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Business Studies Grade 12 NSC Paper 1 and Paper 2 Exam Topics and Structure Guide Syllabus

Business Studies Grade 12 NSC Paper 1 and Paper 2 Exam Topics and Structure Guide Syllabus

On this page you will find Business Studies Grade 12 NSC Paper 1 and Paper 2 Exam Topics and Structure Guide from the CAPS syllabus.

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topics in business studies paper 1

The subject Business Studies deals with the knowledge, skills, attitudes and values critical for informed, productive, ethical and resp o nsible participation in the formal and informal economic sectors. The subject encompasses business principles, theory and practice that underpin the development of entrepreneurial initiatives, sustainable enterprises and economic growth.

Table of Contents

Topics for Paper 1 and Paper 2 Business Studies Grade 12

Paper 1 topics, business environments.

This section involves an understanding of the micro, market, and macro environments, their interrelatedness, and the way they influence business operations. Students should be familiar with SWOT analysis and its implementation.

Macro Environment: Impact of Recent Legislation on Business

Students need to be aware of the latest legislation and regulations in South Africa that impact businesses. They should understand the repercussions of non-compliance and how businesses should adapt to changing legal frameworks.

Macro Environment: Business Strategies

Under this topic, students must comprehend how businesses form strategies to navigate their macro environment. This includes understanding the effects of political, economic, social, and technological factors on strategic planning.

Business Sectors and Their Environments

This topic delves into the various business sectors – primary, secondary, and tertiary – and their unique environments. Students need to grasp the challenges and opportunities each sector faces.

Business Operations

This section involves understanding various business operations including production, purchasing, marketing, financial and public relations functions. Knowledge of the principles of business operations and their contribution to efficient and effective business practices is essential.

Human Resources Function

This topic covers the role of the HR function in businesses, including recruitment, selection, induction, training and development, performance management, compensation and benefits.

Quality of Performance

In this section, students should understand the importance of quality in businesses. They should know about total quality management, quality assurance, and the role of quality in enhancing productivity and competitiveness.

Paper 2 Topics

Business ventures.

This topic includes understanding the concept of entrepreneurship, the process of starting a business, and essential entrepreneurial qualities.

Management and Leadership

Students should be able to distinguish between management and leadership, understand their roles and their significance in the success of a business.

Investment: Securities/Opportunities & Insurance

This topic covers various investment opportunities including bonds, shares, property, and other forms of securities. Students should also understand the concept of insurance as a form of investment and risk mitigation.

Forms of Ownership

Understanding the advantages and disadvantages of different forms of ownership – sole proprietorship, partnership, private and public companies – and their contribution to business success or failure is vital.

Presentation and Data Response

Students should be able to present business data and interpret business scenarios accurately. They should be adept at using different graphical representations of data.

Business Roles

An understanding of the different roles within a business and their responsibilities is necessary for this topic.

Ethics and Professionalism

This section covers the concept of business ethics and professionalism. Students need to understand the importance of ethical conduct in business operations.

Creative Thinking and Problem-solving

The topic focuses on enhancing the students’ ability to think critically and creatively in problem-solving within the business context.

Social Responsibility and Corporate Citizenship

This involves understanding the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and Corporate Social Investment (CSI). Students should be aware of the role businesses play in society and their responsibilities towards their stakeholders.

Human Rights, Inclusivity and Environmental Issues

Students need to understand how businesses can promote human rights , inclusivity, and contribute to environmental conservation.

Team Performance Assessment and Conflict Management

This topic includes understanding the dynamics of team performance, ways to assess it, and strategies to manage conflict within teams.

The Business Studies curriculum for Grade 12 is designed to prepare students for the business world, providing them with

the requisite knowledge and skills. In-depth understanding and application of these topics will help students successfully navigate the examination and their future business endeavours.

It is crucial for students to delve deep into the various forms of ownership including sole proprietorship, partnerships, corporations, and cooperatives. Each form of business ownership has its own set of implications regarding liability, taxes, and the degree of control over the business. They should understand how these types of ownership can contribute to the success or failure of a business.

This topic requires an understanding of ethical and professional behaviour in a business context. Students should comprehend the consequences of unethical practices and the benefits of maintaining high standards of professionalism.

Creative Thinking and Problem-Solving

The ability to think creatively and problem-solve is a fundamental business skill. Students need to learn how to generate novel ideas and solutions to business challenges and be able to apply different problem-solving techniques in various business scenarios.

In an age where businesses are expected to play a substantial role in social issues, understanding of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and Corporate Social Investment (CSI) is paramount. Students must grasp the business’s role in societal issues, how they can contribute positively to their communities and the benefits of doing so.

Human Rights, Inclusivity, and Environmental Issues

Businesses today are expected to respect human rights, champion inclusivity, and take a stand on environmental issues. Students should understand how businesses can promote these values and how ignoring these aspects can have detrimental effects.

Understanding team dynamics is crucial in a business setting. Students should learn how to assess team performance, identify areas of improvement, and manage conflict effectively. They should be familiar with different conflict resolution strategies and their application in a business setting.

Exam Structure

Section A: (Compulsory)

Different types of short and objective questions using various assessment styles and covering the entire curriculum, e.g. multiple-choice, match columns, choose the correct word in brackets, etc.

