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Database Star

17 Sites for SQL Practice

Are you looking for places to practice SQL online? This list contains many different websites that have SQL practice functionality.

Table of Contents

SQL Practice Websites

Each of these websites allow you to practice your SQL queries on a database. Some of them are a simple textbox where you enter an SQL SELECT query on a predefined database, and others allow you to create tables and data to go along with the queries.

To be added to this list, there must be an interactive component or a way to enter SQL and see a result. Sites that show only practice questions or a method to download a database are not on this list.

Let’s take a look at the list.

sqlzoo

SQLZoo is a popular site for practising SQL. It has a large range of practice exercises, from basic SELECT statements to more complicated queries.

Each page has a sample data set and several questions. You can enter the SQL that you think is needed to give the answer that is asked for, submit the SQL, and see the result. It also indicates if the result is correct or not.

sqlfiddle

SQL Fiddle is a popular site for quickly generating sample databases and writing SQL code on them. It can also be used for SQL practice. It’s a common way for users on StackOverflow to generate sample data because the data sets are saved on SQLFiddle and you can generate a link to that data set.

There are three panels:

  • schema, for creating and populating your tables
  • query, for writing your SELECT queries
  • results, for viewing the results of the query

Another great thing about SQL Fiddle is that it supports different versions of SQL. As of September 2020, you can write SQL for:

  • Oracle 11g R2
  • PostgreSQL 9.6 and 9.3
  • MS SQL Server 2017

db-fiddle

DB-Fiddle is one of two sites called “DB Fiddle”. This one is similar to the other fiddles in that it lets you create tables, insert data, and run queries.

You can sign in to create an account, save your fiddles, and make them public or private.

It supports many different versions of SQL:

  • MySQL 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 8.0
  • PostgreSQL 9.4, 9.5, 9.6, 10.0, 11, 12, 13 beta
  • SQLite 3.26, 3.30

So while it doesn’t support Oracle or SQL Server, the versions of MySQL and PostgreSQL are newer than SQL Fiddle.

DB<>Fiddle

db fiddle 2

This site is another “fiddle” site where you can enter your sample queries and run them to see the results.

It has a sample database feature, which shows AdventureWorks for SQL Server, and there are many other SQL versions supported:

  • DB2: Developer-C 11.1
  • Firebird: 3.0
  • MariaDB: 10.3, 10.4, 10.5
  • MySQL: 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 8.0
  • Oracle: 11g R2, 18c
  • PostgreSQL: 9.5, 9.6, 10, 11, 12, 13 beta
  • SQLite 3.27
  • SQL Server: 2014, 2016, 2017, 2019

hackerrank

HackerRank is a site that allows you to practice your skills in many different languages, and one of the languages provided is SQL.

There are many different SQL challenges on the site, and each of them has a sample data set, a question to answer with SQL, a list of the submissions, a leaderboard, and discussions.

Exercises are broken down by difficulty and you’re able to write the SQL in DB2, MySQL, Oracle, and SQL Server.

sql bolt

SQL Bolt is a site that teaches SQL as well as including several exercises on each concept. At the end of each page is a sample data set, and several questions you can answer using SQL.

While it doesn’t have the same flexibility as an online editor like SQLFiddle, it does explain the concepts and includes SQL practice exercises which are helpful. It’s a popular resource for people to practice.

Oracle Live SQL

oracle live sql

Oracle Live SQL is a tool created by Oracle that lets you write and run SQL code against an online Oracle database . You can write code to create and populate tables and select data from them. It’s a handy way to practice Oracle-specific SQL online.

It also includes some helpful scripts as resources in the code library section and several tutorials on how to improve your SQL.

I use it often when I need a quick way to test some code in Oracle.

Learn more here: Oracle Live SQL: The Complete Guide .

w3schools

W3Schools is a website for learning a range of programming concepts including SQL. They offer an SQL practice feature using exercises, where you fill in the blanks to write queries.

It’s not as fully-featured as some other examples here, as it doesn’t have an SQL editor, but it can help you improve your SQL by completing queries.

W3Resource

W3Resource is a website that teaches quite a few programming concepts. They include tutorials on SQL and many SQL exercises.

Each of the exercises works off a sample data set and includes an SQL editor which is just a text box with a Submit button. The exercises include a solution which shows the correct query and the output.

It seems like a helpful site, but the layout and navigation is a little confusing to me.

StackOverflow Data Explorer

data explorer

StackOverflow offers a tool called Data Explorer. This is a section of their site that lets you write and run queries against their database, which includes tables for posts, votes, tags, and more.

There are many saved queries that let you see information about the data in many areas of StackOverflow. You can also write your own queries.

It’s helpful because it uses a large sample database.

Coding Ground by Tutorials Point

coding ground

The Tutorials Point website offers a tool called Coding Ground that lets you execute SQL online. It’s similar to SQL Fiddle and DB Fiddle, where it has an SQL editor and a results panel.

It seems to only support SQLite, but that should be enough for basic standard SQL. You can create and save projects, edit the theme, and change the font size of the page as well. If you create an account, you can share your SQL code with others.

sqlcourse

SQLCourse is a site that has a tutorial on SQL which includes several exercises at the end of each page. It’s like SQL Bolt but the interface is not as nice and has several ads on the page.

The SQL editor is a simple textbox at the end of the page, and entering an incorrect statement will give you a vague error message. It’s useful but there are other better sites here.

Tech on the Net

tech on the net

Tech on the Net is a useful site for learning many programming concepts including SQL, and they include several practice exercises.

Each exercise includes a sample database with ERD, a question to solve, and an editor that lets you enter SQL and run it to see the results. It seems pretty easy to use.

sql ex ru

This Russian-based site has some tutorials on learning SQL as well as a range of exercises. To access the exercises, you need to create a free account. Once you’re in, you can see the exercise, sample data, and write SQL queries to solve the questions.

You’re also able to see the results and see a leaderboard for all questions on the site. It has some good features, but the site has quite a few ads.

rextester

Rextester is a simple looking site that allows you to write and run SQL code. You can run code on many languages, and the SQL languages included are:

  • MySQL 5.7.12
  • Oracle: 18c
  • PostgreSQL: 9.6

You can run SQL code and see the results at the bottom of the page.

sqlize

SQLize is a simple site that lets you run MySQL queries and see the results.

There are some limitations, such as a max of 20 rows, but it’s pretty simple to use. You’re also only allowed to create temporary tables, not actual tables, due to how it’s designed.

sql test

SQLTest is an online SQL practice tool that lets you create tables, populate tables, write SQL queries on them and see the results.

It supports several SQL versions:

  • Oracle: 11g
  • SQL Server: 2019

It also allows you to select some example code, which automatically populates the query editor, such as selecting a max value.

So there’s the list of resources for SQL practice questions and tools. Some of them are full editors that let you create objects and run queries, while others just have an SQL editor window with some practice questions. Using a combination of both can really help you improve your SQL skills.

10 thoughts on “17 Sites for SQL Practice”

sql task online

Great post ! Thank you !

sql task online

Great resources! Another online SQL playground (MySQL, PostgreSQL, SQLite, SQL Server): https://extendsclass.com/mysql-online.html

sql task online

SQLZOO is terrible you will see no solutions !

sql task online

Try https://sqlbook.io/ . Practice SQL, puzzles and more.

sql task online

SoloLearn’s SQL topic is pretty good too: https://www.sololearn.com/learning/1060

sql task online

Great post with a detailed explanation of each site.

sql task online

This is a good list! Thanks, lots.

sql task online

Very helpful, you are a life saver!

sql task online

Great resources! Very Well explained. Extremely helpful. I have Another online SQL Tutorials Platform: https://www.scaler.com/topics/sql/ I Have gone through this and it is very easy to understand as it covers all basic and advanced concepts of SQL with examples.

sql task online

anyone pls suggest me best compiler for dbms

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Execute SQL Task

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The Execute SQL task runs SQL statements or stored procedures from a package. The task can contain either a single SQL statement or multiple SQL statements that run sequentially. You can use the Execute SQL task for the following purposes:

Truncate a table or view in preparation for inserting data.

Create, alter, and drop database objects such as tables and views.

Re-create fact and dimension tables before loading data into them.

Run stored procedures. If the SQL statement invokes a stored procedure that returns results from a temporary table, use the WITH RESULT SETS option to define metadata for the result set.

Save the rowset returned from a query into a variable.

The Execute SQL task can be used in combination with the Foreach Loop and For Loop containers to run multiple SQL statements. These containers implement repeating control flows in a package and they can run the Execute SQL task repeatedly. For example, using the Foreach Loop container, a package can enumerate files in a folder and run an Execute SQL task repeatedly to execute the SQL statement stored in each file.

Connect to a data source

The Execute SQL task can use different types of connection managers to connect to the data source where it runs the SQL statement or stored procedure. The task can use the connection types listed in the following table.

Create SQL statements

The source of the SQL statements used by this task can be a task property that contains a statement, a connection to a file that contains one or multiple statements, or the name of a variable that contains a statement. The SQL statements must be written in the dialect of the source database management system (DBMS). For more information, see Integration Services (SSIS) Queries .

If the SQL statements are stored in a file, the task uses a File connection manager to connect to the file. For more information, see File Connection Manager .

In SSIS Designer, you can use the Execute SQL Task Editor dialog box to type SQL statements, or use Query Builder , a graphical user interface for creating SQL queries.

Valid SQL statements written outside the Execute SQL task may not be parsed successfully by the Execute SQL task.

