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Domestic and Sexual Violence in Filipino Communities, 2018

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Violence Against Women Research Database

The philippines.

The presentation uses case studies from Bulgaria and the Philippines to analyze the effectiveness of CEDAW on a state-level. 

In September 2011, a woman by the name of Shiela Macapugay hid a .38 caliber gun in the lining of her bag that was undetected by the security in the mall where her husband was working. She fired a fatal shot at her husband and in her attempt to kill herself immediately thereafter, also killed the security guard who tried to stop her from committing suicide.

The demise of Macapugay’s husband was not a simple but common occurrence. Her husband abandoned her and their child to be with another woman, and denied them of support. These are acts of violence against women protected by Republic Act No. 9262, otherwise known as the Anti-Violence Against Women and Children Act of 2004. Sheila Macapugay is now facing charges of both parricide and murder for the tragedy. If convicted, she will suffer a fate of imprisonment, reclusion perpetua. Fortunately, because of RA 9262, she has a defense available. Her counsel may present evidence that she was suffering from Battered Woman Syndrome (BWS), a justifying circumstance under RA 9262.

  Notably, years ago before there was RA 9262, a policewoman, who was battered by her husband, shot him. She pleaded guilty, and years later, was released on parole. Such case would have been a good test case for BWS as a defense but there was no RA 9262 then. This paper will discuss the legal concepts, as well as the issues and problems of BWS as a legal defense, and the role of psychiatrists, psychologists, barangay officials and counselors. Macapugay’s case has been witnessed by society and jurisprudence since time immemorial, and now, it is a good test case to use the innovations created in RA 9262.

http://www.genderit.org/resources/submission-upr-women-s-access-justice-...

The submission to the UPR process elaborated by the Women´s Legal and Human Rights  Bureau, Inc from the Philippines addresses the issue of women’s access to justice in the country, which highlights technology-related violence against women  (VAW) as an emerging form of VAW. The submission also looks at the gaps and challenges in available domestic remedies to survivors of violence and abuse against women online, criticizing that existing laws on VAW do not guarantee the prosecution of technology-related VAW. It further highlights the importance of women’s access to the internet  and their representation in policy  processes as integral to their right to access to justice.

http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/jurisprudence.htm

CEDAW/C/46/D/18/2008

In 1996, Karen Tayag Vertido worked as Executive Director of the Davao City Chamber of Commerce and Industry in the Philippines.  She filed a complaint against the then President of the Chamber, Jose B. Custodio, accusing him of raping her.  She alleged that the accused offered her a lift home following a business meeting one evening and that, instead, raped her in a nearby hotel.

Ms Vertido subsequently submitted a communication to the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW Committee).  She alleged that the acquittal of Mr Custodio breached the right to non-discrimination, the right to an effective remedy, and the freedom from wrongful gender stereotyping, in violation of articles 2(c), 2(d), 2(f) and 5(a) of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW).

http://www.amnesty.org.ph/reports/

Violence against women (VAW), in its various forms – physical, psychological and sexual – continues to be pervasive in the Philippines. Violence against women by State actors was highlighted at the time of martial rule when detained women suffered sexual abuse, torture and other ill-treatment. The human rights issue was largely viewed as State violence, and minimal attention was given to VAW by non-State actors or private individuals, particularly in inter-relational contexts. 

Since   1995,   violence   against   women   (VAW)   has   captured   the attention  of the  government  and  legislators  in  the  Philippines  as  a  result  of the  demand  of  a  growing  women’s  human  rights  movement  and  the  State Obligation  of  the  Philippine  Government  under  the  Convention  on  the Elimination  of  All  Forms  of  Discrimination  Against  Women,  its  Optional Protocol as well as other international conventions. The Beijing Conference on Women in 1995 heightened the demand of women’s rights advocates for laws protecting women from violence all over the world.

Progressive reforms in laws protecting women  were brought about by several factors beginning with the democratization process that started in the 1986 People Power  Revolution after the fall of the Marcos dictatorship, the  1987  Constitution  that  has  specific  provisions  on  the  rights  of  women and fundamental equality before the law of men and women, the increasing number  of  women’s  organizations  in  the  provinces  with  links  to  Metro Manila based women’s human rights organizations, and the participation of women  legislations  who  are  becoming  increasingly  aware  of  the  need  for gender  equality  and  the  elimination  of  VAW.  This  period  marks  the contribution  of  women  legislators  who  were  elected  in  the  1992  elections and thereafter.

Since 1995, violence against women (VAW) has captured the attention of the government and legislators in the Philippines, propelled by the demand of a growing women’s human rights movement and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, its Optional Protocol as well as other international conventions. The Beijing Conference on Women in 1995 heightened the demand of women’s rights advocates for laws protecting women from violence.

Progressive reforms in laws protecting women was brought about by several factors beginning with the democratization process that began in the 1986 People Power Revolution after the fall of the Marcos dictatorship, the 1987 Constitution that has specific provisions on the rights of women and fundamental equality before the law of men and women, the increasing number of women’s organizations in the provinces with links to Metro Manila based women’s rights organizations, and the participation of women legislations who are becoming increasingly aware of the need for gender equality and the elimination of VAW. This period marks the contribution of women legislators who were elected in the 1988 elections and thereafter. 

http://www.usaid.gov/gsearch/philippines%2Bnational%2Bsurvey%2B2008

Document is top result

The National Statistics Office (NSO) is pleased to present this final report on the 2008 National Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS). The survey is the ninth in a series of surveys conducted every five years since 1968 designed to assess the demographic and health situation in the country. The 2008 NDHS provides basic indicators on fertility, childhood mortality, contraceptive knowledge and use, maternal and child health, nutritional status of mothers and children, and knowledge, attitude and behavior regarding HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis. For the first time, data on violence against women were collected in this round of the DHS. Fieldwork for the 2008 NDHS was carried out from August 7 to September 27, 2008 covering a national sample of approximately 13,000 households and 14,000 women aged 15 to 49 years.