(20 short questions x 2)

(three questions in this section must be answered)

(Choose any three of the five questions three questions of 60 marks each)

These questions should cover the entire curriculum. Answers should be in paragraph style. Rubrics can be used in the marking of this question, together with a marking memorandum. Applicable verbs, e.g. discuss, motivate, compare, differentiate, explain, etc. Case studies (scenarios) or source-based questions should be included.

set four questions covering the entire curriculum (use scenarios)

Choose any two of the four questions (two questions of 40 marks each)

These are higher cognitive questions which should assess insight and interpretation of theoretical knowledge. (E.g. design, plan, appraise, evaluate, etc.). Answers should be in paragraph style. A rubric can be used in the marking of this question, together with a marking memorandum.

View All Business Studies Grade 12 Past Papers and Memos Here

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GCSE Business

  • Specification
  • Planning resources
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  • Introduction

Specification at a glance

  • 3.1 Business in the real world
  • 3.2 Influences on business
  • 3.3 Business operations
  • 3.4 Human resources
  • 3.5 Marketing
  • 3.6 Finance
  • Scheme of assessment
  • General administration
  • Appendix: quantitative skills in business

 Specification at a glance

This qualification is linear. Linear means that students will sit all their exams at the end of the course.

Subject content

  • 1. Business in the real world
  • 2. Influences on business
  • 3. Business operations
  • 4. Human resources
  • 5. Marketing

Assessments

topics in business studies paper 1

Programmes & Qualifications

Cambridge igcse business studies (0450).

  • Past papers, examiner reports and specimen papers

You can download one or more papers for a previous session. Please note that these papers may not reflect the content of the current syllabus.

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This is only a selection of our papers. Registered Cambridge International Schools can access the full catalogue of teaching and learning materials including papers from 2018 through our School Support Hub .

Past papers

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with Nonjabulo Tshabalala

  • About N. Tshabalala
  • Breakdown of Subtopics and Exam Scope
  • Paper 1 – Business Studies – Topics and Core Notes
  • Paper 2 – Business Studies – Topics and Core Notes
  • Study Guides / Workbooks – Business Studies
  • Grade 12 Past Exam Papers
  • Grade 10 & 11 Past Exam Papers
  • Business Legislation · RSA
  • (CAPS) Policy Documents
  • Shop Resources
  • Business Studies Main Topics

Business Studies, Grade 10 – 12, content is divided into four main topics, which are divided further into sub-topics as below. The amount of information that needs to be learned in Business Studies can feel overwhelming, especially to Grade 12 learners. Breaking it down into such categories makes it easier to digest.

The longer sections of the examination papers are also divided into these four topics, so it helps to familiarise yourself with them. Whenever you start a new topic in your Business Studies class, every term, find out which of the main topics it falls under. This will give you an idea of how your exam papers , including the final exam, will be structured.

The information provided here is according to the South African National Curriculum Statements (NCS) Grades R – 12 .

Table of Contents

The Four Main Topics of Business Studies

Business environment (weighting 25%).

  • Micro, market and macro environments
  • Business sectors
  • Contemporary socioeconomic issues

Business Venture (Weighting 25%)

  • Entrepreneurship
  • Business opportunity and related factors
  • Business Plan
  • Management and Leadership
  • Forms of ownership
  • Setting up a business
  • Business location
  • Investment: securities and insurance
  • Presentation of business information

Business Role (Weighting 25%)

  • Creative thinking and problem-solving
  • Self-management, professionalism and ethics
  • Human rights, inclusivity and environmental issues
  • Social Responsibility
  • Stress, crisis, change and conflict management
  • Relationship and team performance

Business Operation (Weighting 25%)

  • Business functions
  • Quality of performance

Other Useful Resources

  • Grade 12 – Paper 1 – Business Studies – Topics and Core Notes
  • Grade 12 – Paper 2 – Business Studies – Topics and Core Notes
  • Exam Practice Questions | Grade 12
  • South African Business Legislation
  • Annual Teaching Plans | Business Studies

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An Overview: How to Study Business Studies

Business Studies simple can be defined as the study which studies various fundamentals of business. The field which studies the principles of business, management of the business and business economies coins under one term as ‘Business Studies’. 

In this article, we will be studying what is business studies, detailed explanation of the term will be given, why should one study business studies, how can one study business studies, and job opportunities with business studies will be shared in this article. Starting with let us understand in detail what is Business Studies. 

Business Studies Topics

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What is Business Studies?

Business Studies is a broad subject which studies accountancy, finance, organization, human resources, marketing from the perspective of running a business.

The study combines various facets of business and thereby studies the business minutely, thus the name ‘business studies’.

Business Studies gives a general overview of the various types of elements on how to run a business successfully. Thai teaching of business studies is known as ‘business education’. 

Business Studies - Why To Study Business Studies? 

Did you know business studies is one of the most studied subject in the entire world? The subject has gained such importance that it cannot be ignored in any career sector.So, what are some reasons to study business studies? 

Strengthening the Communication Skills:  

Business studies gives an individual excellent skills to communicate professionally. Credit points will be awarded if you write and present fluently with your good communication tactics. 

Knowing the Length and Breadth of the Market:

Being in a business, the most important task is to know the market well. The core contents of the market, meaning the target audience must be kwnon to every business man where he establishes his business. Business studies teaches some of those tactics on how to know the target market. 

Entrepreneurship:

Business Studies gives birth to many talented Entrepreneurs. Managing the business is the main task of an entrepreneur, thus with the help of this study entrepreneurship will flourish in an economy. 

How Can I Study Business Studies? 

Business Studies as a subject is introduced in Classes 11 and 12. Then, if you carry on business studies an a career choice then you will have to specialize in one particular segment of the same. Thus, studying business studies initially starts generally knowing about the principles of business, types of business etc. gradually when pne would like to pursue business as a career then he/she is required to learn the practical aspects of business as well.