The Execute SQL Task uses the RecognizeAll ParseMode enumeration value. For more information, see ManagedBatchParser Namespace .

Send multiple statements in a batch

If you include multiple statements in an Execute SQL task, you can group them and run them as a batch. To signal the end of a batch, use the GO command. All the SQL statements between two GO commands are sent in a batch to the OLE DB provider to be run. The SQL command can include multiple batches separated by GO commands.

There are restrictions on the kinds of SQL statements that you can group in a batch. For more information, see Batches of Statements .

If the Execute SQL task runs a batch of SQL statements, the following rules apply to the batch:

Only one statement can return a result set and it must be the first statement in the batch.

If the result set uses result bindings, the queries must return the same number of columns. If the queries return a different number of columns, the task fails. However, even if the task fails, the queries that it runs, such as DELETE or INSERT queries, may succeed.

If the result bindings use column names, the query must return columns that have the same names as the result set names that are used in the task. If the columns are missing, the task fails.

If the task uses parameter binding, all the queries in the batch must have the same number and types of parameters.

Run parameterized SQL commands

SQL statements and stored procedures frequently use input parameters, output parameters, and return codes. The Execute SQL task supports the Input , Output , and ReturnValue parameter types. You use the Input type for input parameters, Output for output parameters, and ReturnValue for return codes.

You can use parameters in an Execute SQL task only if the data provider supports them.

Specify a result set type

Depending on the type of SQL command, a result set may or may not be returned to the Execute SQL task. For example, a SELECT statement typically returns a result set, but an INSERT statement does not. The result set from a SELECT statement can contain zero rows, one row, or many rows. Stored procedures can also return an integer value, called a return code, that indicates the execution status of the procedure. In that case, the result set consists of a single row.

Configure the Execute SQL task

You can configure the Execute SQL task in the following ways:

Specify the type of connection manager to use to connect to a database.

Specify the type of result set that the SQL statement returns.

Specify a time-out for the SQL statements.

Specify the source of the SQL statement.

Indicate whether the task skips the prepare phase for the SQL statement.

If you use the ADO connection type, you must indicate whether the SQL statement is a stored procedure. For other connection types, this property is read-only and its value is always false .

You can set properties programmatically or through SSIS Designer.

General Page - Execute SQL Task Editor

Use the General page of the Execute SQL Task Editor dialog box to configure the Execute SQL task and provide the SQL statement that the task runs.

To learn more about the Transact-SQL query language, see Transact-SQL Reference (Database Engine) .

Static Options

Name Provide a unique name for the Execute SQL task in the workflow. The name that is provided will be displayed within SSIS Designer.

Description Describe the Execute SQL task. As a best practice, to make packages self-documenting and easier to maintain, describe the task in terms of its purpose.

TimeOut Specify the maximum number of seconds the task will run before timing out. A value of 0 indicates an infinite time. The default is 0.

Stored procedures do not time out if they emulate sleep functionality by providing time for connections to be made and transactions to complete that is greater than the number of seconds specified by TimeOut . However, stored procedures that execute queries are always subject to the time restriction specified by TimeOut .

CodePage Specify the code page to use when translating Unicode values in variables. The default value is the code page of the local computer.

When the Execute SQL task uses an ADO or ODBC connection manager, the CodePage property is not available. If your solution requires the use of a code page, use an OLE DB or an ADO.NET connection manager with the Execute SQL task.

TypeConversionMode When you set this property to Allowed , the Execute SQL Task will attempt to convert output parameter and query results to the data type of the variable the results are assigned to. This applies to the Single row result set type.

ResultSet Specify the result type expected by the SQL statement being run. Choose among Single row , Full result set , XML , or None .

ConnectionType Choose the type of connection manager to use to connect to the data source. Available connection types include OLE DB , ODBC , ADO , ADO.NET and SQLMOBILE .

Related Topics: OLE DB Connection Manager , ODBC Connection Manager , ADO Connection Manager , ADO.NET Connection Manager , SQL Server Compact Edition Connection Manager

Connection Choose the connection from a list of defined connection managers. To create a new connection, select < New connection... >.

SQLSourceType Select the source type of the SQL statement that the task runs.

Depending on the connection manager type that Execute SQL task uses, you must use specific parameter markers in parameterized SQL statements.

This property has the options listed in the following table.

QueryIsStoredProcedure Indicates whether the specified SQL statement to be run is a stored procedure. This property is read/write only if the task uses the ADO connection manager. Otherwise the property is read-only and its value is false .

BypassPrepare Indicate whether the SQL statement is prepared. true skips preparation; false prepares the SQL statement before running it. This option is available only with OLE DB connections that support preparation.

Related Topics: Prepared Execution

Browse Locate a file that contains a SQL statement by using the Open dialog box. Select a file to copy the contents of the file as a SQL statement into the SQLStatement property.

Build Query Create an SQL statement using the Query Builder dialog box, a graphical tool used to create queries. This option is available when the SQLSourceType option is set to Direct input .

Parse Query Validate the syntax of the SQL statement.

SQLSourceType Dynamic Options

Sqlsourcetype = direct input.

SQLStatement Type the SQL statement to execute in the option box, or click the browse button (...) to type the SQL statement in the Enter SQL Query dialog box, or click Build Query to compose the statement using the Query Builder dialog box.

Related Topics: Query Builder

SQLSourceType = File connection

FileConnection Select an existing File connection manager, or click < New connection... > to create a new connection manager.

Related Topics: File Connection Manager , File Connection Manager Editor

SQLSourceType = Variable

SourceVariable Select an existing variable, or click < New variable... > to create a new variable.

Related Topics: Integration Services (SSIS) Variables , Add Variable

Parameter Mapping Page - Execute SQL Task Editor

Use the Parameter Mapping page of the Execute SQL Task Editor dialog box to map variables to parameters in the SQL statement.

Variable Name After you have added a parameter mapping by clicking Add , select a system or user-defined variable from the list or click < New variable... > to add a new variable by using the Add Variable dialog box.

Related Topics: Integration Services (SSIS) Variables

Direction Select the direction of the parameter. Map each variable to an input parameter, output parameter, or a return code.

Data Type Select the data type of the parameter. The list of available data types is specific to the provider selected in the connection manager used by the task.

Parameter Name Provide a parameter name.

Depending on the connection manager type that the task uses, you must use numbers or parameter names. Some connection manager types require that the first character of the parameter name is the @ sign , specific names like @Param1, or column names as parameter names.

Parameter Size Provide the size of parameters that have variable length, such as strings and binary fields.

This setting ensures that the provider allocates sufficient space for variable-length parameter values.

Add Click to add a parameter mapping.

Remove Select a parameter mapping in the list and then click Remove .

Result Set Page - Execute SQL Task Editor

Use the Result Set page of the Execute SQL Task Editor dialog to map the result of the SQL statement to new or existing variables. The options in this dialog box are disabled if ResultSet on the General page is set to None .

Result Name After you have added a result set mapping set by clicking Add , provide a name for the result. Depending on the result set type, you must use specific result names.

If the result set type is Single row , you can use either the name of a column returned by the query or the number that represents the position of a column in the column list of a column returned by the query.

If the result set type is Full result set or XML , you must use 0 as the result set name.

Variable Name Map the result set to a variable by selecting a variable or click < New variable... > to add a new variable by using the Add Variable dialog box.

Add Click to add a result set mapping.

Remove Select a result set mapping in the list and then click Remove .

Parameters in the Execute SQL Task

SQL statements and stored procedures frequently use input parameters, output parameters, and return codes. In Integration Services, the Execute SQL task supports the Input , Output , and ReturnValue parameter types. You use the Input type for input parameters, Output for output parameters, and ReturnValue for return codes.

Parameters in SQL commands, including queries and stored procedures, are mapped to user-defined variables that are created within the scope of the Execute SQL task, a parent container, or within the scope of the package. The values of variables can be set at design time or populated dynamically at run time. You can also map parameters to system variables. For more information, see Integration Services (SSIS) Variables and System Variables .

However, working with parameters and return codes in an Execute SQL task is more than just knowing what parameter types the task supports and how these parameters will be mapped. There are additional usage requirements and guidelines to successfully use parameters and return codes in the Execute SQL task. The remainder of this topic covers these usage requirements and guidelines:

Using parameters names and markers

Using parameters with date and time data types

Using parameters in WHERE clauses

Using parameters with stored procedures

Getting values of return codes

Parameter names and markers

Depending on the connection type that the Execute SQL task uses, the syntax of the SQL command uses different parameter markers. For example, the ADO.NET connection manager type requires that the SQL command uses a parameter marker in the format @varParameter , whereas OLE DB connection type requires the question mark (?) parameter marker.

The names that you can use as parameter names in the mappings between variables and parameters also vary by connection manager type. For example, the ADO.NET connection manager type uses a user-defined name with a @ prefix, whereas the OLE DB connection manager type requires that you use the numeric value of a 0-based ordinal as the parameter name.

The following table summarizes the requirements for SQL commands for the connection manager types that the Execute SQL task can use.

Use parameters with ADO.NET and ADO Connection Managers

ADO.NET and ADO connection managers have specific requirements for SQL commands that use parameters:

ADO.NET connection managers require that the SQL command use parameter names as parameter markers. This means that variables can be mapped directly to parameters. For example, the variable @varName is mapped to the parameter named @parName and provides a value to the parameter @parName .

ADO connection managers require that the SQL command use question marks (?) as parameter markers. However, you can use any user-defined name, except for integer values, as parameter names.

