Wat is het verschil tussen een essay en een paper?

Een paper antwoordt altijd op een probleemstelling, uitgebreid en goed onderbouwd. Het enige verschil tussen een paper en een essay, is de vrijheid die je krijgt . Tegenwoordig worden beide termen zo goed als door elkaar gebruikt. Met deze handleiding en tips wordt het schrijven van een paper kinderspel.

Wat is het verschil tussen een essay en een scriptie?

Wat moet er in een paper.

  • Bedenk een titel.
  • Schrijf (eventueel) een voorwoord. ...
  • Begin met een inleiding of literatuurstudie. ...
  • Beschrijf je methodologie.
  • Bespreek je resultaten. ...
  • Geef je conclusie(s). ...
  • Eindig met een referentielijst.
  • Voeg enkel nuttige bijlagen toe die correct opgesteld zijn.

Wat zijn de kenmerken van een essay?

Een essay is een beschouwende prozatekst of een artikel over een wetenschappelijk, cultureel of filosofisch onderwerp, waarin de schrijver zijn persoonlijke visie geeft op hedendaagse verschijnselen, problemen of ontwikkelingen. Het is afgeleid van het Franse woord 'essai', wat zoiets betekent als probeersel of proeve.

Wat is de bedoeling van een paper?

Een paper is een uitwerking van een goed onderbouwde onderzoeksvraag waarop je het antwoord zoekt in een objectieve literatuurstudie of veldonderzoek. Je werk omvat een inleiding, een methodologie, resultaten en een besluit, en dat alles wordt weergegeven in een wetenschappelijke stijl.

Hoe lang moet een essay zijn?

Een essay dat je schrijft voor de universiteit is meestal tussen de 3 en 9 pagina's lang . Ga na bij jouw begeleider en opleiding hoe lang jouw essay moet worden.

Hoe moet je een essay schrijven?

De schrijfstijl in een essay is minder formeel dan andere wetenschappelijke genres, zoals een scriptie, maar is nog steeds serieus. Wees origineel, maar pas op met humor, vermijd vaag taalgebruik en de lijdende vorm, en gebruik de juiste verbindingswoorden en werkwoordstijden.

Heeft een essay een voorblad?

Een essay bestaat in principe uit drie tot vijf pagina's met tekst, de inhoudsopgave, het voorblad , de bronnenlijst en eventuele bijlagen worden hierbij niet meegerekend. Een essay bevat in principe geen afbeeldingen, ook niet op het voorblad .

Wat is een ander woord voor essay?

artikel, bijdrage, essay , gedicht, geschrift, nota, opstel, papier, rapport, tekst.

Is een essay objectief?

Stijl. Je bent bij het schrijven van een essay niet gebonden aan de objectieve , formele stijl van de meer wetenschappelijke genres. Maar pas op voor een al te persoonlijke of informele stijl of voor te geforceerde lolligheid.

Hoe ziet paper eruit?

een probleemstelling of onderzoeksvraag; een theoretisch deel: een samenvatting van bestaande literatuur en artikels over je onderwerp; een empirisch deel: eigen onderzoek; een duidelijke eindboodschap: een antwoord op de probleemstelling of de onderzoeksvraag.

Wat is een goede paper?

Een goede presentatie van uw paper betreft zowel de tekst als de literatuurverwijzingen. (a) De tekst: Een slecht geschreven tekst overtuigt ook inhoudelijk vaak niet. Uw tekst is uiteraard gesteld in goed Nederlands en, waar u Engelse vaktermen gebruikt, in goed Engels.

Hoe sluit je een paper af?

In de conclusie van je essay toon je aan dat je stelling, jouw standpunt ofwel thesis statement, steekhoudend is. Je doet dit door aan te geven waarom alle argumenten leiden tot de enige conclusie, namelijk jouw standpunt. Je geeft hiermee antwoord op de vraag: 'En dus? '

Heeft een essay een titel?

Titel . De titel van een essay staat boven de tekst, gevolgd door: (eventueel) Ondertitel. Naam van de student.