Trafficking in persons, especially in women and children, is a highly lucrative business worldwide. Millions of women and girls, mostly from poor countries, are trafficked globally into the sex industry. They are traded as objects or goods to be used like any commodity. This human rights problem has been the subject of  various international instruments, including, notably, the 1949 Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and of the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others. Trafficking victimizes mostly women and girls because of gender discrimination and their vulnerability.

In response to this problem, many countries have signed or acceded to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) which obliges States to pass laws to stop trafficking. The Philippines ratified this convention in 1981. These international instruments notwithstanding, trafficking continues unabated, with syndicates preying on vulnerable women and children from developing countries like the Philippines, Cambodia and Thailand. It thrives as a very lucrative business because there is an existing demand for cheap labor, sex slaves, and organs of human beings. Traffickers take advantage of the lack of laws and inadequate government policies, poor law enforcement, corruption in government, political and economic conditions of the countries of origin, as well as the domestic situations of their target  victims.

http://www.omct.org/rights-of-the-child/reports-and-publications/philipp...

Writing alternative reports is one of the main activities of the OMCT and a vital source of information for the members of the Human Rights Committee. With these reports, it is possible to see the situation as objectively as possible and take a critical look at government action to eradicate torture.

Under the aegis of the European Union and the Swiss Confederation, the “Special Procedures” program presented this report on state violence and torture in the Philippines at the 79th session of the Human rights Committee, which took place in Geneva from 20th October to 7th November 2003 and during which the Government’s report of the Philippines was examined.

The study is divided into three parts. Part I provides a general overview of torture and inhuman or degrading treatments (in prisons in particular) committed by state officials. Parts II and III deal with torture and inhuman or degrading treatments of women and children respectively. This rather novel approach sheds light on the situation of particularly vulnerable groups of people. The Human Rights Committee’s Concluding Observations and Recommendations adopted following examination of the Filipino Government’s Report are included in the Appendices.

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  • v.8(9); 2016 Sep

The Relationship between Intimate Partner Violence and Family Planning among Girls and Young Women in the Philippines

Laura cordisco tsai.

1 George Mason University Department of Social Work, Fairfax, VA, USA

Claudia Cappa

2 United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), New York, NY, USA

Nicole Petrowski

This study explored the relationship between intimate partner violence (IPV) and family planning among adolescent girls and young women in formal unions in the Philippines. Analyzing a sample (n =1,566) from the 2013 Philippines Demographic and Health Survey, logistic regression models were separately run for current contraception use and unmet need for family planning on recent physical violence (yes/no), recent sexual violence (yes/no), and recent emotional (yes/no). Findings revealed that the odds of using contraception were significantly higher among girls and young women who reported recent physical IPV (OR=1.84; 95% CI=1.13, 2.99; p<0.05) and sexual IPV (OR=2.18; 95% CI=1.17, 4.06; p<0.05). No significant relationship between recent emotional IPV and contraception use was found. Having an unmet need for family planning showed no significant relationship to IPV. The study adds to a growing body of literature revealing a positive association between IPV and contraception use. Findings hold implications for the provision of family planning services for adolescents and young women in response to the recent passage of landmark legislation pertaining to reproductive health in the Philippines, the Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act.

1. Introduction

The perpetration of violence at the hands of intimate partners is a serious public health and human rights concern for girls and women throughout the world. An estimated one in three adolescent girls aged 15 to 19 worldwide have experienced emotional, physical or sexual intimate partner violence (IPV) from their husbands or partners at some point in their lives (United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), 2014 ). In the Philippines, adolescent girls and young women report the highest rates of IPV and physical violence during pregnancy of any age group in the country ( Philippine Statistics Authority & ICF International, 2014 ). Little attention has, however, been given to the experiences of partner violence among girls and young women in the Philippines, with the majority of research pertaining to IPV from the country focusing on older women. Partner violence can have devastating consequences for the health, wellbeing and development of adolescents and young people. Partner violence has been associated with depression ( Chandra, Satyanarayana, & Carey, 2009 ; Wong, Tiwari, Fong, Humphreys & Bullock, 2011 ), anxiety ( Pico-Alfonso et al., 2006 ), post-traumatic stress disorder ( Le, Tran, Nguyen, & Fisher, 2014 ), suicidality ( Devries et al., 2011 ), and heightened risk behavior, such as substance use and high-risk sexual behavior ( Coker, 2007 ). IPV can also be detrimental to the reproductive and sexual health of adolescents and young women, resulting in unwanted pregnancies, induced abortion, sexually transmitted infections, maternal morbidity and mortality, among others ( Chambliss, 2008 ; Coker, 2007 ).

Globally, research pertaining to girls’ experiences of IPV and their family planning decisions is limited. Research with adult females from several countries has revealed that women who experience IPV have less control over their own fertility. For instance, research in the United States has found that women in violent relationships report fear of violence as a barrier to contraceptive use, with some studies indicating that abusive partners make decisions about contraceptive use as a means of exercising control over their partners ( Williams, Larsen, & McCloskey, 2008 ). Women in the United States and Colombia who experience violence have been found more likely to report difficulties negotiating contraceptive use, more likely to report unintended pregnancies, and less likely to select their preferred method of contraception ( Coggins, & Bullock, 2003 ; Pallitto, Campbell, & O’Campo, 2005 ; Pallitto & O’Campo, 2004 ; Williams, Larsen, & McCloskey, 2008 ). Similarly, another study conducted in Jordan suggested that women who have experienced IPV are more likely to have partners who have interfered with their efforts to avoid pregnancy ( Clark et al., 2008 ). Women whose partners sabotage or are indifferent to their use of contraception are vulnerable to pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) ( Moore, Frohwirth, & Miller, 2010 ).