To provide values to parameters, variables are mapped to parameter names. Then, the Execute SQL task uses the ordinal value of the parameter name in the parameter list to load values from variables to parameters.

Use parameters with EXCEL, ODBC, and OLE DB Connection Managers

EXCEL, ODBC, and OLE DB connection managers require that the SQL command use question marks (?) as parameter markers and 0-based or 1-based numeric values as parameter names. If the Execute SQL task uses the ODBC connection manager, the parameter name that maps to the first parameter in the query is named 1; otherwise, the parameter is named 0. For subsequent parameters, the numeric value of the parameter name indicates the parameter in the SQL command that the parameter name maps to. For example, the parameter named 3 maps to the third parameter, which is represented by the third question mark (?) in the SQL command.

To provide values to parameters, variables are mapped to parameter names and the Execute SQL task uses the ordinal value of the parameter name to load values from variables to parameters.

Depending on the provider that the connection manager uses, some OLE DB data types may not be supported. For example, the Excel driver recognizes only a limited set of data types. For more information about the behavior of the Jet provider with the Excel driver, see Excel Source .

Use parameters with OLE DB Connection Managers

When the Execute SQL task uses the OLE DB connection manager, the BypassPrepare property of the task is available. You should set this property to true if the Execute SQL task uses SQL statements with parameters.

When you use an OLE DB connection manager, you cannot use parameterized subqueries because the Execute SQL Task cannot derive parameter information through the OLE DB provider. However, you can use an expression to concatenate the parameter values into the query string and to set the SqlStatementSource property of the task.

Use parameters with date and time data types

Use date and time parameters with ado.net and ado connection managers.

When reading data of the SQL Server types, time and datetimeoffset , an Execute SQL task that uses either an ADO.NET or ADO connection manager has the following additional requirements:

For time data, an ADO.NET connection manager requires this data to be stored in a parameter whose parameter type is Input or Output , and whose data type is string .

For datetimeoffset data, an ADO.NET connection manager requires this data to be stored in one of the following parameters:

A parameter whose parameter type is Input and whose data type is string .

A parameter whose parameter type is Output or ReturnValue , and whose data type is datetimeoffset , string , or datetime2 . If you select a parameter whose data type is either string or datetime2 , Integration Services converts the data to either string or datetime2.

An ADO connection manager requires that either time or datetimeoffset data be stored in a parameter whose parameter type is Input or Output , and whose data type is adVarWchar .

For more information about SQL Server data types and how they map to Integration Services data types, see Data Types (Transact-SQL) and Integration Services Data Types .

Use date and time parameters with OLE DB Connection Managers

When using an OLE DB connection manager, an Execute SQL task has specific storage requirements for data of the SQL Server data types, date , time , datetime , datetime2 , and datetimeoffset . You must store this data in one of the following parameter types:

An input parameter of the NVARCHAR data type.

An output parameter of with the appropriate data type, as listed in the following table.

If the data is not stored in the appropriate input or output parameter, the package fails.

Use date and time parameters with ODBC Connection Managers

When using an ODBC connection manager, an Execute SQL task has specific storage requirements for data with one of the SQL Server data types, date , time , datetime , datetime2 , or datetimeoffset . You must store this data in one of the following parameter types:

An input parameter of the SQL_WVARCHAR data type

An output parameter with the appropriate data type, as listed in the following table.

Use parameters in WHERE clauses

SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE commands frequently include WHERE clauses to specify filters that define the conditions each row in the source tables must meet to qualify for an SQL command. Parameters provide the filter values in the WHERE clauses.

You can use parameter markers to dynamically provide parameter values. The rules for which parameter markers and parameter names can be used in the SQL statement depend on the type of connection manager that the Execute SQL uses.

The following table lists examples of the SELECT command by connection manager type. The INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE statements are similar. The examples use SELECT to return products from the Product table in AdventureWorks2022 that have a ProductID greater than and less than the values specified by two parameters.

The examples would require parameters that have the following names:

The EXCEL and OLED DB connection managers use the parameter names 0 and 1. The ODBC connection type uses 1 and 2.

The ADO connection type could use any two parameter names, such as Param1 and Param2, but the parameters must be mapped by their ordinal position in the parameter list.

The ADO.NET connection type uses the parameter names @parmMinProductID and @parmMaxProductID.

Use parameters with stored procedures

SQL commands that run stored procedures can also use parameter mapping. The rules for how to use parameter markers and parameter names depends on the type of connection manager that the Execute SQL uses, just like the rules for parameterized queries.

The following table lists examples of the EXEC command by connection manager type. The examples run the uspGetBillOfMaterials stored procedure in AdventureWorks2022 . The stored procedure uses the @StartProductID and @CheckDate input parameters.

To use output parameters, the syntax requires that the OUTPUT keyword follow each parameter marker. For example, the following output parameter syntax is correct: EXEC myStoredProcedure ? OUTPUT .

For more information about using input and output parameters with Transact-SQL stored procedures, see EXECUTE (Transact-SQL) .

Map query parameters to variables

This section describes how to use a parameterized SQL statement in the Execute SQL task and create mappings between variables and the parameters in the SQL statement.

In SQL Server Data Tools (SSDT), open the Integration Services package you want to work with.

In Solution Explorer, double-click the package to open it.

Click the Control Flow tab.

If the package does not already include an Execute SQL task, add one to the control flow of the package. For more information, see Add or Delete a Task or a Container in a Control Flow .

Double-click the Execute SQL task.

Provide a parameterized SQL command in one of the following ways:

Use direct input and type the SQL command in the SQLStatement property.

Use direct input, click Build Query , and then create an SQL command using the graphical tools that the Query Builder provides.

Use a file connection and then reference the file that contains the SQL command.

Use a variable and then reference the variable that contains the SQL command.

The parameter markers that you use in parameterized SQL statements depend on the connection type that the Execute SQL task uses.

The following table lists examples of the SELECT command by connection manager type. Parameters provide the filter values in the WHERE clauses. The examples use SELECT to return products from the Product table in AdventureWorks2022 that have a ProductID greater than and less than the values specified by two parameters.

Click Parameter Mapping .

To add a parameter mapping, click Add .

Provide a name in the Parameter Name box.

The parameter names that you use depend on the connection type that the Execute SQL task uses.

From the Variable Name list, select a variable. For more information, see Add, Delete, Change Scope of User-Defined Variable in a Package .

In the Direction list, specify if the parameter is an input, an output, or a return value.

In the Data Type list, set the data type of the parameter.

The data type of the parameter must be compatible with the data type of the variable.

Repeat steps 8 through 11 for each parameter in the SQL statement.

The order of parameter mappings must be the same as the order in which the parameters appear in the SQL statement.

Get the values of return codes

A stored procedure can return an integer value, called a return code, to indicate the execution status of a procedure. To implement return codes in the Execute SQL task, you use parameters of the ReturnValue type.

The following table lists by connection type some examples of EXEC commands that implement return codes. All examples use an input parameter. The rules for how to use parameter markers and parameter names are the same for all parameter types- Input , Output , and ReturnValue .

Some syntax does not support parameter literals. In that case, you must provide the parameter value by using a variable.

In the syntax shown in the previous table, the Execute SQL task uses the Direct Input source type to run the stored procedure. The Execute SQL task can also use the File Connection source type to run a stored procedure. Regardless of whether the Execute SQL task uses the Direct Input or File Connection source type, use a parameter of the ReturnValue type to implement the return code.

For more information about using return codes with Transact-SQL stored procedures, see RETURN (Transact-SQL) .

Result Sets in the Execute SQL Task

In an Integration Services package, whether a result set is returned to the Execute SQL task depends on the type of SQL command that the task uses. For example, a SELECT statement typically returns a result set, but an INSERT statement does not.

What the result set contains also varies by SQL command. For example, the result set from a SELECT statement can contain zero rows, one row, or many rows. However, the result set from a SELECT statement that returns a count or a sum contains only a single row.

Working with result sets in an Execute SQL task is more than just knowing whether the SQL command returns a result set and what that result set contains. There are additional usage requirements and guidelines to successfully use result sets in the Execute SQL task. The remainder of this topic covers these usage requirements and guidelines:

Specifying a Result Set Type

Populating a variable with a result set

The Execute SQL task supports the following types of result sets:

The None result set is used when the query returns no results. For example, this result set is used for queries that add, change, and delete records in a table.

The Single row result set is used when the query returns only one row. For example, this result set is used for a SELECT statement that returns a count or a sum.

The Full result set result set is used when the query returns multiple rows. For example, this result set is used for a SELECT statement that retrieves all the rows in a table.

The XML result set is used when the query returns a result set in an XML format. For example, this result set is used for a SELECT statement that includes a FOR XML clause.

If the Execute SQL task uses the Full result set result set and the query returns multiple rowsets, the task returns only the first rowset. If this rowset generates an error, the task reports the error. If other rowsets generate errors, the task does not report them.

Populate a variable with a result set

You can bind the result set that a query returns to a user-defined variable, if the result set type is a single row, a rowset, or XML.

If the result set type is Single row , you can bind a column in the return result to a variable by using the column name as the result set name, or you can use the ordinal position of the column in the column list as the result set name. For example, the result set name for the query SELECT Color FROM Production.Product WHERE ProductID = ? could be Color or 0 . If the query returns multiple columns and you want to access the values in all columns, you must bind each column to a different variable. If you map columns to variables using numbers as result set names, the numbers reflect the order in which the columns appear in the column list of the query. For example, in the query SELECT Color, ListPrice, FROM Production.Product WHERE ProductID = ? , you use 0 for the Color column and 1 for the ListPrice column. The ability to use a column name as the name of a result set depends on the provider that the task is configured to use. Not all providers make column names available.