Heeft een essay een hoofdvraag?

Het moet een open vraag zijn, het mag dus niet met ja of nee beantwoord worden. Daarnaast moet de vraag specifiek genoeg zijn. Anders wordt je essay namelijk te groot en kun je geen verdiepend onderzoek doen. Een derde belangrijke eis is dat je hoofdvraag relevant moet zijn.

Hoeveel woorden moet een essay zijn?

Hoeveel woorden bevat een gemiddelde scriptie? HBO- of bachelorscripties bevatten gemiddeld tussen de 10.000 en 18.000 woorden . Het aantal woorden in masterscripties ligt tussen de 13.000 en 20.000 woorden .

Hoe spreek je essay uit?

In België is [es·se] de gebruikelijke uitspraak, in Nederland [es·see]. We zeggen [es·se].

Wat is een goed onderwerp voor een essay?

Kies voor je essay een onderwerp waarover je gepassioneerd bent en een (sterke) mening hebt die je kunt onderbouwen op basis van logische redenaties, eigen onderzoek of literatuuronderzoek.

Hoe schrijf je een beschouwend essay?

Beschouwend essay De schrijver geeft voor- en tegenargumenten bij een standpunt of onderwerp en geeft ook zijn eigen mening. Het is echter niet het doel de lezer te overtuigen van dezelfde mening (zoals bij een betogend essay ). Het is de bedoeling dat de lezer aan de hand van de informatie zijn eigen mening vormt.

Wat moet er in de inleiding van een essay?

De inleiding moet de lezer nieuwsgierig maken naar de inhoud van het essay . Het is een goed idee om een (persoonlijke) anekdote te gebruiken, in te gaan op een actueel nieuwsbericht of enkele rake vragen te stellen. Benoem de achtergrond en de aanleiding voor het onderwerp.

Wat vermeld je op een voorblad?

De titelpagina, ook wel het voorblad of omslag genoemd, is de eerste pagina van jouw scriptie. Op deze pagina plaats je onder andere de titel van jouw scriptie, jouw naam en opleiding.

Heeft een essay tussenkopjes?

De titel van je essay moet de lezer informeren over het onderwerp, maar ook aanzetten tot daadwerkelijk lezen. Paragraaftitels, of tussenkopjes , doen hetzelfde, maar zijn minder gebruikelijk in essays .

Wat is het verschil tussen een essay en een betoog?

Een betoog is bedoeld om de lezer van je mening te overtuigen, daar kun je gerust in de ik-vorm schrijven. Verschil betoog - essay : een betoog is stelliger (je neemt een standpunt in en daarvoor geef je argumenten) en een essay onderzoekender, uitproberender. In beide vormen kun je de ik-vorm gebruiken.

Wat is een essay in het Engels?

Vaak wordt in Nederland de Engelse term essay gebruikt voor opdrachten om deze te differentiëren van de vaak meer omvattende scriptie of thesis. De term paper wordt ook vaak gebruikt om hetzelfde aan te duiden als een essay .

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Difference Between an Essay & a Paper

Jennifer brozak.

Research papers are more in depth pieces of writing than essays.

Whether you’re in middle school, high school or toiling away at college, paper writing is a fundamental facet of schooling. While essays and other forms of creative writing are common in English classes, you’ll also need to understand how to write informative pieces, such as research or term papers. By understanding the difference between the various types of writing styles, you’ll be able to draft compelling prose that is appropriate for any given assignment.

Explore this article

  • What Is an Essay?
  • What Is a Research Paper?
  • What Is the Difference Between a Research Paper and Term Paper?
  • Avoid Getting a Free Essay Writer

1 What Is an Essay?

One of the most common forms of writing is the essay. Starting in your later elementary school years and into middle school, you’ll likely be exposed to the five-paragraph essay, which is a fundamental starting point for creating longer-length writing assignments as you move upward through the higher grades. While they’re typically shorter pieces of writing (often under 1,000 words), they allow teachers to evaluate students on different writing, reading and analysis skills, including the art of persuasion and exposition.

