life. According to the office’s website , the project is slanted for completion in 2024.

Expansion of the Palmer Museum / Allied Works

The 21 Most Anticipated Projects of 2024 - Image 23 of 23

Construction is well underway for the new Palmer Museum building at Penn State, USA, as newly released images showcase the almost completed building. Set to open on June 1, 2024, the 73,000-square-foot complex will double gallery space to accommodate over 10,000 pieces. The design includes 20 galleries, new educational and event spaces, a museum store and café, a sculpture path and outdoor terraces.

Navi Mumbai Airport / Zaha Hadid Architects

The 21 Most Anticipated Projects of 2024 - Image 22 of 23

In 2018, Zaha Hadid Architects (ZHA) won the international competition for the design of Navi Mumbai International Airport (NMIA), a crucial infrastructure project for India's largest city. Addressing capacity issues at the existing Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport, ZHA's scope includes a new terminal building, an Air Traffic Control Tower, and related access points. According to The Times of India , the airport should become operational by December 2024.

Aquatic Center for Paris 2024 Olympics / VenhoevenCS and Ateliers 2/3/4/

The 21 Most Anticipated Projects of 2024 - Image 11 of 23

Continuing the list of architectural projects planned for the Paris 2024 Olympic Games, VenhoevenCS and French partner Ateliers 2/3/4/ designed a versatile aquatic sports center. Planned for multifunctional use including water polo, diving, and synchronized swimming competitions, it will be dedicated to the people of Saint-Denis after the event.

Queensland Performing Arts Centre / Snøhetta

The 21 Most Anticipated Projects of 2024 - Image 15 of 23

In 2019, Snøhetta , together with Brisbane-based partner Blight Rayner , won the design competition for the Queensland Performing Arts Centre (QPAC). This government-funded project aims to enhance QPAC's offerings, accommodating ballet, opera, drama, and Broadway musicals in a versatile 1500-seat venue. Scheduled to open in 2024, the center will bring a dynamic and versatile cultural space to the heart of Brisbane.

Hida Takayama University / Sou Fujimoto Architects

The 21 Most Anticipated Projects of 2024 - Image 13 of 23

Scheduled to open in 2024, the Hida Takayama University in rural Japan focuses on revitalizing overlooked regions, fostering community, and celebrating nature's cultural richness. The design features an organic-shaped structure inspired by the landscape, along with a walkable roof. This initiative aims to extend with 11 more regional learning centers across Japan.

“The Village” Johns Hopkins University Student Center / BIG

The 21 Most Anticipated Projects of 2024 - Image 6 of 23

Johns Hopkins University has chosen BIG to design its new Student Center, titled "The Village." The open and modern facility aims to revitalize the campus's social experience. Construction is targeted for completion by fall 2024. The design received positive reviews from students, staff, and alumni involved in the selection process.

This article is part of the ArchDaily Topics: Year in Review , presented by Randers Tegl .

"When creating unique architecture, visionary ideas aren’t always enough. A unique look demands character, courage, and distinctive materials. And a format to achieve the extraordinary. At Randers Tegl , we aim to add a unique touch to exceptional brickworks by bringing premium bricks to life and into the world of architecture. Making the impossible possible. We are proud to be a part of unique architecture worldwide since 1911."

Every month we explore a topic in-depth through articles, interviews, news, and architecture projects. We invite you to learn more about our ArchDaily Topics . And, as always, at ArchDaily we welcome the contributions of our readers; if you want to submit an article or project, contact us .

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Computer architecture and organization study project

Introduction to computer architecture and organization study project:.

Computer architecture and organization study seminar topic explains about a RISC processor architecture which is used in ARM embedded processors. ARM process consists of unique features which make this processor different from other available processors. ARM cores are called simple because in manufacturing process space between each transistor is left with plenty of space.  In this paper we cover details on ARM ISA overview, evolution of ARM pipeline and conclusion.

For more information on this topic students can download reference material from below link.

Final year cse and IT students can download  more seminar topics and projects related to same topic from this site.

  download   Computer architecture and organization study project related information from this link.

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3 Replies to “Computer architecture and organization study project”

I need a mini project on simple implementation of datapath ( processor architecture applications by david patterson ) using matlab tool. is it possible to do it??

yes it is possible to complete it

i am looking for word divider project any help???

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I'm interested in using this for my final project, please send code related to this project.

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how to download

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Tell me the software requirements and wt are the application required to create this app if possible help me or…

How to do this project what are the software requirements plz can u tell this will help for my final…

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a good project

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  2. Computer Architecture: Lecture (9)

  3. 5- Computer Organization & Architecture

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COMMENTS

  1. 8 great ideas in computer architecture

    1. Design for Moore's Law The one constant for computer designers is rapid change, which is driven largely by Moore's Law. It states that integrated circuit resources double every 18-24 months. Moore's Law resulted from a 1965 prediction of such growth in IC capacity made by Gordon Moore, one of the founders of Intel.

  2. computer-architecture · GitHub Topics · GitHub

    computer-science security machine-learning bioinformatics web-development reinforcement-learning computer-vision deep-learning algorithms robotics computational-biology databases embedded-systems systems computational-physics quantum-computing computer-architecture database-systems Updated last week MattPD / cpplinks Star 3.9k Code Issues

  3. Computer Organization and Architecture Tutorial

    Computer Architecture is considered to be those attributes of a system that are visible to the user like addressing techniques, instruction sets, and bits used for data, and have a direct impact on the logic execution of a program, It defines the system in an abstract manner, It deals with What does the system do.

  4. Top 19 computer-architecture Open-Source Projects

    Top 19 computer-architecture Open-Source Projects cs-video-courses 5 63,397 7.7 List of Computer Science courses with video lectures. Project mention: Need advice | /r/PAK | 2023-07-12 course Computer science is very wast field the fundamental remains same, learn basic fundamentals, data structures, concepts of object oriented programming. cpplinks

  5. computer-architecture · GitHub Topics · GitHub

    CERBERUS 2080™, the amazing multi-processor 8-bit microcomputer, featuring Z80, 65C02 and AVR processors. computer-science computers computer retrocomputing computer-architecture 8-bit computerscience computer-design-and-implementation computerscienceeducation 8-bit-computer computer-design microcomputers. Updated on Jul 25, 2023.

  6. Computer Architecture

    Latest news in computer architecture Upcoming events We design the next generation of computer systems. Working at the intersection of hardware and software, our research studies how to best implement computation in the physical world. We design processors that are faster, more efficient, easier to program, and secure.

  7. What Is Computer Architecture? Components, Types, and Examples

    The main components of a computer architecture are the CPU, memory, and peripherals. All these elements are linked by the system bus, which comprises an address bus, a data bus, and a control bus. Within this framework, the computer architecture has eight key components, as described below. 1.

  8. Computer Architecture

    1 Introduction to Computer Architecture Get started with computer architecture by learning about how a computer works, the binary numbering system, and logic gates. 2 Instruction Set Architecture Learn about instruction set architectures and how they fit into the topic of computer architecture. 3 Assembly Language

  9. Computer architecture

    In computer science and computer engineering, computer architecture is a description of the structure of a computer system made from component parts. [1] It can sometimes be a high-level description that ignores details of the implementation. [2]

  10. Computer Architecture: Introduction

    Learn about the basics of computer architecture and work with binary numbers and logic gates. ... projects, and quizzes may vary. 2 hours. Certificate of completion. ... Related courses and paths. Free course. Computer Architecture: Instruction Set Architecture ...

  11. PDF A Simple Project Paradigm for Teaching Computer Architecture

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