Some queries that return a single value may not include column names. For example, the statement SELECT COUNT (*) FROM Production.Product returns no column name. You can access the return result using the ordinal position, 0, as the result name. To access the return result by column name, the query must include an AS <alias name> clause to provide a column name. The statement SELECT COUNT (*)AS CountOfProduct FROM Production.Product , provides the CountOfProduct column. You can then access the return result column using the CountOfProduct column name or the ordinal position, 0.

When you map a variable to a result set with the Single row result set type, the variable must have a data type that is compatible with the data type of the column that the result set contains. For example, a result set that contains a column with a String data type cannot map to a variable with a numeric data type. When you set the TypeConversionMode property to Allowed , the Execute SQL Task will attempt to convert output parameter and query results to the data type of the variable the results are assigned to.

An XML result set can map only to a variable with the String or Object data type. If the variable has the String data type, the Execute SQL task returns a string and the XML source can consume the XML data. If the variable has the Object data type, the Execute SQL task returns a Document Object Model (DOM) object.

A Full result set must map to a variable of the Object data type. The return result is a rowset object. You can use a Foreach Loop container to extract the table row values that are stored in the Object variable into package variables, and then use a Script Task to write the data stored in packages variables to a file. For a demonstration on how to do this using a Foreach Loop container and a Script Task.

The following table summarizes the data types of variables that can be mapped to result sets.

The variable can be defined in the scope of the Execute SQL task or the package. If the variable has package scope, the result set is available to other tasks and containers within the package, and is available to any packages run by the Execute Package or Execute DTS 2000 Package tasks.

When you map a variable to a Single row result set, non-string values that the SQL statement returns are converted to strings when the following conditions are met:

The TypeConversionMode property is set to true. You set the property value in the Properties window or by using the Execute SQL Task Editor .

The conversion will not result in data truncation.

Map result sets to variables in an Execute SQL Task

This section describes how to create a mapping between a result set and a variable in an Execute SQL task. Mapping a result set to a variable makes the result set available to other elements in the package. For example, a script in a Script task can read the variable and then use the values from the result set or an XML source can consume the result set stored in a variable. If the result set is generated by a parent package, the result set can be made available to a child package called by an Execute Package task by mapping the result set to a variable in the parent package, and then creating a parent package variable configuration in the child package to store the parent variable value.

In SQL Server Data Tools (SSDT), open the Integration Services project that contains the package you want.

In Solution Explorer , double-click the package to open it.

In the Execute SQL Task Editor dialog box, on the General page, select the Single row , Full result set , or XML result set type.

Click Result Set .

To add a result set mapping, click Add .

From the Variables Name list, select a variable or create a new variable. For more information, see Add, Delete, Change Scope of User-Defined Variable in a Package .

In the Result Name list, optionally, modify the name of the result set.

In general, you can use the column name as the result set name, or you can use the ordinal position of the column in the column list as the result set. The ability to use a column name as the result set name depends on the provider that the task is configured to use. Not all providers make column names available.

Troubleshoot the Execute SQL task

You can log the calls that the Execute SQL task makes to external data providers. You can use this logging capability to troubleshoot the SQL commands that the Execute SQL task runs. To log the calls that the Execute SQL task makes to external data providers, enable package logging and select the Diagnostic event at the package level. For more information, see Troubleshooting Tools for Package Execution .

Sometimes a SQL command or stored procedure returns multiple result sets. These result sets include not only rowsets that are the result of SELECT queries, but single values that are the result of errors of RAISERROR or PRINT statements. Whether the task ignores errors in result sets that occur after the first result set depends on the type of connection manager that is used:

When you use OLE DB and ADO connection managers, the task ignores the result sets that occur after the first result set. Therefore, with these connection managers, the task ignores an error returned by an SQL command or a stored procedure when the error is not part of the first result set.

When you use ODBC and ADO.NET connection managers, the task does not ignore result sets that occur after the first result set. With these connection managers, the task will fail with an error when a result set other than the first result set contains an error.

Custom Log Entries

The following table describes the custom log entry for the Execute SQL task. For more information, see Integration Services (SSIS) Logging .

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The SQL online test assesses SQL skills using live coding tasks that require writing CRUD operations in order to extract, combine, and manipulate data. SQL queries on this test can be executed in MySQL, MS SQL, or SQLite databases.

The assessment includes work-sample tasks such as:

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A good database admin, back-end developer, or data analyst all need a solid understanding of SQL to interface and access an SQL database efficiently.

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App usage data are kept in the following table:

Write a query that selects userId and average session duration for each user who has more than one session.

See the example case for more details.

The following data definition defines an organization's employee hierarchy.

An employee is a manager if any other employee has their  managerId set to this employee's id . That means John is a manager if at least one other employee has their managerId set to John's id .

Write a query that selects only the names of employees who are not managers.

The following two tables are used to define users and their respective roles:

The usersRoles table should contain the mapping between each user and their roles. Each user can have many roles, and each role can have many users.

Modify the provided SQL create table statement so that:

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  • A user can only have a specific role once.

An insurance company maintains records of sales made by its employees. Each employee is assigned to a state. States are grouped under regions. The following tables contain the data:

Management requires a comparative region sales analysis report.

Write a query that returns:

  • The region name.
  • Average sales per employee for the region (Average sales = Total sales made for the region / Number of employees in the region).
  • The difference between the average sales of the region with the highest average sales, and the average sales per employee for the region (average sales to be calculated as explained above).

Employees can have multiple sales. A region with no sales should be also returned. Use 0 for average sales per employee for such a region when calculating the 2nd and the 3rd column.

Each item in a web shop belongs to a seller. To ensure service quality, each seller has a rating.

The data are kept in the following two tables:

Write a query that selects the item name and the name of its seller for each item that belongs to a seller with a rating greater than 4. The query should return the name of the item as the first column and name of the seller as the second column.

Information about pets is kept in two separate tables:

Write a query that select all distinct pet names.

Given the following data definition, write a query that returns the number of students whose first name is John.

A table containing the students enrolled in a yearly course has incorrect data in records with ids between 20 and 100 (inclusive).

Write a query that updates the field 'year' of every faulty record to 2015 .

A new social network site has the following data tables:

Select data that will be returned by the following SQL query:

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Welcome to SQLBolt, a series of interactive lessons and exercises designed to help you quickly learn SQL right in your browser.

What is SQL?

SQL, or Structured Query Language, is a language designed to allow both technical and non-technical users query, manipulate, and transform data from a relational database. And due to its simplicity, SQL databases provide safe and scalable storage for millions of websites and mobile applications.

There are many popular SQL databases including SQLite, MySQL, Postgres, Oracle and Microsoft SQL Server. All of them support the common SQL language standard, which is what this site will be teaching, but each implementation can differ in the additional features and storage types it supports.

Relational databases

Before learning the SQL syntax, it's important to have a model for what a relational database actually is. A relational database represents a collection of related (two-dimensional) tables. Each of the tables are similar to an Excel spreadsheet, with a fixed number of named columns (the attributes or properties of the table) and any number of rows of data.

For example, if the Department of Motor Vehicles had a database, you might find a table containing all the known vehicles that people in the state are driving. This table might need to store the model name, type, number of wheels, and number of doors of each vehicle for example.

In such a database, you might find additional related tables containing information such as a list of all registered drivers in the state, the types of driving licenses that can be granted, or even driving violations for each driver.

By learning SQL, the goal is to learn how to answer specific questions about this data, like "What types of vehicles are on the road have less than four wheels?" , or "How many models of cars does Tesla produce?" , to help us make better decisions down the road.

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Each lesson will introduce a different concept and end with an interactive exercise. Go at your pace and don't be afraid to spend time experimenting with the exercises before continuing! If you happen to be familiar with SQL already, you can skip ahead using the links in the top-right, but we would recommend you work through the lessons anyways!

By the end, we hope you will be able to have a strong foundation for using SQL in your own projects and beyond.

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  • First version 2014

default 3.45.1 3.45.0 3.44.2 3.44.0 3.43.2 3.43.1 3.43.0 3.41.0 3.40.0 3.39.4 3.39.3 3.39.2 3.37.0 3.36.0 3.35.5 3.35.4 3.35.2 3.35.0 3.34.1 3.34.0 3.33.0.j 3.33.0 3.32.3 3.32.2 3.32.1 3.31.1 3.31.0 3.30.1 3.30.0 3.29.0 3.28.0 3.37.0 3.36.0 3.35.5 3.35.4 3.35.2 3.34.1 3.34.0 3.33.0.j 3.31.1 3.31.0 3.30.1 3.30.0 3.29.0 3.28.0

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SQL online tests

DevSkiller SQL online tests were written by our dedicated team to assess SQL developer skills for various positions. Our SQL coding tests are the perfect solution for all of your technical screening and online interview needs.

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Technologies covered:

Programming language:  SQL

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Middle Blockchain Developer | Solidity, Chainlink, Oracle Lottery

Tested skills, choice questions.

assessing knowledge of Anonymity , Blockchain , Decentralization , DLT , Leger , Ether , Accounts , Ethereum

Programming task - Level: Medium

Blockchain | Solidity | Lottery - Implement the one time raffle based on blockchain technology.