Essays can take on many forms: They can be narrative, or tell a story; expository, or require investigation and evidential support; descriptive, in which a student is required to describe, creatively, a person, place or object; and finally, persuasive, in which a student is asked to argue a specific position on a particular topic.

As a whole, paper essay writing typically allows for more creativity than more formal writing styles, such as research papers.

2 What Is a Research Paper?

The phrase “research paper” can conjure anxiety in even the most adequate student writers. However, this need not be the case. In fact, it’s helpful to think of a research paper as an inflated essay. The structure will basically be the same, but you’ll need a thesis statement (which is not required in some forms of essay writing), significant research and evidence to support your ideas. You’ll also be required to include several credible sources in your paper, which will be listed on a reference page. And consider this: If you choose a subject you’re interested in researching, writing an informative paper can actually be quite a rewarding experience.

3 What Is the Difference Between a Research Paper and Term Paper?

Teachers, especially college professors, sometimes refer to longer research papers as “term papers,” which are similar in their structure and format. They’re expanded essays that will require evidence and credible sources to support your ideas. The difference lies in the subject matter. Research papers may allow you to cover a topic outside of the general subject matter (such as writing a persuasive research paper about global warming in an English class), while term papers will focus solely on the subject matter discussed in the course. High-quality research and term paper examples can be found on numerous sites, such as the Purdue University Online Writing Lab.

4 Avoid Getting a Free Essay Writer

A note of caution about submitting any writing assignment: While the Internet abounds with sources to help you in your quest to write the perfect paper, avoid using “essay generators” or hiring a free essay writer or buying papers from a database. Even if you’re procrastinating and panicking about finishing your assignment, it’s always better to turn in your own work. Not only do many teachers utilize online plagiarism checkers, but they also learn to recognize a student’s specific writing style over the course of an academic year. While it’s perfectly fine to use a term paper example as a guideline, it’s always better to submit your own paper or essay with minor errors than to attempt to pass off someone else’s writing as your own.

  • 1 SUNY Empire State College: Research Writing: Elements and Steps
  • 2 Enago Academy: How to Avoid Plagiarism in Research Papers (Part1 )

About the Author

Jennifer Brozak earned her state teaching certificate in Secondary English and Communications from St. Vincent College in Latrobe, Pa., and her bachelor's degree in journalism from the University of Pittsburgh. A former high school English teacher, Jennifer enjoys writing articles about parenting and education and has contributed to Reader's Digest, Mamapedia, Shmoop and more.

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Laat je scriptie nakijken op taal

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  • Knowledge Base
  • Verschillende soorten essays

Verschillende soorten essays | Uitleg over de essaytypen

Gepubliceerd op 26 november 2019 door Wouter Koekoek . Bijgewerkt op 13 februari 2023.

Inhoudsopgave

Betogend essay, beschouwend essay, verhalend essay, structuur van een essay, essay laten nakijken, veelgestelde vragen.

Bij een betogend essay probeert de schrijver de lezer te overtuigen van een standpunt op een bepaald onderwerp. De opinie van de schrijver wordt onderbouwd door verschillende feitelijke bewijzen, zoals statistieken en meningen van experts. De schrijver geeft dus niet alleen een mening, maar beargumenteert deze mening. Om een betogend essay te kunnen schrijven moet je dus (literatuur)onderzoek doen.

Op academische opleidingen wordt meestal gevraagd om de structuur van een betogend essay aan te houden.

Ontvang feedback op taal, structuur, lay-out en bronvermelding

Professionele Scribbr-editors kijken je scriptie na op:

  • Academisch taalgebruik
  • Onduidelijke zinnen
  • Grammaticale fouten
  • Interpunctie
  • Verboden woorden

Bekijk het voorbeeld

paper essay verschil

Een beschouwend essay geeft verschillende visies op een bepaald onderwerp: het informeert, beschrijft en legt uit. De schrijver geeft voor- en tegenargumenten bij een standpunt of onderwerp en geeft ook zijn eigen mening. Het is echter niet het doel de lezer te overtuigen van dezelfde mening (zoals bij een betogend essay). Het is de bedoeling dat de lezer aan de hand van de informatie zijn eigen mening vormt. Het slot van een beschouwend essay heeft dan ook vaak de vorm van een samenvatting.