As a student, you can focus on:

Ethics 

To study business studies as a whole. 

While, when you pursue business as a career choice, you may encounter:

Degree programs in business studies

Why and How Business Organizations Work

How the Global Business Environment runs?

Studying the different araes of business

Functioning of the different areas of business

Business Strategy and Management Skils. 

Thus if you really wnat to study business you need to know the practical element of the same. College students are required to complete a vital project on business studies on their final year. Thai helps them to learn business and analytical skills. Many reputed colleges and universities brings the business men and the students close by initiating workshops and seminars, further they also run internships to give them their experience about business. 

Job Prospects With Business Studies

Studnets who graduate with a degree in business studies can go for:

Entrepreneurship

Advertising

Topics Under Business Studies

The topics covered under Class 11 Business Studies are as follows:

1. Business, Trade, and Commerce

The contribution of business activities to the growth and development of an economy.

The concept and objectives of a business.

Classification of business activities into occupation, profession, and employment.

Classification of industry into different types.

Risk and profit as a reward for risk.

Factors for starting a business.

2. Forms of Business Organisation

Different forms of business organisation, including features, merits, and limitations.

Differences between various forms of organisations

3. Private, Public, and Global Enterprises

The concept and characteristics of business .

The features of different forms of public enterprises, viz., departmental, statutory corporations, and government companies.

The changing role of the public sector, features of global enterprises, and the benefits of joint ventures

4. Business Services

Characteristics and different types of services.

The concept of e-banking and different types of insurance policies.

Types of warehouses.

5. Emerging Modes of Business

The meaning of e-business, the difference between e-business and traditional business, including the benefits of switching over to an electronic mode.

Requirements for a firm’s initiation into e-business, major security concerns of electronic mode of doing business.

The need for business process outsourcing and the scope of business process outsourcing.

6. Social Responsibility for Economy and Business Ethics

The concept and need for social responsibility .

The relationship between business and environment .

Protection.

Concept of business ethics and  the elements of business ethics.

7. Formation of a Company

The essential stages in the formation of a company include the steps involved in each stage of company formation.

The need for a certificate of incorporation and certificate to commence business.

8. Sources of Business Finance

The meaning, nature, merits and limitations, and importance of business finance.

Various sources of business finance.

9. Small Business and Enterprise

The meaning and nature of MSME in India.

Role of MSME in India, problems faced by MSME in India; and the role of innovation and entrepreneurship for MSMEs.

10. Internal Trade

The meaning and types of internal trade .

Types of retailers.

Describe the many types of small and large-scale retailers and the function of industrial and commercial chambers of commerce.

Implementation of GST.

11. International Trade

Meaning and scope of International Business

Difference between Internal and International Business

Benefits of International Business

The most essential worldwide agencies and agreements for promoting commerce and development.

The role of different organisations in the promotion of International Business

Rajesh wants to start a wholesale business of readymade garments, but he is hesitant because it involves a number of issues, including customers for moving goods from the factory to the market, informing customers about new designs and varieties added each season, the risk of loss due to fire or accident, storing excess stock of goods, and so on. He approaches his friend Sanjay, who explains some aspects of commerce that can help Rajesh.

Indicate the type of business Rajiv intends to start.

Indicate which aspect of business can assist Rajiv in overcoming these obstacles.

A) Whole-sale trade. Wholesale trade refers to purchasing goods in large quantities from manufacturers, dealers, or producers and reselling them in smaller quantities to others, who may be retailers or even consumers.

B) Commerce is one of the most important aspects of business that can assist Rajiv in overcoming the obstacles, including customers moving goods from the factory to the market, informing customers about new designs and varieties added each season, the risk of loss due to fire or accident, storing excess stock of goods, and so on.

This article was thus a detailed study on the term ‘Business Studies’ what is included in this study, what are the reasons behind the study of business studies, how can one study business studies, all were discussed in good detail. Hope the students have gained enough insights from this article.

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FAQs on Business Studies

1. What do you study in Business Studies?

In the study of business studies you will gain a broad knowledge in business operations, you can also study specific fields of business studies like - customers, markets, finance, operations, strategy, business policy, communications and IT.

2. Is Business Studies tough?

No. If you are someone who loves economy and trade, always wondered how money flows, from where does teh goods and services come from, if you ever aspired to run your own busines, then business studies will be a very interesting subject for you.

3. What is the basic study of business studies? 

The basic study of business studies is provides an introduction to business in the fields of management and leadership, accounting, marketing, communication and entrepreneurship.

4. Which degree will be best for studying business?

Degree in Accounting, Management, HR, Economics, Entrepreneurship, Supply Chain Management, Business Administration are some best business degrees you can attempt for. 

5. Who is the Father of Business Studies?

Peter F. Drucker is the ‘Father of Business Studies’. 

6. State any two objectives of the business.

The most important objective of a business is to earn an adequate amount of profit because it is essential for the survival, growth, and expansion of the business. Profit ensures a continuous flow of funds for the modernisation and expansion of future business activities. Profit also indicates the degree of stability, efficiency, and further development of the company structure.

The second objective is to survive for a longer period of time which is possible only when the company is able to cover its cost and earn profit. 

7. Describe the main features of a business. 

The main features of a business are as follows:

Business is an economic activity because it is performed with the aim of earning money and livelihood. It also creates employment opportunities which increase the growth of the economy.

Business includes an act of production/ procurement of goods and services.

Dealings in goods and services on a daily basis that is why it is also called a continuous process.