Middle Database Developer | MySQL Devs and their projects

assessing knowledge of Math , Probability , Soft Skills , SQL

assessing knowledge of MySQL , SQL

Task - Level: Medium

SQL | MySQL | Software House | Devs and their projects - The Head of the development team assigned you a task to create a list of developers with their role in the ongoing projects.

Middle Node.JS Developer | JavaScript, Rest API, SQL News backend service

assessing knowledge of JavaScript , Node.JS

assessing knowledge of JavaScript , Node.JS , SQL

Node.JS | Rest API | News backend service - Implement a news backend service created in Node.JS with Vanilla JS including writing authorization and Rest APIs.

Junior SQL Developer | MySQL AVG Function

assessing knowledge of Logical thinking , Math , MySQL , SQL

assessing knowledge of SQL

Task - Level: Easy

SQL | MySQL | Stamps catalogue | AVG Function - Select the stamps (name and price) with price greater than or equal to the total average price.

Junior SQL Developer | MySQL A Self JOIN

assessing knowledge of Logical thinking , SQL , MySQL

SQL | MySQL | Stamps catalogue | A Self JOIN - Select stamps (name and location) that are in the same location.

Middle SQL Developer | PostgreSQL Music Store | Time Function

assessing knowledge of SQL , PostgreSQL

assessing knowledge of PostgreSQL , SQL

SQL | PostgreSQL | Music Store | Time function - Calculate the duration of all songs in each cd and output a list.

Junior SQL Developer | PostgreSQL Hotels – average prices

assessing knowledge of Logical thinking , SQL

SQL | PostgreSQL | Hotels - average prices - Prepare the report with the average prices in the cities.

Junior SQL Developer | PostgreSQL Hotels – bookings

SQL | PostgreSQL | Hotels - bookings - Prepare the booking list with a number of days, price per day and total price of the stay.

Senior SQL Developer | PostgreSQL Hotels – cities and top hotels

Task - level: hard.

SQL | PostgreSQL | Hotels - cities and top hotels - Prepare a list of cities with the date of last reservation and a main photo (photos[0]) of the most popular (by number of bookings) hotel in this city.

Junior DevOps Engineer | Terraform, AWS Create the EC2 instance using specific AMI

assessing knowledge of DevOps , Terraform , AWS

Programming task - Level: Easy

DevOps | Terraform, AWS | Create the EC2 instance using specific AMI - Create the EC2 instance using specific AMI in a default VPC with SSH access, using Terraform and AWS provider.

Middle Java Spring Boot Developer | PostreSQL Items Retriever Microservice

assessing knowledge of Java , Spring Boot

Java | Spring Boot | Items Retriever Microservice - Implement a microservice to retrieve items from the shopping system.

Middle SQL Developer | MSSQL Online store stock

Database task - level: medium.

SQL | MSSQL | Finding nulls - Write a query that returns the names of all items which are not available

SQL | MSSQL | Finding date ranges - Write a query that returns the names of all items added within the last 7 days.

SQL | MSSQL | Using aggregates - Write a query that returns the names of all items of a given category

SQL | MSSQL | Finding duplicates - Write a query that returns the names of all items which are duplicated

Senior Data Engineer | Python, PySpark, MySQL Streaming Data

assessing knowledge of Big Data , PySpark , Python

Programming task - Level: Hard

Python | PySpark | Fleet management corporation - Detect speeding events and verify correctness of an existing predictor.

Junior Full Stack Developer | JavaScript, TypeScript, Java Invoicing system

Front end programming task - level: easy.

JavaScript | TypeScript | Invoice application - frontend - Implement the front-end part for merging and aggregating the invoice data with currency exchange rates.

Back End programming task - Level: Easy

Java | Invoice application - backend - Implement the backend part for searching and aggregating invoice data with the service and the DAO methods.

Junior Data Science Engineer | Pandas, Python, SQL HTML table parser

SQL | Stamps catalogue | The three highest prices - Select three stamps (price and name) with the highest price.

Python | Pandas | HTML table parser - Implement a function to convert HTML table into a CSV-format file.

Middle Python Developer | Data Analysis, SQL Vehicle sales report

assessing knowledge of Python

Python | Vehicle sales report - Implement an application to create reports based on the vehicle sales data warehouse.

Senior DevOps Engineer | Linux, MariaDB/MySQL, Docker Master of Disaster Recovery (CentOS)

assessing knowledge of DevOps , Docker

DevOps task - Level: Hard

DevOps | Master of Disaster Recovery (CentOS) - Recover data from broken MariaDB/MySQL database.

Senior DevOps Engineer | Linux, MariaDB/MySQL, Docker Master of Disaster Recovery (Ubuntu)

DevOps | Master of Disaster Recovery (Ubuntu) - Recover data from broken MariaDB/MySQL database.

Middle Data Engineer | SQL, PostgreSQL Hotels – hotels page optimization

SQL | PostgreSQL | Hotels - hotels page optimization - Improve the performance of the the hotels listing page which currently uses ORM.

Middle Data Engineer | SQL, MongoDB Customer Data

assessing knowledge of SQL , MongoDB , NoSQL

assessing knowledge of MongoDB

SQL | Customer Data - Find all the customers whose first and last names are not unique in this database, as well as the number of times each first and last name pair appears in the database.

Middle Web Developer | PHP, JavaScript, SQL Categories Repository

assessing knowledge of ES6 , JavaScript , CSS , HTML , WCAG 2.0 , Web Accessibility

PHP | Categories Repository - Implement PDO queries that will return valid results about movies to users.

Senior Web Developer | PHP, SQL, JavaScript XML-CSV Converter

assessing knowledge of SQL , ES6 , JavaScript , AJAX , Web development

PHP | XML-CSV Converter - Implement filtering and data transformation methods to pass all the tests.

Junior Web Developer | PHP, JavaScript, SQL Basic data manipulation

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PHP | Faker | Basic data manipulation - Implement all the methods in the app/Faker class.

Senior Data Engineer | SQL, MongoDB Fill sparse table

SQL | Fill sparse table - Write a query that will return the list of all users with the creation date and return the date from the previous not-null row for the entries affected with the bug.

The right SQL online tests to screen SQL developers

Recommended roles for our sql online tests.

  • Data analyst
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How our SQL online tests work

The RealLifeTesting™ methodology powers DevSkiller SQL coding tests. Our selection of coding tests will help you analyze your applicants’ knowledge of various SQL versions. In addition to that, our coding tests will help you assess applicants’ coding skills, problem-solving ability, and time management.

Key features

  • DevSkiller SQL coding tests measure applicants’ coding ability and not just their academic knowledge
  • Remote testing that gives you the freedom and convenience of testing candidates from all over the world
  • The RealLifeTesting™ methodology creates a better user experience where candidates can use their own IDE, clone to GIT, run unit tests and access Stack Overlow/Github/Google for research
  • Strict anti-plagiarism tool that ensures accurate test results
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  • SQL coding tests available for junior, middle, and senior-level positions

What to look for in SQL developers

SQL is the most popular 4GL (Fourth Generation Programming Language), which means that programmers only declare what the result looks like, rather than how the database should calculate the result. SQL is embedded in other, more general-purpose programming languages like Java to access data from central databases.

A qualified SQL developer should possess well-versed abilities with SQL performance. In addition to this, your successful candidate should possess SQL design skills with demonstrated knowledge of relational theory. Finally, SQL refactoring skills can prove quite useful in larger teams where the SQL is more complex.

Skills covered in our SQL online tests

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Do you want to run coding tests in a predefined environment? Perhaps you want to test applicants using your own codebase? At DevSkiller, you can build custom tests using our online task wizard. Solve all of your technical screening needs with our SQL coding tests today.

Want proof that our SQL online tests work?

How can you be expected to understand how effective our screening tool is if you’ve never tried it? After all, our DevSkiller SQL online tests are different to the traditional algorithmic tests you will have encountered. Don’t take our word for it, have a look at what some of our past customers have to say:

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Frequently asked questions

How are sql online tests evaluated.

One of the main advantages of DevSkiller testing is that evaluation of our SQL online tests happens automatically. As soon as the candidate is finished, our screening tool gets to work on the solutions and automatically assesses how well each candidate has done. This saves recruiters countless arduous hours spent marking algorithm tests.

Candidates are assessed on whether or not the solution they came up with would run (an essential factor in all software development). How their solution would perform in edge cases and the content and quality of their code. Successful candidates are those who can best demonstrate their critical thinking skills in the time allotted.

Results are then compiled into concise, easy-to-follow reports, that non-technical professionals can understand regardless of their own level of technical skill.

How do candidates take an SQL online test?

Devskiller SQL online tests are accessed remotely and can be taken from anywhere in the world. Saving valuable time spent waiting until both the candidate and the interviewer have time to conduct a test. Remote-testing means once the test invites are sent, the recruiter just has to sit back and wait for the results to come in. Recruiters can even add time limits to each test to make sure they’re not left waiting around.

When it comes to the test itself, candidates have the option of using DevSkiller’s state-of-the-art in-browser IDE or they can complete the project on their favorite IDE and then clone the project to GIT. If they want, candidates can run unit tests to make sure their solutions work the way they are supposed to.

What’s the duration of SQL online tests?

The duration of our SQL online tests is flexible and is left up to the recruiter. Each SQL test comes loaded with default settings, including a default duration, but these can be easily adjusted. Even individual questions within a test can be given time limits if required.

What do candidates think of DevSkiller SQL online tests?