In een verhalend essay wordt een verhaal verteld vanuit een bepaald oogpunt. Verhalende essays bevatten karakters, een setting, een climax en het meest belangrijke: een plot. Het plot is de focus van het verhaal en wordt meestal chronologisch verteld, maar er kunnen ook flash backs of flash forwards plaatsvinden. Waar moet je op letten bij het schrijven van een verhalend essay?

  • Voeg emotionele en zintuiglijke details toe, zodat de lezer het verhaal ervaart in plaats van slechts leest.
  • Zorg dat je verhaal het punt dat je wilt maken ondersteunt. Refereer aan dat punt in de eerste zin.
  • Schrijf in de eerste of derde persoon.

Je bent over het algemeen heel vrij in de structuur van je essay, maar we begrijpen dat het handig kan zijn om enige richtlijnen te hebben. Vaak kiest men voor de volgende (eenvoudige) structuur: inleiding, centraal deel, conclusie .

Lees waarom zo veel studenten Scribbr inschakelen

Ontdek nakijken op taal

Wil je er zeker van zijn dat er geen taalfouten meer in je essay staan en dat je de juiste structuur gebruikt? Je kunt je essay laten nakijken door de specialisten van Scribbr.

Met een goed opgebouwd en onderbouwd essay toon je aan dat je kritisch kunt nadenken en over de juiste kennis bezit om je stelling te verdedigen. Je kunt je begeleider laten zien dat je voldoende hebt geleerd over een bepaald onderwerp en de verschillende aspecten goed begrijpt.

Je schrijft hierbij in een academische stijl . Let op: Als je een betoog schrijft, is dit meer dan slechts een samenvatting van wat je gelezen hebt.

Een essay dat je schrijft voor de universiteit is meestal tussen de 3 en 9 pagina’s lang. Ga na bij jouw begeleider en opleiding hoe lang jouw essay moet worden.

Liever niet. Het risico is dan te groot dat je te zeer uitwijdt over nevenzaken en dat het essay te lang en onduidelijk wordt. Je kunt dit wel doen als bijvoorbeeld twee standpunten leiden tot je uiteindelijke stelling.

Zo kun je aangeven dat je stelen verkeerd vindt, maar dat je ook vindt dat extreme armoede niet de schuld is van de mensen die in extreme armoede zijn geboren. Op basis van deze standpunten kun je vervolgens als stelling aangeven dat je vindt dat stelen in het geval van extreme armoede niet moet worden bestraft.

Citeer dit Scribbr-artikel

Als je naar deze bron wilt verwijzen, kun je de bronvermelding kopiëren of op “Citeer dit Scribbr-artikel” klikken om de bronvermelding automatisch toe te voegen aan onze gratis Bronnengenerator.

Koekoek, W. (2023, 13 februari). Verschillende soorten essays | Uitleg over de essaytypen. Scribbr. Geraadpleegd op 22 februari 2024, van https://www.scribbr.nl/essay/verschillende-soorten-essays/

Wat vind jij van dit artikel?

Wouter Koekoek

Wouter Koekoek

Andere studenten bekeken ook, essay voorbeelden, essay-onderwerp en stelling kiezen, de kern van je essay: de argumentatie, wil jij zorgeloos je essay inleveren.

Home > Tips als je jouw paper of essay gaat schrijven

20 december 2020

Tips als je jouw paper of essay gaat schrijven

Veel opleidingen vragen je een adviesrapport of beroepsproduct op te leveren en daarnaast een essay of paper te schrijven. Een essay verschilt van een scriptie. In dit artikel leg ik je graag de verschillen uit en geef ik je praktische tips bij het schrijven van je essay.

Wat is een essay precies?