By contrast, other studies have found a positive association between IPV and contraceptive use. For instance, a study with married adult women in Cebu province in the Philippines found that ever having used modern contraception was positively associated with experiences of physical IPV among adult women ( Hindin, & Adair, 2002 ). Another study of 6 Sub-Saharan African countries (Note 1) found that women who had experienced some form of IPV used contraception at a significantly higher rate than women who did not report any IPV ( Alio, Daley, Nana, Duan & Salihu, 2009 ). In analyzing data from ten DHS national surveys from all world regions, Hindin, Kishor, and Ansara (2008) found that in 7 (Note 2) out of 10 countries, ever having used contraception was positively associated with IPV.

However, some studies have also found unique associations between different forms of IPV and family planning. For instance, a study analyzing DHS data of ever-married adult women in Jordan revealed that women who reported ever experiencing severe physical IPV were significantly less likely to use contraception, women who reported ever experiencing sexual IPV were more likely to use contraception, and emotional violence showed no relationship to contraception use ( O’Hara, Tsai, Carlson, & Haidar, 2013 ). In contrast, Williams et al. (2008) found physical and emotional IPV to be negatively associated with contraception use and found no significant relationship between sexual IPV and contraception use.

These mixed findings underscore a general uncertainty in the literature regarding the directional, temporal, and causal relationship between IPV and contraception use. While the majority of empirical research indicates that contraception use and IPV are significantly associated, there are distinct findings to support: 1) IPV as negatively associated with contraception use, 2) IPV as positively associated with contraception use, 3) the relationship varying per type of IPV, and 4) the significance of any potential association as predicated on the temporal ordering of contraception use and IPV. Further, the vast majority of prior research on this topic has focused on the experiences of adult women; how these dynamics play out in the lives of girls and young women in formal unions has been understudied.

1.1 Philippines Context

The Southeast Asian region has seen a general decline in marriage and fertility in recent decades and an increase in age at first marriage ( Jones, 2005 ; Jones & Yeung, 2014 ). Substantial variation across and between countries, however, remains ( Williams, Kambalan, & Ogena, 2007 ). The Philippines is the only predominately Catholic country in Southeast Asia, with more than 80% of the population identifying as Roman Catholic. The Catholic Church maintains a very strong presence in political, social and cultural life in the Philippines ( Austria, 2004 ). In prior decades, the Philippines held one of the lowest rates of adolescent marriage in Southeast Asia. However, by 2000, the Philippines had one of the highest rates of adolescent marriage in the region, after significant declines in other countries ( Jones, 2011 ). One of the key determinants of age at first marriage among young women in the Philippines is their level of education, with increased education delaying age at first marriage ( Abalos, 2014 ). A girl who marries early may find herself in a vulnerable position in relation to her partner and his family, as she may be more economically dependent than her unmarried peers and may be separated from other sources of social support ( UNICEF, 2001 , 2011 ). Further, early marriage is associated with higher rates of intimate partner violence among females ( Le et al., 2014 ; Rahman, Hoque, Mostofa, & Makinoda, 2014 ). Divorce is, however, illegal in the Philippines, making it difficult for young women to leave violent partnerships.

Although early marriage commonly results in early pregnancy, the topic of contraception use among girls and young women in the Philippines is highly controversial. Abortion is illegal in the Philippines, and the use of modern forms of contraception is not only widely opposed, but also prohibitively expensive for households in poverty. Premarital sex is discouraged among youth – particularly for girls – and many young people remain uninformed about reproductive health services ( Blanc, Tsui, Croft, & Trevitt, 2009 ; Mello, Powlowski, Juan, Nanagas, & Bossert, 2006 ; Upadhyay & Hindin, 2007 ). Social systems, such as schools, families, and health programs, have not traditionally provided the information necessary for Filipino youth to make informed decisions surrounding sexual and reproductive health issues ( Upadhyay, & Hindin, 2007 ; Austria, 2004 ). Although fertility rates have dropped close to replacement levels in much of Southeast Asia, the Philippines maintains a fertility level comparable to that of the 1980s ( Jones, 2013 ). Rates of teenage pregnancy in the Philippines are among the highest in Southeast Asia. Girls and young women report the lowest usage of contraception and having the highest unmet need for family planning services of all age groups in the Philippines ( Huang Soo Lee & Cheng, 2012 ; Philippine Statistics Authority & ICF International, 2014 ). Adolescents with an unmet need for family planning are at risk for unintended pregnancies; some of these adolescents will resort to illegal (and often unsafe) abortions ( Guttmacher Institute, 2015 ).

This paper meets a gap in the literature by exploring the relationship between experiences of intimate partner violence and the use of family planning methods among girls and young women in formal unions in the Philippines. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to explore this subject among minors and young women using a population-based sample. The current study utilized the 2013 Philippines Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data to address the following research question: Is the use of family planning significantly associated with intimate partner violence among adolescent girls and young women in the Philippines? The study hypothesis is that there is a significant positive relationship between IPV and use of family planning methods, since prior research in the Philippines has found a positive relationship between the two among adult women ( Hindin, & Adair, 2002 ). As this study was based on publicly available data, institutional review board approval was not sought.