Developers’ reactions to our SQL online tests are by and large, very positive. The vast majority of candidates relish the chance to prove their software development skills. If occasionally, a developer’s reaction is not as we expect,  this is usually just an initial reaction to having to take the tests at all. Many developer tests don’t reflect the real work that developers actually do, so they can grow wary of developer testing. Once they realize our tests are different, they’re overwhelmingly positive in their responses and love the chance to actually show what they can do.

Our SQL online tests allow developers to use normal coding tools and conventions like unit testing and cloning to GIT from a personal IDE.

MySQL online editor

Write, Run & Share MySQL queries online using OneCompiler's MySQL online editor and compiler for free. It's one of the robust, feature-rich online editor and compiler for MySQL. Getting started with the OneCompiler's MySQL editor is really simple and pretty fast. The editor shows sample boilerplate code when you choose language as 'MySQL' and start writing queries to learn and test online without worrying about tedious process of installation.

About MySQL

MySQL is a open-source, free and very popular relational database management system which is developed, distributed and supported by Oracle corporation.

Key Features:

  • Open-source relational database management systems.
  • Reliable, very fast and easy to use database server.
  • Works on client-server model.
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  • High Performance
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  • Supports large databases efficiently.
  • Supports many operating systems like Linux*,CentOS*, Solaris*,Ubuntu*,Windows*, MacOS*,FreeBSD* and others.

Syntax help

3. truncate, single-line comments:, multi-line comments:, dml commands.

Note: Column names are optional.

1. CREATE INDEX

  • To Create Unique index:

2. DROP INDEX

1. create a view, 2. how to call view, 3. altering a view, 4. deleting a view, 1. create a trigger, 2. drop a trigger, stored procedures, 1. create a stored procedure, 2. how to call stored procedure, 3. how to delete stored procedure, 1. inner join, 2. left join, 3. right join, 4. cross join.

Basic SQL Query Practice Online: 20 Exercises for Beginners

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These 20 exercises are just what beginners need for SQL query practice. Try to solve each of them, and then look at the solutions. If something needs to be clarified, there are explanations for each solution.

In this article, there’ll be less talking than usual. Instead, you’re going to write the answers to SQL practice queries . (Don’t worry; we’ve included the solutions if you get stuck.) The whole point is to give you, as a beginner, plenty of opportunities for SQL query practice.

I’ve selected twenty examples from our Basic SQL Practice: Run Track Through Queries! . If you feel you need to practice more by the end of the article – I recommend that wholeheartedly! – you’ll find almost 100 more interactive SQL exercises in that course. They cover topics like querying one table, using JOINs , sorting data with ORDER BY , aggregating data and using GROUP BY , dealing with NULLs , doing mathematical operations, and writing subqueries.

These are all topics that any SQL beginner should know well before going on to the more complex topics. The best way to learn anything in SQL is to consistently write your own code. That way, you’ll master SQL syntax and its basic features; plus, you’ll understand problem-solving. After all, the whole point of knowing SQL is knowing how to use data to solve problems.

And you could go even further! We have the SQL Practice track and the Monthly SQL Practice course for yet more SQL query practice.

With that being said, let’s dive straight into the SQL practice, starting with the dataset.

Exercise #1: Show the Final Dates of All Events and the Wind Points

Exercise #2: show all finals where the wind was above .5 points, exercise #3: show all data for all marathons, exercise #4: show all final results for non-placing runners, exercise #5: show all the result data for non-starting runners, exercise #6: show names for men’s discipline runs under 500 meters, exercise #7: sort country names and abbreviations, exercise #8: sort athletes’ first and last names, exercise #9: sort final results over three hours, exercise #10: show top 3 athletes’ names and places, exercise #11: show all marathons with their competition name, competition year, and discipline name, exercise #12: show mo farah’s scores for all disciplines, exercise #13: show the competitions’ names and the number of events, exercise #14: show the most popular athlete names, exercise #15: show each country and the number of athletes who finished without a place, exercise #16: calculate the average pace for each run, example #17: find all faster-than-average times for 1,500 meter runs, exercise #18: find all athletes who ran in at least two events in a competition, exercise #19: show runners who only finished first, exercise #20: find all the athletes who didn’t start and who won at least once, sql query practice.

The dataset contains data about the finals of track running competitions across athletics championships: Rio de Janeiro Olympic Games in 2016, London IAAF World Championships in Athletics in 2017, and Doha IAAF World Championships in Athletics in 2019.

Data is stored in six tables: competition , event , discipline , final_result , athlete , and nationality . The schema is shown below:

Basic SQL Query Practice Online

The competition information is stored in the table competition . It has the following columns:

  • id – The ID of the competition and the primary key of the table.
  • name – The competition's name.
  • start_date – The competition's first day.
  • end_date – The competition's last day.
  • year – The year during which this competition occurred.
  • location – The location of this competition.

Here’s the data from the table.

The table discipline holds information for all running disciplines. It has these columns:

  • id – The ID of the discipline and the primary key of the table.
  • name – The discipline's name.
  • is_men – TRUE if it's a men's discipline, FALSE if it's a women's.
  • distance – The discipline's distance, in meters.

This is a snapshot of the first five rows of the data:

The next table is event , which stores  information about each particular event:

  • id – The ID of the event and the primary key of the table.
  • competition_id – Links the event to a competition.
  • discipline_id – Links the event to a discipline.
  • final_date – When this event's final was held.
  • wind – The wind points during the final.

Here are the first five rows of this table:

The data about each athlete is in the table athlete :

  • id – The ID of the athlete and the primary key of the table.
  • first_name – The athlete's first name.
  • last_name – The athlete's last name.
  • nationality_id – The athlete's nationality.
  • birth_date – The athlete's birth date.

These are the first five rows:

The nationality table contains country information:

  • id – The ID of the country and the primary key of the table.
  • country_name – The country's name.
  • country_abbr – The country's three-letter abbreviation.

Here is a five-row snapshot of this table:

The last table is final_result . It contains information about the participants and their results in a particular event:

  • event_id – The event ID.
  • athlete_id – The athlete’s
  • result – The time/score for the athlete (can be NULL).
  • place – The place achieved by the athlete (can be NULL).
  • is_dsq – TRUE if d i sq ualification occurred.
  • is_dnf – TRUE if the athlete d id n ot f inish the run.
  • is_dns – TRUE if the athlete d id n ot s tart the run.

Here’s the snapshot:

Now that you’ve had a good look at the dataset, let’s start our basic SQL query practice! All the exercises will require you to know some SQL, so make sure you know all the basic elements of an SQL query .

Exercise: Find the final dates of all events and the wind points.

Explanation: The data you need is in the table event . You have to select two columns from it: final_date and wind. You do that by writing the first column in the SELECT statement. Next, you write the second column name and separate the column names with a comma.

Finally, you reference the table in the FROM clause.

Exercise: Show all the finals’ dates with a wind stronger than 0.5 points.

Explanation: First, select the column final_date from the table event . With that, you’d get a list of all the finals. However, you don’t need the whole list – only those finals where the wind was stronger than 0.5.

So, you need to filter data using the WHERE clause. In it, you write the column name you want to filter; in this case, it’s the column wind . To get the wind above 0.5, use the ‘greater than’ ( > ) logical operator.

Exercise: Show the discipline data for all marathons.

Explanation: To select all the columns, you don’t have to write their names explicitly. There’s a shorthand for ‘all columns’ called asterisk ( * ). Instead of the columns’ names, just put an asterisk in SELECT .

Then, as you want data from the table discipline , you reference it in FROM .

Finally, you have to filter the data. Use  WHERE and the LIKE operator . This operator looks through textual data in the column and returns all rows containing the text in the WHERE condition. In other words, the condition will look for the word ‘Marathon’. You must put the word in single quotes.

However, you don’t know the exact name of the discipline; you just know it has to contain that word. It can be anywhere in the discipline name: at the beginning, middle, or end. To look anywhere in the string , put the modulo ( % ) operator before and after the word you’re searching.

Exercise: Show all the data for final results for runners who did not place.

Explanation: You need all the columns, so use an asterisk in SELECT and reference the table final_result in FROM.

You need to show only those results where runners ended without a place. You will use WHERE this time, too, and filter on the column place . If a runner ends without a place, then the column place will be empty (i.e. NULL). You need the IS NULL operator after the column name to return all these rows.

Knowing what a NULL is in SQL  would be a good idea before using the IS NULL operator.

Exercise: Show all the results data for runners that didn’t start the run at all.

Explanation: Select all the columns from the table final_result using an asterisk and referencing the table in FROM .

Then, you want to use WHERE and filter the column by is_dns . If the runner didn’t start the race, this column will have the TRUE value. So, you need to use the IS TRUE operator after the column name.

Output: Here’s the whole output:

Exercise: Show only the men’s discipline names where the distance to be run is less than 500 meters.

Explanation: First, select the column name from the table discipline .

You again need to filter data – this time, by putting two conditions in WHERE .

The first condition is that it’s a male discipline. So, you have to filter the column is_men using the IS TRUE operator. Then you add the second condition: the values in the column distance have to be below 500. This condition uses the less than operator ( < ). Since both conditions have to be satisfied, separate the conditions using the AND operator.

Exercise: Show all the countries’ names and abbreviations. Sort the output alphabetically by country name.

Explanation: Select the country name and its abbreviation from the table nationality .

To sort the output, use the ORDER BY clause. You want to sort by country name, so write country_name in ORDER BY . The output should be sorted alphabetically, so use the keyword ASC (ascending) after the column name.

Output: Here are the first five rows of the output:

Exercise: Show every athlete’s first and last name. Sort the output descendingly by the athlete’s first name. If multiple athletes have the same name, show their surnames sorted descendingly.