The main motive of any business is earning profit as it indicates whether the business will run smoothly in future or not.

8. How can I easily learn the Business Studies concepts of Class 11?

To score good marks, one should start by creating notes as it helps keep every topic content organised and easy to revise during exams. 

Instead of blindly learning each and everything that is written in books, one should focus more on conceptual clarity. 

Practise more case study questions.

One should also focus on the presentation, i.e., how to write answers in a comprehensive format. The answers should be written in bullet points as it makes the solutions more presentable and easy to read by the examiner. 

BUSINESS STUDIES PAPER 1 GRADE 12 QUESTIONS - NSC EXAMS PAST PAPERS AND MEMOS NOVEMBER 2020

BUSINESS STUDIES PAPER 1 GRADE 12 NOVEMBER 2020 NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE

INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION Read the following instructions carefully before answering the questions.

  • This question paper consists of THREE sections and covers TWO main topics. SECTION A: COMPULSORY SECTION B: Consists of THREE questions. Answer any TWO of the three questions in this section. SECTION C: Consists of TWO questions. Answer any ONE of the two questions in this section.
  • Read the instructions for each question carefully and take note of what is required. Note that ONLY the first TWO questions in SECTION B and the FIRST question in SECTION C will be marked.
  • Number the answers correctly according to the numbering system used in this question paper. NO marks will be awarded for answers that are numbered incorrectly.
  • Except where other instructions are given, answers must be written in full sentences.
  • Use the mark allocation and nature of each question to determine the length and depth of an answer.
  • Begin the answer to EACH question on a NEW page, e.g. QUESTION 1 – new page, QUESTION 2 – new page.
  • You may use a non-programmable calculator.
  • Write neatly and legibly.

SECTION A (COMPULSORY) QUESTION 1 1.1 Various options are provided as possible answers to the following questions. Choose the answer and write only the letter (A–D) next to the question numbers (1.1.1 to 1.1.5) in the ANSWER BOOK, e.g. 1.1.6 D. 1.1.1 This Act compels businesses to display the prices of all goods and services:

  • Consumer Protection Act, 2008 (Act 68 of 2008)
  • National Credit Act (NCA), 2005 (Act 34 of 2005)
  • Compensation for Occupational Injuries and Diseases Amendment Act (COIDA), 1997 (Act 61 of 1997)
  • Skills Development Act, 1998 (Act 97 of 1998)

1.1.2 Smooth Milkshakes implemented the … diversification strategy when they added fruit shakes to their existing menu.

  • conglomerate

1.1.3 Zuko Transport operates in the … sector as they specialise in delivery services.

1.1.4 Angela Construction facilitates the training of its employees on a regular basis. This is an example of … as a TQM element.

  • continuous skills development
  • adequate financing and capacity
  • monitoring and evaluation of quality processes
  • continuous improvement to processes and systems

1.1.5 This function is responsible for the release of positive press statements in order to boost the image of the business:

  • Public relations
  • General management (5 x 2) (10)

1.2 Complete the following statements by using the word(s) in the list below. Write only the word(s) next to the question numbers (1.2.1 to 1.2.5) in the ANSWER BOOK. director general; administration; unemployment insurance fund; PESTLE; National Credit Act; SWOT; SETAs; housing allowance; purchasing; National Credit Regulator 1.2.1 The role of … is to draw up skills development plans for their specific economic sector. 1.2.2 Businesses that offer goods on credit are required to register with the … 1.2.3 Parkview Consultants compiled a … analysis to investigate the reasons for poor management in the business. 1.2.4 Odwa is entitled to … as a compulsory benefit. 1.2.5 The production manager works closely with the … manager in order to buy the correct quality of raw materials. (5 x 2) (10) 1.3 Choose a description from COLUMN B that matches a term in COLUMN A. Write only the letter (A–J) next to the question numbers (1.3.1 to 1.3.5) in the ANSWER BOOK, e.g. 1.3.6 K.

(5 x 2) (10) TOTAL SECTION A: 30

SECTION B Answer ANY TWO questions in this section. NOTE: Clearly indicate the QUESTION NUMBER of each question that you choose. The answer to EACH question must start on a NEW page, e.g. QUESTION 2 on a NEW page, QUESTION 3 on a NEW page.

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QUESTION 2: BUSINESS ENVIRONMENTS 2.1 Name any TWO types of integration strategies. (2) 2.2 Outline the steps in strategy evaluation.(6) 2.3 Read the scenario below and answer the questions that follow. GERALD TRADING ENTERPRISE (GTE) GTE could not export their products to other countries during the forced lockdown period. Some of their essential employees requested to work from home due to the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Sally Manufacturers delayed the distribution of personal protective equipment to GTE. Use the table below as a GUIDE to answer QUESTIONS 2.3.1 to 2.3.3.