2. Methodology

The DHS encompasses a nationally representative sample of girls and women in the Philippines aged 15 to 49 years. The sample selection methodology was based on a stratified two-stage sample design, utilizing the 2010 Philippines Census of Population and Housing (CPH) as a frame. In this study, 14,804 households were successfully interviewed, representing a response rate of 99.4 percent. The DHS domestic violence module, entitled the ‘women’s safety module’ in this survey, was administered to 10,963 girls and women, with a response rate of 96.4 percent. For the current paper, data analysis was restricted to respondents aged 15 to 24 years who reported being in a formal union (either being married or living with a partner as if married). As such, the total sample size for this paper was 1,566 participants, including 1,112 respondents who participated in the women’s safety module ( Philippine Statistics Authority & ICF International, 2014 ).

2.2 Measurement

Independent variables included experiences of physical, sexual and emotional partner violence in the past 12 months (recent IPV). In the DHS survey, IPV questions were based on the Revised Conflict Tactics Scale ( Straus et al., 1996 ). Physical violence included pushing, shaking, throwing something at subject, slapping, twisting arm, pulling hair, punching or hitting with something that could hurt, kicking, dragging, beating up, choking, burning, and threatening and attacking with a knife, gun or other weapon. Sexual violence included: physically forcing girl/woman to engage in sexual intercourse or other sexual acts she did not want to engage in, forcing with threats or in any other way to engage in sexual intercourse or other sexual acts she did not want to engage in, and trying or attempting to force, persuade, or threaten girl/woman to engage in sexual intercourse or other sexual acts against her will. Emotional violence included humiliating girl/woman in front of others, threatening harm to self or someone the girl/woman cared about, and insulting the subject. Current use of contraception and an unmet need for family planning served as the dependent variables for the study. Current use of contraception included modern forms (e.g. intrauterine device, pill, condoms), traditional forms (e.g. withdrawal, rhythm method) and folkloric methods. An unmet need for family planning was defined as having an unmet need for birth spacing, an unmet need for birth limiting, and/or birth spacing or limiting failure.

As indicators of perceived gender roles and women’s status, we also included questions pertaining to girls’ and young women’s attitudes toward wife beating and decision making regarding contraception use. To understand their attitudes toward wife beating, respondents were asked if they approved of wife beating under a series of conditions, including the wife going out without husband’s permission, neglecting children, arguing with husband, refusing to have sexual relations with husband, and burning the food. To assess girls and women’s involvement in decision making regarding contraception usage, participants were asked: Would you say that using contraception is mainly your decision, mainly your husband/partner’s decision, or did you both decide together? Responses included mainly respondent, mainly husband, joint decision and other.

2.3 Data Analysis

Analysis was conducted using Stata/IC , version 11.0. We used chi-squared tests of independence to compare the age group of participants (15 to 19 and 20 to 24) by relevant socio-demographic characteristics and decision making regarding contraceptive use. Additionally, we utilized chi-square tests of independence to compare the percentage of girls and young women who reported using/not using contraception by attitudes toward wife beating and types of recent IPV experienced.

We conducted three logistic regression models to explore the relationship between current contraception use, recent physical IPV, recent sexual IPV, and recent emotional IPV among girls and young women in formal unions. We also ran three logistic regression models to explore the relationship between having an unmet need for family planning, recent physical IPV, recent sexual IPV, and recent emotional IPV. All of the logistic regression models controlled for the following covariates: participant’s age (continuous), marital status, highest level of education attended or completed (none/primary, secondary or higher), wealth quintile, residence (urban vs. rural), religion (Roman Catholic or other), respondent currently working (yes/no), age at first cohabitation with partner, total number of children, whether wife beating is ever justified by participant in any circumstance (yes/no), and the region of the Philippines in which the participant was residing at the time of the study.

3.1 Characteristics of Study Sample

Out of 1,566 girls and young women aged 15 to 24 included in the study, 1,247 (80%) were aged 20 or above. Almost 20% of participants had only attended primary school or less, including 29% of those in the youngest age group. Girls aged 15 to 19 were significantly more likely than young women aged 20 to 24 to be in the poorest wealth quintile. Nearly three-fourths of participants reported being Catholic.

Young women aged 20 to 24 were significantly more likely than girls 15 to 19 to be married rather than cohabiting with a partner, with 50% of young women reporting being married compared to 24% of girls aged 15 to 19. On average, girls started cohabiting with a partner at the age of 16, while young women aged 20 to 24 started cohabiting with a partner at an average age of 19. Most respondents reported having an older partner, with an average age gap between respondents and their partners of 4.6 years. Among girls aged 15 to 19 years, the mean age of their partners was 22.9 years. The mean age of the partners of young women aged 20 to 24 was 26.8 years. However, 10.2% of all respondents reported having a partner that was at least 10 years older than them.

A total of 18% of participants were pregnant at the time of the study. Girls were significantly more likely to be pregnant at the time of the study than young women (p<0.000), with over one-fourth (26%) of adolescent girls reporting being pregnant during the study. The majority of participants (70%) already had one or two children at the time of the study. Less than half of participants reported using contraception (see Table 1 ).

Socio-demographic characteristics of study sample (n = 1,566)

3.2 Girls and Young Women’s Empowerment

The majority of participants (81%) reported that they made decisions about their contraceptive use jointly with their partners (see Table 2 ). Roughly 1 in 8 girls and young women noted they made these decisions on their own, while 7% said their partners made the decision. Young women were significantly more likely to report joint decision making with their partners.

Decision making regarding contraception use by age (n = 1,566)

Almost one-fifth (18%) of participants indicated that wife beating was at times justified, with the most commonly reported reason being if the wife neglected the children (14%). Girls were more likely to report wife beating as justified than young women, but the difference was not statistically significant. As reflected in Table 3 , girls and young women who reported that wife beating was justified under some circumstances were significantly less likely to use contraception.