Explanation: Select the first and last name from the table athlete .

Then, add the ORDER BY clause. First sort by the first name descendingly, adding DESC after the column name. The second sorting condition sorts by the last name, also descendingly. Again, write the column name and add DESC . The conditions have to be separated by a comma.

Exercise: For all final results, show the times that are at least three hours. Sort the rows by the result in descending order.

Explanation: Select the column result from the table final_result .

Then, use WHERE to find the results that are below three hours. You can use the ‘greater than or equal’ ( >= ) and INTERVAL operators.

The data in the result column is formatted as time. So, you need to use INTERVAL to get the specific part (interval) from that data. In this case, it’s three hours. Simply write ‘3 hours’ after INTERVAL .

Finally, sort the output descendingly by the result.

Exercise: For every athlete ever on the podium (i.e. finished in the top 3), show their last and first name and their place.

Explanation: In this exercise, you need to use data from two tables: athlete and final_result . So, let’s start the explanation from the FROM clause.

You reference the athlete table and give it an alias ‘a’, so you won’t need to write the table’s full name elsewhere in the query. To get data from another table, too, you need to join the tables. In this case, use JOIN , which will return only the matching rows from both tables. You do that by simply referencing the table final_result in JOIN and adding the ‘fin’ alias.

Next, you have to specify the joining condition using the keyword ON . The tables are joined on shared columns: id from athlete and athlete_id from final_result . You’re looking for rows where the values in these two columns are equal, so put an equal sign ( = ) between them. In front of each column name, put the table alias followed by a dot so the database knows which table that column is in.

Now that you have joined the tables, you can select the columns. In front of each column name, put the table alias for the same reason as explained earlier. Now, you have the athletes’ last and first names and their places.

As a last step, simply filter data using WHERE and the column place . You’re looking for podium finishes, so the values must be equal to or less than three. Use the ‘less than or equal’ ( <= ) operator.

This SQL query practice requires you to know SQL JOINs. If you’re still unsure how they work, look at these SQL JOINs practice questions before you go to other exercises.

Exercise: Show all marathons, the name (rename this column competition_name ) and year of the competition, and the name of the discipline (rename this column discipline_name ).

Explanation: This exercise shows how to join multiple tables. The principle is the same as with two tables. You just add more JOINs and the joining conditions.

In this case, you join the competition and event tables where e.competition_id equals the c.id column .

Then, you need to add the discipline table to the joining chain. Write JOIN again and reference the table discipline . Add the joining condition: the column discipline_id from the event has to be equal to the id column from the discipline table.

Now, select the required columns, remembering to put the table alias in front of each column. Alias competition_name and discipline_name using the keyword AS to give them the column names described in the instructions.

Finally, filter the results to show only marathon disciplines.

Exercise: Show Mo Farah's (athlete ID of 14189197) scores for all disciplines. Show NULL if he has never participated in a given discipline. Show all the male disciplines' names, dates, places, and results.

Explanation: Join the tables discipline and event on the columns discipline_id and id . You need to use LEFT JOIN . This type of join will return all the rows from the first (left) table and only the matching rows from the second (right) table. If there are no matching rows, the values will be NULL . This is ideal for this exercise, as you need to show all disciplines and use  NULLs if Mo Farah has never participated in the discipline.

The next join is also a LEFT JOIN . It joins the table event with the table final_result . The first joining condition here joins the tables on the columns event_id and id . You also need to include the second condition by adding the keyword AND . This second condition will only look for Mo Farah’s data, i.e., the athlete with the ID of 14189197.

As a last step, use WHERE to find only men’s disciplines.

Exercise: Show all the competitions’ names and the number of events for each competition.

Explanation: First, show the column name from the table competition and rename the column to competition_name .

Then, use the aggregate function COUNT(*) to count the number of events that were held. The COUNT() function with an asterisk will count all the rows from the output, including NULLs. For better readability, we alias the resulting column as events_held .

The tables we join are competition and event . Finally, to get the number of events per competition, you need to GROUP BY the competition name.

Exercise: Show the most popular athlete names. Names are popular if at least five athletes share them. Alongside the name, also show the number of athletes with that name. Sort the results so that the most popular names come first.

Explanation: First, select the first names and count them using COUNT(*) . Then, group by the first name of the athlete. Now you have all the names and their count.

But you need to show only those names with a count above five. You’ll achieve that by using the HAVING clause. It has the same use as WHERE, but HAVING is used for filtering aggregated data.

Finally, sort the output by the name count from the highest to the lowest. You can’t simply write the name_count column name in ORDER BY because sorting is done before aggregation; SQL won’t recognize the column name. Instead, copy COUNT(*) and sort descendingly.

This exercise shows a typical SQL problem that requires filtering data with an aggregate function .

Exercise: Show all countries with the number of their athletes that finished without a place. Show 0 if none. Sort the output in descending order by the number of athletes and by the country name ascendingly.

Explanation: You have to keep all rows from the nationality table, so you need to LEFT JOIN it with the athlete table. You do that where id equals nationality_id . Then, LEFT JOIN another table where id from the athlete table equals athlete_id from the final_result table.

Because you need all the nationality rows, you can’t use the IS NULL condition in WHERE . There’s a solution: move it to the ON clause, and you’ll get all the values where the place is NULL .

Now, you can select the column country_name . Also, use the COUNT() function on the athlete_id column to get the number of athletes who finished without a place. You can’t use COUNT(*) here because it would’ve counted f, and you need the count of concrete athletes.

To get the count value by country, group the output by country name.

Finally, sort the output by the number of athletes descendingly and by the country name ascendingly.

Exercise: Calculate the average pace for each run and show it in the column named average_pace .

Explanation: To get the average pace by run, you need to divide the result by the distance. This is what the above query does, but with two tweaks.

First, you need to multiply the distance by 1.0. You do that to convert the distance to a decimal number. Without that, the division might return a different result, as the result will be divided by the whole number. The second tweak is that you divide the distance by 1,000. By doing this, you’ll convert the distance from meters to kilometers.

Now that you have the calculation, give this column the alias average_pace .

The rest of the query is what you already saw in previous examples: you’re joining the table event with the table discipline and then with the table final_result .

Output: Here are the first five rows from the output:

Exercise: Output the times for all 1,500-meter runs. Show only times that are faster than the average time for that run.

Explanation: You need to know SQL subqueries to solve this exercise. Their basic definition is that they are queries within a main query. Let’s see how this works!

Select the result column from the table final_result . Then, JOIN the table with event and then with the discipline table.

After that, you have to set two conditions in WHERE . The first one selects only distances that are equal to 1,500.

The second one looks for data where the result is below the total average for 1,500-meter runs. To calculate the average, use a subquery in the following way.

In the parentheses after the comparison operator, write another SELECT statement ( i.e., a subquery). In it, use the AVG() aggregate function to calculate the average result. The rest of the query is the same as the main query; you’re joining the same tables and using the same filtering condition in WHERE .

Output: Here are the first few rows from the output:

Exercise: Output a list of athletes who ran in two or more events within any competition. Show only their first and last names.

Explanation: Start by selecting the first and the last name from the table athlete .

Then, use WHERE to set up a condition. We again use a subquery to return data we wanted to compare, this time with the column id. However, in the previous example, we used the ‘less than’ ( < ) operator because the subquery returned only one value. This time, we use the operator IN , which will go through all the values returned by the subquery and return those that satisfy the condition.

The condition is that the athletes compete in at least two events within a competition. To find those athletes, select the column athlete_id and join the tables event and final_result . Then, group the results by the competition and athlete IDs. This example shows you can group the output by the column that is not in SELECT . However, all the columns that appear in SELECT have to also appear in GROUP BY .

Finally, use HAVING to filter the data. Count the number of rows using COUNT(*) . That way, you’re counting how many times each athlete appears. Set the condition to return only those athletes with a count equal to or above two.

Output: Here’s the output snapshot.

Exercise: Show all runners who have never finished at any place other than first; place was never missing for them. Show three columns: id , first_name , and last_name .

Explanation: For this solution, you need to use the EXCEPT set operator. The set operators are used to return the values from two or more queries. EXCEPT returns all the unique records from the first query except those returned by the second query.

The first query in the solution looks for those athletes who finished first. To get these values, select the required columns from the table athlete . Then, join the table with the table final_result . After that, set the condition in WHERE to find only the first places.

Now, write the EXCEPT keyword and follow it with the second query.

The second query is almost the same as the first one. The only difference is two conditions in WHERE .

The first condition returns all the places that are not the first by using the ‘not equal’ ( != ) operator. The second condition looks for the non- NULL places, i.e., the place was never missing for that athlete. The conditions are connected using OR because one of those conditions has to be true; the athlete can’t finish below first place and also not finish at all.

Note that for set operators to work, there has to be the same number of columns of the same data type in both queries.

Exercise: Output the athletes who didn’t start at least one race and won at least one race. Show three columns: id , first_name , and last_name .

Explanation: This exercise uses another set operators. This time, it’s INTERSECT , which returns all the values that are the same in both queries.

The first query in the solution lists the athlete IDs and first and last names. The tables athlete and final_result are joined on the columns id and athlete_id from the tables.

The condition in WHERE looks for rows with TRUE as a value in the column is_dns , i.e., the column that shows whether the athlete started the race.

As in the previous example, write the set operator and then the second query.

The second query is the same as the first one, except for WHERE . The filtering condition will find the athletes who finished first.