2.3.1 Quote THREE challenges for GTE from the scenario above. (3) 2.3.2 Classify GTE's challenges according to the THREE business environments. (3) 2.3.3 State the extent of control GTE has over EACH business environment named in QUESTION 2.3.2. (3) 2.4 Explain the implications of the following Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment Act (BBBEE) pillars for businesses: 2.4.1 Management control (4) 2.4.2 Skills development (4) 2.5 Read the scenario below and answer the questions that follow. CINDY BOTTLE SUPPLIERS (CBS) Martha, an employee at Cindy Bottle Suppliers, was unfairly dismissed for late coming due to road closures because of a service delivery protest. She referred the matter to the Commission for Conciliation, Mediation and Arbitration (CCMA) as she was not happy with her dismissal. 2.5.1 Identify the Act that is applicable to CBS. Motivate your answer by quoting from the scenario above. (3) 2.5.2 Explain other actions that could be regarded as discriminatory according to the Act identified in QUESTION 2.5.1. (4) 2.6 Recommend ways in which businesses could deal with challenges that are posed by the following PESTLE factors: 2.6.1 Technological (4) 2.6.2 Environmental (4) [40]

QUESTION 3: BUSINESS OPERATIONS 3.1 Name any TWO aspects that should be included in an employment contract. (2) 3.2 Elaborate on the difference between piecemeal and time-related salary determination methods. (4) 3.3 Explain the reasons for the termination of an employment contract. (6) 3.4 Read the scenario below and answer the questions that follow. IKUSASA TRADING LTD (ITL) Ikusasa Trading Ltd recently advertised the position for a financial manager on their notice board in order to find a suitable candidate. 3.4.1 Name the recruitment method used by ITL in the scenario above. (2) 3.4.2 Discuss the impact of the recruitment method stated in QUESTION 3.4.1 on businesses. (6) 3.5 Outline TWO benefits of a good quality management system. (4) 3.6 Explain the quality indicators of the financial function. (4) 3.7 Read the scenario below and answer the question that follows. EXCEL CARPET MANUFACTURERS (ECM) Excel Carpet Manufacturers check the quality of their carpets during and after the production process. The chief executive officer (CEO) of ECM uses different techniques to improve the quality of their product. Identify TWO quality concepts that are applicable to ECM. Motivate your answer by quoting from the scenario above. Use the table below as a GUIDE to answer QUESTION 3.7

(6) 3.8 Evaluate the impact of total client/customer satisfaction on large businesses as a total quality management (TQM) element. (6) [40]

QUESTION 4: MISCELLANEOUS TOPICS

BUSINESS ENVIRONMENTS 4.1 State any FOUR consumer rights as stipulated in the National Credit Act (NCA), 2005 (Act 34 of 2005). (4) 4.2 Identify the force of Porter's Five Forces model that applies to Louisa's Hair Salon in EACH statement below: 4.2.1 Lwazi opened a new hair salon across the street offering services at lower prices than Louisa's Hair Salon. 4.2.2 Louisa's Hair Salon is highly profitable and attracts many new entrepreneurs to enter this market. (4) 4.3. Explain TWO types of defensive strategies. (6) 4.4 Read the scenario below and answer the questions that follow. MAJEED CONSTRUCTION (MC) Majeed Construction ensures that accidents and illnesses that occur in the workplace are reported immediately. 4.4.1 Identify the Act that is applicable to the scenario above. (2) 4.4.2 Advise the management of MC on any other TWO ways in which they can comply with the Act identified in QUESTION 4.4.1. (4)

BUSINESS OPERATIONS 4.5 You have appointed a new employee who needs to be inducted. 4.5.1 State TWO aspects that should be included in an induction programme. (2) 4.5.2 Outline the benefits of induction for businesses. (4) 4.6 Explain the placement procedure as a human resource activity. (4) 4.7 Read the scenario below and answer the questions that follow. PETER SHOES LIMITED (PSL) The management of Peter Shoes Limited continuously improves on their processes and systems. Management always requests quality circles to investigate problems that relate to poor-quality products. Quality circles also increase productivity through regular reviewing of quality processes. 4.7.1 Quote TWO roles of quality circles as part of the continuous improvement to processes and systems in the scenario above. (2) 4.7.2 Explain other roles of quality circles as part of the continuous improvement to processes and systems. (4) 4.8 Suggest ways in which total quality management (TQM) can reduce the cost of quality. (4) [40] TOTAL SECTION B: 80

SECTION C Answer ANY ONE question in this section. NOTE: Clearly indicate the QUESTION NUMBER of the chosen question. The answer to EACH question must start on a NEW page, e.g. QUESTION 5 on a NEW page OR QUESTION 6 on a NEW page.

QUESTION 5: BUSINESS ENVIRONMENTS (LEGISLATION) The Basic Conditions of Employment Act (BCEA), 1997 (Act 75 of 1997) was introduced to redress the imbalances of the past. The provisions of the BCEA protect employees and provide guidelines to employers on how they should comply with this Act. Businesses may face penalties for non-compliance with the BCEA. Write an essay on the BCEA in which you include the following aspects:

  • Outline the purpose of the BCEA.
  • Annual leave
  • Hours of work/Work hours
  • Child and forced labour
  • Discuss the impact of the BCEA on businesses.
  • Advise businesses on penalties that they may face for non-compliance with this Act.

QUESTION 6: BUSINESS OPERATIONS (HUMAN RESOURCES FUNCTION) Delta Manufacturers has a vacancy for a sales executive. The human resources manager implemented the selection procedure after compiling a job analysis. Prospective candidates were invited for an interview. Fringe benefits were offered to the successful candidate. Write an essay on the activities of the human resource function in which you include the following aspects:

  • Outline the selection procedure as a human resource activity.
  • Explain the TWO components of job analysis.
  • Discuss the role of the interviewee during the interview.
  • Evaluate the impact of fringe benefits on Delta Manufacturers as a business.

[40] TOTAL SECTION C: 40 GRAND TOTAL: 150

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Business Studies GCSE Past Papers

This section includes recent GCSE Business and GCSE Economics past papers from AQA, Edexcel, Eduqas, OCR, WJEC and CIE IGCSE. If you are not sure which exam board you are studying ask your teacher. Past exam papers are a fantastic way to prepare for an exam as you can practise the questions in your own time. You can download each of the exam board's papers by clicking the links below.