Attitudes toward wife beating by current contraception use (n = 1,566)

3.3 Experiences of Violence and Use of Contraception

Exploratory data analysis revealed that 22% of girls and young women reported having experienced IPV in the past 12 months. Emotional violence was the most commonly reported form of violence, followed by physical IPV and sexual IPV. Less than half of girls and young women reported currently using some form of contraception, including 35% of girls and 49% of young women. Girls and young women who reported experiencing recent physical, sexual and emotional violence were significantly more likely to report using some form of contraception (see Table 4 ).

Types of intimate partner violence among girls and young women by contraception use (n = 1,113)

3.4 Logistic Regressions

Controlling for all aforementioned covariates, the odds of currently using contraception were on average significantly higher for girls and young women who reported recently experiencing physical IPV (Model 1 OR=1.84; 95% CI=1.13, 2.99; p<0.05). The odds of currently using contraception were also on average significantly higher for girls and young women who reported recent sexual IPV (Model 2 OR=2.18; 95% CI=1.17, 4.06; p<0.05). No significant relationship between recent experiences of emotional violence and current contraception use was found (Model 3 OR=1.47; 95% CI=0.98, 2.20; p=0.06), as reflected in Table 5 . Across all three models, the odds of using contraception were significantly higher when girls and young women were married as opposed to cohabiting only; the odds of using contraception also increased significantly with each additional child they bore. None of the logistic regression models for unmet need for family planning on any of the types of IPV were significant (results not shown).

Logistic regression models of current contraception use and intimate partner violence (n=1,113)

4. Discussion

The capacity of girls and young women in formal unions to control their fertility and choice of family planning methods is critical for their safety and development. The ability to plan the timing, number and spacing of their children without experiencing violence gives girls and young women freedom to plan the rest of their lives and prioritize their own education and growth. Unplanned pregnancies can limit girls’ and young women’s schooling and employment prospects ( Blanc et al., 2009 ), deepening economic dependence upon their partners and potentially heightening their risk for experiencing violence ( Heise, 2011 ; Postmus, Plummer, McMahon, Murshid, & Kim, 2012 ; Vyas & Watts, 2009 ). Unintended pregnancies are also associated with a range of adverse health outcomes for young mothers and infants, including delayed use of prenatal care, low birth weight, perinatal mortality, and postpartum complications ( Pallitto et al., 2005 ). With over one-fifth of girls and young women in unions in this population-based sample reporting an unmet need for family planning (including more than one in four adolescent girls), the public health implications of increasing knowledge of family planning methods and access to contraception among youth in the Philippines are considerable.

The results of this study add to the existing body of literature that has revealed a positive relationship between various forms of IPV and contraception use ( Alio et al., 2009 ; Ansara & Hindin, 2009 ; Fanslow et al., 2008 ; Hindin & Adair, 2002 ; O’Hara et al., 2013 ). While the reasons for this relationship cannot be ascertained from the current study, one possible explanation that has been suggested in the literature is that women in abusive relationships may attempt to prevent pregnancy because they do not want to bring a child into a violent family setting ( Alio et al., 2009 ; Hindin & Adair, 2002 ). Regardless of the reasons behind the association, these findings suggest the importance of adequately addressing and responding to partner violence when providing sexual health services to girls and young women in the Philippines. In April 2014, the Philippines Supreme Court removed a ban on the Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act after a decade of fierce opposition ( Guttmacher Institute, 2015 ). This landmark legislation mandates that the Filipino government increase access to reproductive health services, particularly among impoverished Filipinos, and provide sex education to public school students aged 10 to 19. The passage of this legislation creates a unique opportunity to address the sexual and reproductive health needs of adolescents and young people in the Philippines, as well as other inter-linked social issues such as partner violence.

Research in other contexts has shown that young adult women attending family planning clinics report higher rates of IPV in comparison to their peers ( Miller et al., 2010 ). Prior studies have also found that clinic-based IPV assessment can be a critical step in identifying partner violence (Chang et al., 2003), highlighting the potential of health clinics providing family planning services to asses for IPV and link patients to broader IPV services. IPV screening could be incorporated as a component of sexual health care for girls and young women in the Philippines, as health facilities can provide a neutral venue for IPV service providers to gain access to girls and young women experiencing partner violence. Training should be provided to health care personnel to increase their capacity to identify the signs of partner violence, properly and safely screen for partner violence, and provide emergency and other referral services for girls and young women who disclose partner violence in health facility settings. It is also recommended that sex education sessions in public schools incorporate attention to gendered dynamics in youth sexual relationships and include education regarding consent, sexual negotiation, and partner violence. Health and sex education programs for youth should equip youth to reject violence as part of healthy relationships and to develop effective conflict resolution behaviors in relationships ( Kaestle, & Halpern, 2005 ).

Study limitations include the self-reported and cross-sectional nature of the data. The potential for underreporting is a key concern in violence research due to social stigma, the sensitivity of the topic and concerns about privacy and safety ( Pallitto & O’Campo, 2004 ; Shoultz et al., 2010 ). Given the cross-sectional nature of the study, it is unclear whether experiencing IPV leads girls to take steps to prevent pregnancy, whether utilizing contraception places girls at heightened risk for partner violence, or if the relationship is bi-directional. More exact temporal measurement is needed to speak to causal relationships. Further qualitative research is recommended in order to better define the association mechanisms between IPV and family planning for girls and young women in the Filipino cultural context.