Een essay kun je zien als een tekst of een artikel over een specifiek onderwerp (in dit geval jouw onderzoek en bevindingen), waarin jij als schrijver je persoonlijke visie geeft.

Wat is het verschil tussen een essay en een scriptie?

Een essay of paper lijkt veel op een scriptie, maar de focus ligt veel meer op het eigen proces dat je hebt doorgemaakt toen je jouw onderzoek uitvoerde. Daarnaast lever je een bijdrage voor je studie doordat je jouw opgedane kennis deelt en is een paper of essay vaak bedoelt voor een breder publiek. Ook is een essay korter en heeft deze een beperkt aantal woorden.

In je beroepsproduct of adviesrapport beschrijf je uitgebreid wat je hebt gevonden en wat dit betekent voor de opdrachtgever waar je jouw onderzoek hebt uitgevoerd. Hierin staan de praktische adviezen voor je opdrachtgever en daarmee is dit product ook direct bruikbaar voor je opdrachtgever.

Wat zet je in een essay?

Je essay of paper bevat je bevindingen van je onderzoek. Daarnaast beschrijf je de literatuur die betrekking heeft op je onderzoek en beschrijf je in het theoretisch perspectief welke modellen of theorie je hebt gebruikt in je onderzoek. Ook beschrijf je je onderzoeksmethodologie waarin je je keuzes verantwoordt en je methodes onderbouwd.

In je inleiding moet je direct kaderen en in de probleemstelling beschrijf je het echte probleem om te komen tot het kennisprobleem of inzicht dat je gaat geven. Verder schrijf je ook een discussie , conclusies en aanbevelingen.

NB: De structuur kan per opleiding verschillen dus bekijk ook zeker even de richtlijnen vanuit je opleiding!

Richtlijnen bij het schrijven van je essay

1. begin met de bevindingen..

Dat klinkt misschien raar, maar door deze uit te schrijven zie je de rode draad van je bevindingen en kun je deze direct koppelen aan je theorie en literatuur.

2. Schrijf je inleiding en probleemstelling

Na je bevindingen schrijf je de inleiding en probleemstelling, hierdoor krijg je zicht op de onderwerpen die centraal staan in je probleemstelling en je bevindingen, waar zaten de knelpunten?

3. Beschrijf de theoretische lens die je hebt toegepast

Bij het schrijven van je essay beschrijf je in je literatuur de begrippen en onderwerpen die centraal staan in je essay. Stel je hebt een beroepsproduct opgeleverd waarbij de managementstijl centraal staat, dan is dit hoogstwaarschijnlijk de theorie die je gebruikt. Let op dat je wel parafraseert en meerdere bronnen gebruikt en vooral ook jouw visie hierop geeft.

In je theoretisch perspectief beschrijf je de literatuur die je daadwerkelijk gebruikt in je onderzoek. Je onderzoeksmethode of opzet sluit hierbij aan.

4. Discussieer over je theorie en bevindingen

In je discussie reflecteer je op de literatuur en de bevindingen. In de discussie geef je aan wat de literatuur zegt, wat jij hebt gevonden en of dit aansluit bij de literatuur of juist niet. Daarnaast beschrijf je welke extra inzichten je hebt gekregen.

5. Conclusies voor een breder publiek

In je conclusie beschrijf je welke conclusies je kunt maken op basis van je bevindingen en wat dit betekent voor je opdrachtgever. Maar let op: Ook voor je studiegenoten en het bredere publiek voor wie je jouw essay schrijft moet je interessante conclusies trekken. Probeer uit te zoomen en het totale plaatje te schetsen.

6. Aanbevelingen zijn ook voor een breder publiek

In je aanbevelingen geef je aanbevelingen aan je opdrachtgever, maar ook aan studenten die dezelfde opleiding volgen. Je geeft ook aanbevelingen aan je opdrachtgever voor eventueel vervolgonderzoek. Ook geef je aanbevelingen over de literatuur. Aan de hand van je onderzoek heb je ook gaps gevonden van invalshoeken die de literatuur nog niet heeft onderzocht. Tot slot beschrijf je de limitaties van je onderzoek in dit hoofdstuk.