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People Probably Like You More Than You Think

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A research-backed argument for why we underestimate the impression we make on others.

Do people understand the impressions they make on others or do their anxieties lead them to assume the worst? Across nearly 10 years of research and tens of thousands of observations, the authors have come to this answer: people underestimate how much others like them, and this bias has important implications for how people work together.

Initial conversations can have an outsized impact on how relationships develop over time. Naturally, people often dwell on the impressions they might have made the minute they finish speaking with someone for the first time: “Did they like me or were they just being polite?” “Was my pitch funny or offensive?” “Are they deep in thought or deeply bored?”

  • Erica Boothby is a postdoctoral researcher at the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania, where she teaches negotiations. Her research broadly focuses on social connection and the psychological barriers that inhibit connection, with consequences for people’s personal and professional lives. Prior to arriving at the Wharton School, Erica completed her PhD at Yale University and worked at Cornell University’s Behavioral Economics and Decision Research Center.
  • GC Gus Cooney is a social psychologist who studies conversation and social interaction. He teaches Negotiations at the Wharton School.
  • AM Adam Mastroianni is a social psychologist and research scholar at Northwestern University. He teaches negotiations to MBAs and executives and writes the popular science newsletter  Experimental History .
  • AR Andrew Reece is a behavioral data scientist at BetterUp.
  • Gillian Sandstrom is a senior lecturer in psychology at the University of Sussex. Her research focuses on how to make difficult conversations a little easier (e.g., talking about cancer, miscarriage, bereavement) and how to encourage people to talk to strangers.

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A look at black-owned businesses in the u.s..

The owner of Marcus Book Store, the oldest Black-owned bookstore in the U.S., talks with her employee about a shop display in Oakland, California, in December 2021. (Amy Osborne/The Washington Post via Getty Images)

More than one-in-five Black adults in the United States say owning a business is essential to financial success, according to a September 2023 Pew Research Center survey . While Black-owned businesses have grown significantly in the U.S. in recent years, they still make up a small share of overall firms and revenue, according to our analysis of federal data.

Pew Research Center conducted this analysis to examine the characteristics of Black-owned businesses in the United States. The analysis relies primarily on data from the 2022  Annual Business Survey  (ABS), conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau and the National Science Foundation’s National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics.

The survey – conducted annually since 2017 – includes all non-farm U.S. firms with paid employees and receipts of $1,000 or more in 2021. Firms are defined as businesses “consisting of one or more domestic establishments under its ownership or control.” Majority business ownership is characterized in the survey as having 51% or more of the stock or equity in the firm. The Census Bureau counts multiracial firm owners under all racial categories they identify with; Hispanic firm owners may be of any race. Read more about the ABS methodology .

A bar chart showing that about 3% of U.S. businesses were Black-or African American-owned in 2021.

In 2021, there were 161,031 U.S. firms with majority Black or African American ownership , up from 124,004 in 2017, according to the latest estimates from the Annual Business Survey  (ABS), conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau and the National Science Foundation. Black-owned firms’ gross revenue soared by 43% during this timespan, from an estimated $127.9 billion in 2017 to $183.3 billion in 2021.

Despite this growth, majority Black-owned businesses made up only about 3% of all U.S. firms that were classifiable by the race and ethnicity of their owners in 2021. And they accounted for just 1% of gross revenue from all classifiable companies that year. By comparison, in 2021, roughly 14% of all Americans were Black.

As has  long been the case , White majority-owned businesses made up the greatest share of classifiable firms (85%) and their revenue (93%) in 2021. About one-in-ten classifiable firms (11%) were majority-owned by Asian Americans, and no more than 7% had majority ownership by someone from another racial and ethnic group.

The Annual Business Survey classifies businesses as “majority Black- or African American-owned” if a Black owner has at least 51% equity in the firm. The same standard holds for business owners of other racial and ethnic backgrounds. The U.S. Census Bureau counts multiracial firm owners under all racial categories they identify with; Hispanic firm owners may be of any race. 

Not all U.S. businesses are classifiable by the race or ethnicity of their owners. In 2021, about 4% of all businesses in the U.S. were  not  classifiable by the race and ethnicity of their owners – though these firms accounted for 61% of total revenue. Ownership and revenue figures in this analysis are based on the roughly 5.7 million firms that  were  classifiable by the race and ethnicity of their owners in 2021, most of which are smaller businesses.

How many workers do Black-owned businesses employ?

Black or African American majority-owned firms provided income for roughly 1.4 million workers in 2021. Their annual payrolls were estimated at $53.6 billion.

Still, most Black-owned firms tend to be smaller businesses. Two-thirds had fewer than 10 employees in 2021 ; 13% had 10 to 49 employees and just 3% had 50 or more. Another 16% reported having no employees. (The ABS determines employment size by the number of paid workers during the March 12 pay period.)

What’s the most common sector for Black-owned businesses?

By far, health care and social assistance. About 45,000 of the roughly 161,000 U.S. companies with majority Black or African American ownership, or 28% of the total, were part of this sector in 2021.

Looked at a different way, 7% of  all  classifiable U.S. businesses in the health care and social assistance sector were majority Black-owned that year .

A chart showing that health care and social assistance is the most common sector among Black-or African American-owned businesses.

Other common sectors that year included:

  • Professional, scientific and technical services (comprising 14% of all Black-owned businesses)
  • Administrative and support and waste management and remediation services (8%)
  • Transportation and warehousing (8%)
  • Retail trade (6%)
  • Construction (6%)

Where are Black-owned businesses located?