Despite limitations, this study makes an important contribution to the global literature as it is the first study, to the authors’ knowledge, that has explored the intersection of partner violence and family planning specifically among girls and young women in the Philippines. Study findings highlight the importance of health care professionals understanding the connection between partner violence and family planning as sexual health services are expanded for youth in response to the Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act. While heightened efforts are needed to ensure that contraceptive services are provided to youth in an accessible, non-judgmental and confidential manner, it will also be critical for health care professionals to also understand the connection between IPV and the use of contraceptive methods. The rollout of this legislation provides a unique opportunity to not only increase access to sexual health services, but also to screen for IPV and provide necessary emergency and support services to girls and young women experiencing partner violence.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

Note 1. Countries included Cameroon, Kenya, Malawi, Rwanda, Uganda, and Zimbabwe.

Note 2. Countries included Bangladesh, Bolivia, the Dominican Republic, Haiti, Kenya, Malawi, and Zimbabwe.

Philippine Legal Research

Philippine Legal Research

research paper about domestic violence in the philippines

Behind Closed Doors: Domestic Violence Against Women and Children on the Rise during the Pandemic

By: Ron Jacob Almaiz, Frances Zarah de la Peña, Jam Louisse Natan

research paper about domestic violence in the philippines

INTRODUCTION

Domestic violence against women and children goes a long way back in the history of the Philippines. Although violence is a threat to everyone, women and children are particularly susceptible to become victims of such, due to a variety of factors, one of which may include lack of appropriate means of protection, thereby contributing more to the risk of domestic violence. Up to this day, domestic violence against women and children is still very much present in our society and it continues to be a serious public concern. The fact that many are still suffering from it cannot be denied.

The pandemic that we are currently facing further heightens women’s and children’s vulnerability to violence in a domestic setting. Movement since the start of the quarantine in the Philippines has been restricted and victims have spent more time enclosed in their homes with their abusers. Data from the PCW obtained by Rappler shows that 804 incidents of gender-based violence and violence against women and children were reported from March 15 to April 30 – the period when Luzon and other parts of the country were on lockdown. The number was taken by PCW from the Philippine National Police’s Women Children Protection Center (PNP-WCPC). This decreased number of cases as compared to the previous months could mean many different things. This could mean that the cases of violence against women and children have indeed declined or it could mean that the chances these victims could seek help were stretched thin.

Republic Act 9262 which was signed on May 8, 2004, by then-President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo is an act defining violence against women and their children, providing for protective measures for victims, prescribing penalties therefore, and for other purposes. It is the objective of this study to discuss the effectiveness of this act which is also known as the Anti-Violence Against Women and Their Children Act of 2004, especially amidst the pandemic that we are all now experiencing.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

Generally, the study intends to tackle on how effective the program of the law regarding the Anti-Violence Against Women and Their Children especially amidst the pandemic that we are all now experiencing. Specifically and more importantly, the researchers aim to achieve the following objectives:

To determine the age where violence often occurs in a lifetime of the person.

To know whether social class is a factor for these violence that are frequently experienced by both women and children. 

To identify the root causes of most, if not all, violence that happens inside the household of the affected population. 

  • To analyze the existing program implemented to prevent or lessen the cases involving these unfortunate incidents that women and their children repeatedly go though. 
  • To determine whether the pandemic played a big role in the rise of the cases regarding the aforementioned topic being discussed. 

METHODOLOGY

Gender violence is the most widespread violation of human rights, taking multiple forms: domestic violence, sexual abuse of girls, harassment at work, human trafficking, and rape by husbands or by strangers, in refugee camps, or as a tactic in war, and others (Alvarez and Lally, 2014). Several studies around the world have shown an increase in violence between partners inside their household.

      With this pandemic that we are now experiencing, it is not surprising that the rate drastically rise. Reasons regarding these have been suggested. First, disasters and pandemic may reinforce aggressive behaviors to manage relationship between the people inside their homes. Second, post-pandemic stressors are present and people tend to have difficulty going back to normal after having been quarantined for a long time. Lastly, women and children have a more limited access to seek support that might aid them when these unfortunate instances happen. To know more about these, the researchers have piloted a study in a wayr that could be understood in a simple manner.

      In this paper, the researchers aimed to determine several factors that affect the rise of violence against women and children in this pandemic. After coming up with the research topic, the researchers have drafted an abstract in order for the study to have an overview on how to handle the paper substantially to avoid lapses. With the title on hand, the researchers then made studied several similar cases found in the internet. With the prevalence of these violence, it has been concluded that these cases exist not only domestically but also globally. Subsequently, the researchers have made a questionnaire that has been distributed online to 50 participants who were identified to take part in the legal research study being conducted.

      Successively conducting the survey, the researchers then collected the data and started to analyze them. With the data that the researchers have gathered, they have come up to a conclusion stated herein this study regarding the issue that has been decided to be tackled in this research paper. Generally, the researchers have used some research materials significant for this study. The questionnaire attached is the one that researchers have used. There were also research studies found in the internet that have been used as a guide and to serve as reading materials  in order to complete this legal research study. Finally, the researchers compiled the materials, data, and instruments that have been made and gathered for the completion of this paper.

50 Total Number of Respondents

research paper about domestic violence in the philippines

MAIN DISCUSSION

From the data the researchers have received, there were 8 individuals out of the total 50 respondents who stated that they have experienced violence at home.

research paper about domestic violence in the philippines

Among the eight individuals , the most affected were those in the age bracket of 36 to 40 wherein there were three persons and two individuals coming from the age bracket of 41 to 45. The data shows no concentration from the interviewed respondents with regard to their age during which they have experienced violence.

15- 20 years old – 1

21-25 years old – 1

26-30 years old – 0

31-35 years old – 1

36-40 years old – 3

41-45 years old – 2

46-50 years old – 0

As it appears in the data collected, from the occupation of those who have experienced violence at home, out of the eight , four are employed, one is self-employed, two are unemployed, and only one who is an Overseas Filipino Worker.

