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Supercapacitor technology and its applications: a review

G Gautham Prasad 1 , Nidheesh Shetty 1 , Simran Thakur 1 , Rakshitha 1 and K B Bommegowda 1

Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering , Volume 561 , First International Conference on Materials Science and Manufacturing Technology 12–13 April 2019, Hotel Aloft, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India Citation G Gautham Prasad et al 2019 IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 561 012105 DOI 10.1088/1757-899X/561/1/012105

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1 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering N.M.A.M Institute of Technology, Nitte, Karnataka, India

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Battery technologies are well established and widely used technology but they offer several disadvantages like weight, volume, large internal resistance, poor power density, poor transient response. On the other hand, due to advancement in the material and other technology, Supercapacitor or Ultracapacitors or Electrostatic Double Layer Capacitor (EDLC) are a most promising energy storage device. They offer a greater transient response, power density, low weight, low volume and low internal resistance which make them suitable for several applications. This paper summarizes recent research and development in the field of supercapacitor technology. This paper gives a brief insight into the design, characteristics and applications of the supercapacitor.

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supercapacitor research paper pdf

Journal of Materials Chemistry A

A review on the recent advances in hybrid supercapacitors.

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* Corresponding authors

a Department of Chemistry, Presidency University, 86/1 College Street, Kolkata-700 073, India E-mail: [email protected]

b Polymer Science Unit, School of Materials Science, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700 032, India E-mail: [email protected]

Presently, supercapacitors have gained an important space in energy storage modules due to their extraordinarily high power density, although they lag behind the energy density of batteries and fuel cells. This review covers recent approaches to not only increase the power density, rate capability, cyclic stability, etc. of supercapacitors, but also to increase their energy density using hybrid architectures. Electrodes are the most important component of a supercapacitor cell, and thus this review primarily deals with the design of hybrid supercapacitor electrodes offering a high specific capacitance, together with the elucidation of the mechanisms involved therein. The electrode performance significantly depends on the available surface area, porosity and conductivity of the component materials, and thus nano-structuring of the electrode is an elegant approach, which is discussed in the subsections for 0-, 1-, 2-, 3-dimensional hybrid materials, including some miscellaneous hybrids. The fabrication of different hybrid materials using metal oxides, metal sulfides, carbon materials, etc. with conducting polymers such as polyaniline and polypyrrole and their characterization are delineated from the literature data. Here, we primarily focus on the mechanism of energy storage by non-faradic electrical double-layer capacitance and faradaic pseudo-capacitance, discussing the contributions of different component mechanisms towards the total capacitance. In the hybrids, the impact of the component concentration operating via different mechanisms for charge storage on their final electrochemical performance is discussed. The specific capacitance, volumetric capacitance, charge–discharge cycles, Ragone plot, etc. of hybrid supercapacitors are described. Besides household and heavy-duty applications, the state-of-the-art future applications of supercapacitors in robotics, renewable and sustainable energy devices, wearable and self-healing supercapacitors, and biotechnology and their challenges in real-world applications with the scope of future work are elucidated.

Graphical abstract: A review on the recent advances in hybrid supercapacitors

  • This article is part of the themed collections: Journal of Materials Chemistry A Recent Review Articles and 2021 Journal of Materials Chemistry A most popular articles

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supercapacitor research paper pdf

D. P. Chatterjee and A. K. Nandi, J. Mater. Chem. A , 2021,  9 , 15880 DOI: 10.1039/D1TA02505H

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Handbook of Nanocomposite Supercapacitor Materials I pp 341–350 Cite as

Applications of Supercapacitors

  • Soma Banerjee 12 ,
  • Bibekananda De 13 ,
  • Prerna Sinha 12 ,
  • Jayesh Cherusseri 13 &
  • Kamal K. Kar 12 , 13  
  • First Online: 17 April 2020

2868 Accesses

53 Citations

Part of the Springer Series in Materials Science book series (SSMATERIALS,volume 300)

Supercapacitors are the most promising energy storage devices that bridge the gap between capacitors and batteries. They can reach energy density close to the batteries and power density to the conventional capacitors. Several researches have been carried out in the field of supercapacitors for the development of promising electrode and electrolyte materials as well as device fabrications to breakthrough in energy storage systems with diverse applications in electronics. They have a broad range of applications as they can deliver a huge power within a very short time. This chapter provides the detailed applications of supercapacitors in several sectors like consumer and portable electronics, transportation and vehicles, power backup , biomedical, military, aerospace, etc.

  • Activated carbon
  • Application
  • Architecture
  • Brake energy
  • Bioelectronics
  • Carbon fiber
  • Conducting polymers
  • Carbon nanofibers
  • Conductivity
  • Carbonization
  • Carbon materials
  • Charge–discharge rates
  • Energy density
  • Electrical properties
  • Electrode materials
  • Electron transport
  • Electric double layer
  • Electrolyte
  • Electrochemical
  • Electronics
  • Fabrication
  • Flexible electronics
  • Hybrid electric vehicles
  • Implantable healthcare
  • Kinetic energy
  • Lithium-ion batteries
  • Metal nanotubes
  • Nanocarbons
  • Nickel cobaltite
  • Piezoelectric
  • Power device
  • Pseudocapacitors
  • Path length
  • Portable electronic devices
  • Power supply
  • Power density
  • Power backup
  • Penetration
  • Redox reactions
  • Shape-memory
  • Self-healing
  • Specific capacitance
  • Supercapacitors
  • Solar powering
  • Storage systems
  • Surface area
  • Synergistic effect
  • Storage mechanisms
  • Solar cells
  • Transportation
  • Transition metal oxides
  • Voltage range
  • Wind powering
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Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge the financial support provided by Department of Science and Technology, India (DST/TMD/MES/2K16/37(G)) for carrying out this research work. Authors are thankful to Mr. Kapil Dev Verma for rearranging the references and Ms. Tanvi Pal for redrawing of figures.

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Advanced Nanoengineering Materials Laboratory, Materials Science Programme, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India

Soma Banerjee, Prerna Sinha & Kamal K. Kar

Advanced Nanoengineering Materials Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India

Bibekananda De, Jayesh Cherusseri & Kamal K. Kar

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Banerjee, S., De, B., Sinha, P., Cherusseri, J., Kar, K.K. (2020). Applications of Supercapacitors. In: Kar, K. (eds) Handbook of Nanocomposite Supercapacitor Materials I. Springer Series in Materials Science, vol 300. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43009-2_13

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Title: large language models: a survey.

Abstract: Large Language Models (LLMs) have drawn a lot of attention due to their strong performance on a wide range of natural language tasks, since the release of ChatGPT in November 2022. LLMs' ability of general-purpose language understanding and generation is acquired by training billions of model's parameters on massive amounts of text data, as predicted by scaling laws \cite{kaplan2020scaling,hoffmann2022training}. The research area of LLMs, while very recent, is evolving rapidly in many different ways. In this paper, we review some of the most prominent LLMs, including three popular LLM families (GPT, LLaMA, PaLM), and discuss their characteristics, contributions and limitations. We also give an overview of techniques developed to build, and augment LLMs. We then survey popular datasets prepared for LLM training, fine-tuning, and evaluation, review widely used LLM evaluation metrics, and compare the performance of several popular LLMs on a set of representative benchmarks. Finally, we conclude the paper by discussing open challenges and future research directions.

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