Together, these two queries output the athletes that didn’t start the race at least once but also finished first at least once.

From Basic SQL Query Practice to Becoming an SQL Master

You have to start from somewhere. These 20 basic SQL query practices are ideal for building foundations before learning more advanced concepts.

You learned plenty as you practiced writing queries that used WHERE , ORDER BY , JOINs , GROUP BY , and HAVING . I also showed you several examples of dealing with NULLs, doing computations, writing subqueries, and using set operators. The queries in this article have been taken from our Basic SQL Practice: Run Track Through Queries! You’ll find more basic SQL exercises there. And if you want more practice, check out our SQL Practice track, which contains 9 SQL practice courses for beginners.

Add 20 basic SQL query examples and 10 beginner SQL practice exercises to the mix, and you’ll be equipped with an intermediate level of SQL proficiency.

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For low-income seniors, getting healthy food is a challenge. Hunger Task Force uses DoorDash to help.

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Juana Artiza always has plans for the food that arrives at her apartment monthly in a sturdy cardboard box from the Hunger Task Force.

She will add cottage cheese to the can of fruit cocktail for a snack, and she'll mix the elbow macaroni with the canned ground beef and tomatoes for a filling dinner. She can slice off some of the two-pound block of cheese and melt it for a quesadilla.

The shelf staples, which also include cartons of milk, peanut butter and soup, fill a crucial gap in Artiza's diet. With grocery store prices so high, she struggles to stretch food stamp dollars each month to buy enough healthy food to manage her diabetes. And since she has intense knee pain that makes it hard to get around, the deliveries are easier than trekking to a senior dining site to pick up what's known as a Stockbox.

The food is more than just nutrition for Artiza. It's a reassurance: "I'm not going to go hungry," she said.

Artiza is one of about 1,500 Milwaukee-area residents 60 and older whose federally funded Stockboxes are dropped at their door by a DoorDash delivery driver, an innovation the local food bank Hunger Task Force started during the COVID pandemic and has seen value in continuing.

"This is a unique solution to a real basic need," said Sherrie Tussler, chief executive officer of Hunger Task Force.

Food box helps woman fill dietary gaps, stretch dollars

A native of El Salvador, Artiza's life has not been easy. Now 63, she raised three children as a single mother in Los Angeles while working two jobs as a certified nursing assistant and caregiver.

Her health has declined in recent years. In addition to diabetes, she has high blood pressure and gout. A few years ago, after living for a time in Puerto Rico with her partner, Mariano, the two returned to the U.S. mainland, and then both discovered they had cancer.

"I got so scared when the doctor told me, 'You need to take care of yourself,'" Artiza said.

That can be a difficult task for many seniors in poverty, with inflation at the grocery store and extra pandemic-era federal food benefits ending last year. Last March, Foodshare benefits for seniors and people with disabilities returned to as low as $23 a month .

People often become poorer as they get older, Tussler noted. As they retire, they are hit with higher medical costs and living expenses.

Artiza's food benefits go quickly each month, especially when she buys fruits and vegetables, she said.

She feels frustration and shame at her situation, but also gratitude at those who help her make ends meet, she said. One example: Casey Gott, the Hunger Task Force employee who runs the Stockbox DoorDash program.

"Sometimes it's like angels appear in your life," Artiza said.

More: Milwaukee chef finds kindred souls at Riverwest community food center

Food box program kind of a modernized 'Meals on Wheels'

In all, nearly 11,000 people in the Milwaukee area receive a monthly Stockbox. Those who don't get the boxes from a DoorDash driver pick them up at senior dining sites or at subsidized senior living facilities.

It's part of a U.S. Department of Agriculture program designed to "address the health problems of an aging person," Tussler said. Foods are selected for their nutritional value. Each box always has a dairy product for strong bones, low-sodium vegetables, and foods high in protein, among other requirements.

And aside from a two-pound block of American cheese, which comes from the USDA's cheese supply and must be refrigerated, all the food in the box is shelf-stable. It's all either ready-to-eat or doesn't take much preparation. There's about $75 worth of food in the box, Tussler estimated.

Delivered by DoorDash, the boxes are a kind of "modernized Meals on Wheels," Tussler said. Older people who need a helping hand getting food but might not require the daily, prepared meals and wellness checks of Meals on Wheels are perfect for the DoorDash program.

Special report: More than one in 10 households experience food insecurity. Solving that problem would be a huge step toward improving health.

Delivery drivers are a key part of the process

Each morning, Gott and other staff and volunteers tape sheets of paper with seniors' names to dozens of Stockboxes sitting on pallets in Hunger Task Force's West Milwaukee warehouse. By 9 a.m., DoorDash drivers begin arriving.

In their delivery apps, the request to pick up food at the warehouse pops up like it would any other restaurant order. But here, they come away with a carful of boxes and a route to deliver them. Gott explains to each driver what they should do, and who is receiving the boxes. She asks the drivers to be a bit more patient than usual, and to try calling the seniors' cell phones when they arrive instead of sending their customary text messages.

One driver, Nouphanh Aphaivan, said he accepted the Hunger Task Force request earlier this month out of curiosity.

He thought, "I wonder what they're selling." Then he arrived and realized, "They're giving!"

Those receiving the food must have a smartphone with the DoorDash app, or have a relative or friend who can operate the app for them. On the app, people get a notification when their box is being delivered. Using the technology hasn't been as much of a barrier for older people as some expected, Tussler said.

The program began in August 2020 when the United Way partnered with DoorDash. Together they gave a number of free deliveries to Hunger Task Force. Since the pandemic has waned, though, both those partners stopped funding the delivery portion of the program.

"We were faced with either telling a thousand seniors that they couldn't get their box delivered anymore, or taking on those costs ourselves," Tussler said.

It is now funded by donations to Hunger Task Force. The costs work out to about $4.50 per delivery.

"There are lot of older adults that were depending on this, and we’re not going to let them down," Tussler said.

Lawmakers revise Kids Online Safety Act to address LGBTQ advocates’ concerns

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The Kids Online Safety Act (KOSA) is getting closer to becoming a law, which would make social platforms significantly more responsible for protecting children who use their products. With 62 senators backing the bill, KOSA seems poised to clear the Senate and progress to the House.

KOSA creates a duty of care for social media platforms to limit addictive or harmful features that have demonstrably affected the mental health of children. The bill also requires platforms to develop more robust parental controls.

But under a previous version of KOSA, LGBTQ advocates pushed back on a part of the bill that would give individual state attorneys general the ability to decide what content is inappropriate for children. This rings alarm bells in a time when LGBTQ rights are being attacked on the state level, and books with LGBTQ characters and themes are being censored in public schools. Senator Marsha Blackburn (R-TN), who introduced the bill with Senator Richard Blumenthal (D-CT), said that a top priority for conservatives should be to “protect minor children from the transgender [sic] in this culture,” including on social media.

Jamie Susskind, Senator Blackburn’s legislative director, said in a statement, “KOSA will not — nor was it designed to — target or censor any individual or community.”

After multiple amendments, the new draft of KOSA has appeased some concerns from LGBTQ rights groups like GLAAD , the Human Rights Campaign and The Trevor Project; for one, the FTC will instead be responsible for nationwide enforcement of KOSA, rather than state-specific enforcement by attorneys general.

A letter to Senator Blumenthal from seven LGBTQ rights organizations said: “The considerable changes that you have proposed to KOSA in the draft released on February 15, 2024, significantly mitigate the risk of it being misused to suppress LGBTQ+ resources or stifle young people’s access to online communities. As such, if this draft of the bill moves forward, our organizations will not oppose its passage.”

Other privacy-minded activist groups like the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) and Fight for the Future are still skeptical of the bill, even after the changes.

In a statement shared with TechCrunch, Fight for the Future said that these changes are promising, but don’t go far enough.

“As we have said for months, the fundamental problem with KOSA is that its duty of care covers content specific aspects of content recommendation systems, and the new changes fail to address that. In fact, personalized recommendation systems are explicitly listed under the definition of a design feature covered by the duty of care,” Fight for the Future said. “This means that a future Federal Trade Commission (FTC) could still use KOSA to pressure platforms into automated filtering of important but controversial topics like LGBTQ issues and abortion, by claiming that algorithmically recommending that content ’causes’ mental health outcomes that are covered by the duty of care like anxiety and depression.”

The Blumenthal and Blackburn offices said that the duty of care changes were made to regulate the business model and practices of social media companies, rather than the content that is posted on them.

KOSA was also amended last year to address earlier concerns about age-verification requirements for users of all ages that could endanger privacy and security. Jason Kelley, the EFF’s activism director, is concerned that these amendments aren’t enough to ward off dangerous interpretations of the bill.

“Despite these latest amendments, KOSA remains a dangerous and unconstitutional censorship bill which we continue to oppose,” Kelly said in a statement to TechCrunch. “It would still let federal and state officials decide what information can be shared online and how everyone can access lawful speech. It would still require an enormous number of websites, apps, and online platforms to filter and block legal, and important, speech. It would almost certainly still result in age verification requirements.”

The issue of children’s online safety has stayed at the forefront of lawmakers’ minds, especially after five big tech CEOs testified before the Senate a few weeks ago. With increasing support for KOSA, Blumenthal’s office told TechCrunch that it is intent on fast-tracking the bill forward.

Update, 2/16/23, 12:30 PM ET with statement from Jamie Susskind.

Microsoft, X throw their weight behind KOSA, the controversial kids online safety bill
Fan fiction writers rally fandoms against KOSA, the bill purporting to protect kids online

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