OCCUPATIONAL BASIS:

Employed – 4

Self- employed – 1

Unemployed – 2

Overseas Filipino Worker – 1

Student – 0

Homemaker – 0

            Generally, the individuals who claimed to have experienced violence at home mentioned that financial matters greatly affect their condition. These monetary dependence have caused to be a huge factor among their household especially from four respondents who experienced violence during the pandemic.

            From the point of view of the four aforementioned respondents, they have encountered heightened violence during the pandemic since the implemented lockdowns affected their livelihoods and jobs as their source of income. From thereon, they had a problem how to get going which is primarily the problem since the limited physical activities have burdened most, if not all, people since the break out of the pandemic. The distress brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic has affected not only financially but also mentally, physically, emotionally, and all the other aspects that were drastically taken away from the normal lives of people.

            Meanwhile, from the end of the four other respondents who experienced violence way before the pandemic happened, have also stated that the violence in their household intensified as pandemic worsen over time. The factors from the first four individuals were not any different from their experience rather it doubled their anxiety for the unknown that is coming whenever they face such difficulty.

To analyze the existing program implemented to prevent or lessen the cases involving these unfortunate incidents that women and their children repeatedly go through. 

            Republic Act No. 9626 or the Anti-Violence Against Women and their Children Act of 2004 is an implemented program that is implemented in order to avoid and prevent the occurrence of violence in and out of the household of every Filipino citizens.

            Leaning towards the improvement of every Filipino wives and Children have per se its loopholes in its employment. From the collected data of the researchers, eight of which who were affected of violence have mentioned that the Government program have not reached to their assistance. It may be because they were not able to afford to come to the authorities or there were instances that they may have sought help but the implementation were not stringent enough to consider their situation as important as it is, have they been given attention and importance.

To determine whether the pandemic played a big role in the rise of the cases regarding the aforementioned topic being discussed.

            Despite the limited number of respondents, it is clearly shown that the pandemic did not negate the cases of violence at home. Violence is not limited only to physical experience, it could also be in the form of mental, emotional or psychological – which many educational research studies proved and supported to have been common among individuals as the generation opens up and being exposed to a lot of factors contributing to these aspects.

            Prior to the outbreak of COVID-19 virus, there were only four respondents who have experienced violence at home. It is of no secret that there is a rise of a hundred percent from the data that the researchers have collected.

RECOMMENDATIONS

While quarantine is an effective infection control measure, it can lead to significant health, social, economic and psychological consequences. COVID-19 and violence against women are inter- related pandemics, and health care system should learn from the actual tragic scenario in order to identify creative solutions to provide clinical care and forensic services for victims of violence, and to be able to face other future calamities, in which the hospitals might become inaccessible (Viero et. al., 2020). The prevalence of violence inside the domestic household that many Filipino experience should send a signal to the lawmakers that there is a need for a more stricter and effective implementation of laws protecting the rights of those who are affected.

            There are a number of studies that provided warnings about the rise of the risk of domestic violence rates, it could have been an incident or as a direct consequence of the restrictions established by most areas all over the country to manage the pandemic. Most studies showed that there were factors that heightened the aspects that would lead the violence to occur as often as it was even before the pandemic broke out. In line with this on-going considerations, the researchers recommend for a better program raising awareness on the problem of violence against women and children during the current COVID-19 pandemic. The said program could start in a simple infographics containing information where those who experience violence could seek help. These infographics can be publicized in the internet since the online platform is where everyone else rely to get news from ever since the pandemic happened. It cannot be denied that the internet played a big role in disseminate information and data for people’s consumption.

            For many women and children that are confined at home with a violent member, the struggle is whether these women and children are dependent upon this member that they would find it hard to depart. This pandemic brought unemployment and increased the number of job losses. This fact did not help the situation that the victims are now in. This economic dependence is one of the factor why women and their children cannot depart from their partner. With this, the researchers recommend that there should be microcosm of implementations that support the right and liberty of these determined affected people. The Government, more particularly the Local Government Units, should take part in making orders as a part of their program that would protect their constituents that exhibit or show that they experience violence inside their homes. There should be an allotted compensation to start up in helping these people.

            Programs with regard to these issues should be executed and employed stringently and that the people in authority should see to it that they are being followed in order to avoid or lessen these incidents. Provisions of the law would be deem useless if it they are not being followed. Hence, a more firm engagement in these activities could strengthen the ground of these women to empower them and their children to move off from these violence. There should be a trend of denouncing violence against women and children during the current COVID-19 pandemic. A helpline or a support hotline is also one of a mean that would help those who suffer to seek help and reach authorities in order for them to report incidents of violence. This would provide assistance for the victims. As well as counselling for those who have been traumatically damaged.

            Lastly, when all other existing protocols and implementations are not operational to help lessen these occurrences, a proposal of new strategies for the management and control of violence against women and their children during the current COVID-19 pandemic. Government Units should conduct study, both for legislative and academic purposes, to implement a much better working and suitable programs with guidelines that would work to help eradicate these violence for the protection of these victims. The “stay at home” policies have increased VAW itself, creating a “shadow pandemic within the pandemic”, as it was called by the United Nations, involving women who are obliged to tolerate abuse within the home because of lockdowns decided by Governments all over the word to mitigate the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic (Viero et. al, 2020).  Safe shelters should be given importance and be constructed to home those who cannot afford and those are dependent on their member that often cause violence towards them.