A map showing that Black- or African American-owned businesses made up greatest share of firms in District of Columbia, Georgia and Maryland in 2021.

Most Black or African American majority-owned businesses (87%) are located in urban areas. Just 5% are in rural areas – that is, places with fewer than 2,500 inhabitants, under  the Census Bureau’s definition .

Some of the most populous states also have the greatest number of Black majority-owned businesses. Florida had 18,502 such businesses in 2021, California had 15,014 and Georgia had 14,394.

Black majority-owned businesses made up the greatest  share  of all classifiable firms in the District of Columbia (15%), Georgia and Maryland (8% each).

Who are Black business owners?

  • They’re more likely to be men than women. Some 53% of Black-owned firms in 2021 had men as their majority owners, while 39% had women majority owners. Another 8% had equal male-female ownership. The gender gap is larger among classifiable U.S. firms overall: 63% were majority-owned by men in 2021, 22% were majority-owned by women and 14% had equal male-female ownership.
  • They tend to be middle-aged. Roughly half (49%) of Black or African American business owners who reported their age group were ages 35 t0 54 in 2021. Another 28% were 55 to 64, and just 7% were younger than 35.
  • A majority have a college degree. Among owners who reported their highest level of education completed, 27% had a bachelor’s degree and 34% had a graduate or professional degree in 2021.

What motivates Black entrepreneurs?

When asked to choose from a list of reasons why they opened their firm, about nine-in-ten Black or African American majority owners who responded said an important reason was the opportunity for greater income; a desire to be their own boss; or wanting the best avenue for their ideas, goods and services. Balancing work and family life (88%) and having flexible hours (85%) were also commonly cited.

For most Black or African American majority owners, their business is their primary source of income . Seven-in-ten of those who reported income information in 2021 said this was the case.

Note: This is an update of a post originally published on Feb. 21, 2023.

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8 facts about Black Americans and the news

Key facts about the nation’s 47.9 million black americans, facts about the u.s. black population, african immigrants in u.s. more religious than other black americans, and more likely to be catholic, across religious groups, a majority of black americans say opposing racism is an essential part of their faith, most popular.

About Pew Research Center Pew Research Center is a nonpartisan fact tank that informs the public about the issues, attitudes and trends shaping the world. It conducts public opinion polling, demographic research, media content analysis and other empirical social science research. Pew Research Center does not take policy positions. It is a subsidiary of The Pew Charitable Trusts .

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APSC Syllabus 2024: PDF Download For Prelims Topics, Check Exam Pattern

Apsc prelims syllabus 2024: the assam public service commission prelims exam syllabus is divided into two papers, i.e., general studies paper i and general studies paper ii. check here for the latest exam pattern and download the syllabus pdf..

Mohd Salman

APSC Syllabus 2024: The Assam Public Service Commission (APSC) has released the APSC prelims syllabus and exam pattern on the official website. All interested and eligible aspirants must check the latest syllabus and create a subject-wise exam strategy accordingly. The APSC prelims syllabus is divided into two papers, i.e., General Studies Paper I and General Studies Paper II.

Along with the APSC syllabus, aspirants must also check the exam pattern to understand the question paper format, maximum marks, and the marking scheme defined by the commission. So, candidates are advised to cover only the topics mentioned in the syllabus.

APSC Syllabus 2024 Overview

Apsc prelims syllabus 2024 pdf, apsc prelims syllabus 2024 important topics, apsc prelims syllabus 2024 for general studies paper i, apsc prelims syllabus 2024 for general studies paper ii, weightage of apsc prelims syllabus 2024.

  • The APSC prelims exam comprises objective-type questions with multiple choices.
  • The preliminary exam will be conducted for a total of 400 marks.
  • There shall be a negative marking of 1/4th mark for each incorrect answer in the prelims exam.
  • Paper II of the APSC prelims exam shall be qualifying in nature, with minimum marks fixed at 33%.

How to Cover APSC Syllabus 2024?

  • Check the APSC prelims syllabus 2024 to cover only chapters important for the preliminary exam. 
  • Pick the top-rated books and study material to learn the basic topics and core chapters.
  • Attempt mock tests and APSC prelims previous year's question papers to determine their strengths and improve the overall performance.
  • Maintain notes for all the important topics and revise them regularly to achieve favourable scores in the exam.

Best Books for APSC Prelims Syllabus 2024

  • NCERTs for History, Geography, Polity, Economy, and General Science
  • India’s Ancient Past by R.S. Sharma
  • History of Mediaeval India by Satish Chandra
  • History of Modern India by Bipin Chandra
  • Geography of India by Majid Hussain
  • World and Physical Geography by D.R. Khulhar
  • Indian Polity by M.Laxmikanth
  • Indian Economy by Ramesh Singh
  • Science and Technology in India by Ravi.P.Agrahari
  • Analytical Reasoning by M K Pandey
  • Fast Track Objective Arithmetic by Rajesh Verma
  • A Modern Approach to Verbal and non-verbal Reasoning by R.S Aggarwal

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  • What is the APSC prelims syllabus 2024? + The APSC prelims syllabus is divided into two papers, i.e., General Studies Paper I and General Studies Paper II.
  • What is the APSC prelims exam pattern? + As per the APSC exam pattern, the prelims exam consists of objective-type questions with multiple choice for 400 marks. Each paper will be conducted for 2 hours.
  • How do you prepare for the APSC Prelims Syllabus 2024? + To ace the APSC prelims exam, one must follow the APSC syllabus and practise unlimited questions from mock tests and PYQs for better results.
  • Is there any negative marking in the APSC Prelims 2024 Exam? + Yes. There shall be a negative marking of one-fourth or 1/4th mark for every wrong answer in the APSC prelims 2024 exam.
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Stanford Medicine study identifies distinct brain organization patterns in women and men

Stanford Medicine researchers have developed a powerful new artificial intelligence model that can distinguish between male and female brains.