            These recommendations are only a number of many means that would help the victims of violence. There could be so much more to be implemented in the years to come. For now, with the data on hand, the researchers have come up with the abovementioned recommendations on how to mitigate the violence being experienced by the women and children in our society today amidst the global pandemic that we are experiencing.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Álvarez, O. F., & Alexis, L. K. (2014). Violence against Women and Children. A Distant and Domestic Hell.  Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences,   161 , 7-11. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.12.002 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877042814060959

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877042814060959

Viero, A., Barbara, G., Montisci, M., Kustermann, K., & Cattaneo, C. (2021). Violence against women in the Covid-19 pandemic: A review of the literature and a call for shared strategies to tackle health and social emergencies.  Forensic Science International,   319 , 110650. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110650 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33340849/

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

This paper would not have been possible without the help of so many people in so many ways. This paper was made through hard work, dedication and passion.  

First of all, we would like to thank God Almighty for His grace, wisdom, knowledge and guidance as we formulated this paper. We definitely could not have done it on our own strength. 

Immeasurable appreciation and deepest gratitude for the help and support are extended to the following persons who in one way or another have contributed in making this study possible. 

We would like to thank our mentor, Atty. Jocelle Batapa – Sigue for her supervision and encouragement throughout the entire study. We are truly grateful to Atty. Sigue who imparted her wisdom and knowledge in order for us to produce this paper in good form. Our statistician, who was very particular when it came to details and lapses that we had and for sharing her knowledge  and helped in the analysis of data and its statistical computations. To friends and colleagues who validated our research instrument and for their valuable comments and constructive criticisms to further improve our paper. 

To our respondents, who were very cooperative despite the inconvenience, and the sensitivity of the data that were required by the survey questionnaires. 

Finally, we would like to thank the support and the love from our families who motivated us throughout the making of this paper. 

research paper about domestic violence in the philippines

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The Perspective of Male Victims on Domestic Violence in the Philippines

Profile image of Marie Jennalyn D Monterey

In the Nursing Standard, defined domestic violence as "verbal, sexual and emotional intimidation or financial abuse" that occurs between spouses. Although this definition is arbitrary on who plays the role of victim and perpetrator, the general narrative in history suggests that women are the victims of domestic violence while men are the perpetrators. This narrative is heavily endorsed -in fact, a simple Google search with the keywords "domestic violence" would link to websites pertaining to the "rights of women", "how to prevent violence on women", advocacies for women, news articles about domestic violence on women, support groups for female victims, and so on and so forth.

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This paper was prepared as part of the Domestic Violence against Women Research Project conducted by JEIWA’s Research and Innovation (R&I) with the support of Department of Women’s Development, Malaysia. The paper seeks to explore the factors that contribute to the public reactions to domestic violence against woman and strategic interventions in increasing public awareness. Violence against women deprives women of their right to fully take part in social and economic life. It causes a myriad of physical and mental health issues. An extensive investigation of related literature and in-depth interview with domestic violence witnesses are employed for this purpose. The key findings of this study found that the culture and tradition, social stigma and lack of knowledge of public’s right have been identified as the factors that hinder the community to response to domestic violence perpetration. The findings from this research could help policy makers, authorized agencies and non-governmental organizational leaders to strategize and adequately craft a suitable and high impact program that suits the target groups' needs and lifestyle.

research paper about domestic violence in the philippines

Doreen Munyati

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ABSTRACT Domestic violence is a major public health problem that has negative impact on the peaceful existence of people who are engaged in various forms of relationships. A large number of the Ghanaian population may have experienced, witnessed or heard about its occurrence. The aim of this study was to identify forms of domestic violence perpetrated against men by their female partners, reasons for male abuse and actions taken by abused men. The study was carried out within the people living in the Ashaiman community. Structured questionnaires were administered to respondents for data collection. Data collected were analyzed using SPSS version 21.0. Descriptive statistics and chi-square analysis were run on the data. The study found that the level of knowledge about domestic violence was very high as (93%) of the respondents know about some forms of domestic violence. The study also established that men suffer from of various forms domestic violence, including physical (82.4%), sexual (79%), verbal and psychological abuse (93.3%). The results from the study also indicated that females abuse their male partners for several reasons with the major one being the inability of men to provide money for housekeeping according to (87%) of the respondents. It was also found that reporting to religious leaders and family relatives were the major actions taken by abused men as claimed by 77.3% and 76.4% of the respondents respectively. Based on the findings of the study it is recommended that religious leaders should be give appropriate education about domestic violence to boost their knowledge in the way to address it, as most victims call on them with issues of abuse. Again there is the need for further studies in to male abuse as society has been silent on the issue of male abuse for long.

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Domestic violence is a branch of Gender Based Violence (GBV). Domestic violence is directed towards family members, particularly the wife and so it is rampant in the world. This research delves in the beliefs and attitudes towards male domestic violence in South Kivu province of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). It also provides a comprehensive understanding of some different factors, forms, reasons and consequences of such violence in the province. This research used qualitative approach with focus group and in-depth interviews with adult men in the mentioned province. There were organised two focus groups and two in-depth interviews. Fourteen men participated to these interviews. The researcher selected them with the help of the provincial authorities. The dynamism of men’s beliefs and attitudes towards domestic violence in this province is of paramount importance to understand. The research found that South Kivu men believe that asserting power and masculinity in the family in general, particularly to the wife is their right. This connectivity promotes the widespread of GBV in the province. The participants also revealed that society fosters men’s power and masculinity over family members. This actually makes domestic violence become a culture in the area. In combating domestic violence through means of education, awareness raising and law reinforcement and its fair implementation, families can be harmonious. This is possible if society motivates men to use their power and masculinity in a constructive way, and if the victims are helped to restore their self esteem, regain hope and break the silence.

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