February 20, 2024

sex differences in brain

'A key motivation for this study is that sex plays a crucial role in human brain development, in aging, and in the manifestation of psychiatric and neurological disorders,' said Vinod Menon. clelia-clelia

A new study by Stanford Medicine investigators unveils a new artificial intelligence model that was more than 90% successful at determining whether scans of brain activity came from a woman or a man.

The findings, published Feb. 20 in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, help resolve a long-term controversy about whether reliable sex differences exist in the human brain and suggest that understanding these differences may be critical to addressing neuropsychiatric conditions that affect women and men differently.

“A key motivation for this study is that sex plays a crucial role in human brain development, in aging, and in the manifestation of psychiatric and neurological disorders,” said Vinod Menon , PhD, professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences and director of the Stanford Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience Laboratory . “Identifying consistent and replicable sex differences in the healthy adult brain is a critical step toward a deeper understanding of sex-specific vulnerabilities in psychiatric and neurological disorders.”

Menon is the study’s senior author. The lead authors are senior research scientist Srikanth Ryali , PhD, and academic staff researcher Yuan Zhang , PhD.

“Hotspots” that most helped the model distinguish male brains from female ones include the default mode network, a brain system that helps us process self-referential information, and the striatum and limbic network, which are involved in learning and how we respond to rewards.

The investigators noted that this work does not weigh in on whether sex-related differences arise early in life or may be driven by hormonal differences or the different societal circumstances that men and women may be more likely to encounter.

Uncovering brain differences

The extent to which a person’s sex affects how their brain is organized and operates has long been a point of dispute among scientists. While we know the sex chromosomes we are born with help determine the cocktail of hormones our brains are exposed to — particularly during early development, puberty and aging — researchers have long struggled to connect sex to concrete differences in the human brain. Brain structures tend to look much the same in men and women, and previous research examining how brain regions work together has also largely failed to turn up consistent brain indicators of sex.

test

Vinod Menon

In their current study, Menon and his team took advantage of recent advances in artificial intelligence, as well as access to multiple large datasets, to pursue a more powerful analysis than has previously been employed. First, they created a deep neural network model, which learns to classify brain imaging data: As the researchers showed brain scans to the model and told it that it was looking at a male or female brain, the model started to “notice” what subtle patterns could help it tell the difference.

This model demonstrated superior performance compared with those in previous studies, in part because it used a deep neural network that analyzes dynamic MRI scans. This approach captures the intricate interplay among different brain regions. When the researchers tested the model on around 1,500 brain scans, it could almost always tell if the scan came from a woman or a man.

The model’s success suggests that detectable sex differences do exist in the brain but just haven’t been picked up reliably before. The fact that it worked so well in different datasets, including brain scans from multiple sites in the U.S. and Europe, make the findings especially convincing as it controls for many confounds that can plague studies of this kind.

“This is a very strong piece of evidence that sex is a robust determinant of human brain organization,” Menon said.

Making predictions

Until recently, a model like the one Menon’s team employed would help researchers sort brains into different groups but wouldn’t provide information about how the sorting happened. Today, however, researchers have access to a tool called “explainable AI,” which can sift through vast amounts of data to explain how a model’s decisions are made.

Using explainable AI, Menon and his team identified the brain networks that were most important to the model’s judgment of whether a brain scan came from a man or a woman. They found the model was most often looking to the default mode network, striatum, and the limbic network to make the call.

The team then wondered if they could create another model that could predict how well participants would do on certain cognitive tasks based on functional brain features that differ between women and men. They developed sex-specific models of cognitive abilities: One model effectively predicted cognitive performance in men but not women, and another in women but not men. The findings indicate that functional brain characteristics varying between sexes have significant behavioral implications.

“These models worked really well because we successfully separated brain patterns between sexes,” Menon said. “That tells me that overlooking sex differences in brain organization could lead us to miss key factors underlying neuropsychiatric disorders.”

While the team applied their deep neural network model to questions about sex differences, Menon says the model can be applied to answer questions regarding how just about any aspect of brain connectivity might relate to any kind of cognitive ability or behavior. He and his team plan to make their model publicly available for any researcher to use.

“Our AI models have very broad applicability,” Menon said. “A researcher could use our models to look for brain differences linked to learning impairments or social functioning differences, for instance — aspects we are keen to understand better to aid individuals in adapting to and surmounting these challenges.”

The research was sponsored by the National Institutes of Health (grants MH084164, EB022907, MH121069, K25HD074652 and AG072114), the Transdisciplinary Initiative, the Uytengsu-Hamilton 22q11 Programs, the Stanford Maternal and Child Health Research Institute, and the NARSAD Young Investigator Award.

About Stanford Medicine

Stanford Medicine is an integrated academic health system comprising the Stanford School of Medicine and adult and pediatric health care delivery systems. Together, they harness the full potential of biomedicine through collaborative research, education and clinical care for patients. For more information, please visit med.stanford.edu .

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NSC Nov 2021 Business Studies P1

This is Business Studies Paper 1 for National Senior Certificate November 2021. Grade 12 learners will benefit greatly when using it as part of their examination preparation.

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