7. Schrap wat niet relevant is

Lees tot slot je document goed door en schrap wat niet relevant is. Je zult vaak flink moeten schrappen om tot de essentie te komen en dat is ook prima.

Schrijven is vaak een kunst en niet iedereen schrijft even vlot. Wil je zeker weten dat je document begrijpbaar is voor een buitenstaander zoals je examinatoren? Laat je document dan lezen door iemand anders om te bekijken of deze begrijpt wat er staat.

8. Puntjes op de i

  • Vergeet je bronnen en literatuurlijst niet toe te voegen.
  • Check of alle tabellen en afbeeldingen genummerd zijn.
  • Check ook of je voorblad klopt met de eisen van je opleiding.

Over Jouw Scriptiecoach

Jouw Scriptiecoach biedt studenten door heel Nederland en Vlaanderen ondersteuning en support bij het schrijven van het onderzoeksvoorstel, plan van aanpak en scriptie. Je kunt bij ons zowel  online scriptiebegeleiding  als  scriptiebegeleiding op locatie  kiezen.

We kunnen je helpen bij onderstaande hulpvragen:

  • Scriptiebegeleiding  in de breedste zin van het woord. Of je nu gaat beginnen, vastgelopen bent en geen overzicht meer hebt. Samen met jou onderzoeken we hoe we je weer in beweging krijgen;
  • Als je gaat starten met je scriptie en wilt sparren over je onderzoeksrichting;
  • Als je onderzoeksvoorstel, plan van aanpak of scriptie is  afgekeurd  of als je gaat  herkansen ;
  • Als je een  check wilt op taal, structuur en gebruikte bronnen ;
  • Als je hulp wilt bij het uitvoeren of verwerken van de resultaten van je kwantitatieve onderzoek ( SPSS  en Stata);
  • Als je uitstelt, last hebt van faalangst of bij een diagnose als ADHD, ADD, dyslexie en/of autisme. Hiervoor hebben we  gespecialiseerde scriptiebegeleiders  in huis.

Onderaan deze pagina kun je direct contact opnemen voor een gratis en vrijblijvend adviesgesprek.

Dit bericht werd geschreven door:

Linda Hovestad

Linda Hovestad

Linda Hovestad is een ervaren scriptiebegeleider die zowel HBO, Master en universitaire studenten kan helpen bij hun onderzoeksvoorstel, plan van aanpak, het schrijven van een scriptie of een herkansing. Daarnaast is Linda de oprichtster en eigenaresse van Jouw Scriptiecoach. Naast Jouw Scriptiecoach heeft Linda haar eigen marketingadviesbureau: Hovestad Marketing en Strategie BV. Voor verschillende opdrachtgevers…

Gratis vrijblijvend adviesgesprek

Loop je ergens tegenaan bij je scriptie? In een gratis en vrijblijvend adviesgesprek krijg je direct duidelijkheid waar het misgaat en hoe Jouw Scriptiecoach je daarbij kan helpen. Je krijgt een inschatting van de uren die we daarvoor nodig hebt, zodat je direct weet waar je aan toe bent. Kies je dan voor onze scriptiebegeleiding, dan neemt jouw scriptiebegeleider meestal op de dag van betaling contact met je op en kun je snel verder. Vraag hieronder direct jouw gratis vrijblijvend adviesgesprek aan. Je ontvangt een mail om een afspraak in te plannen. Heb je de mail niet ontvangen? Check dan even je spambox.

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What’s The Difference Between An Article A Paper And An Essay

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Table of Contents

When it comes to writing, you may wonder what the difference is between an essay, article, and paper. Even the most experienced writers sometimes confuse these terms, but once you understand what they represent, you’ll be able to choose which kind of writing suits your purposes best. With a little help from an essay writer service, you can be certain that each one of your pieces of writing will be polished and ready to impress upon completion.

Introduction

There are three main types of academic writing: essays, articles, and papers. While these categories are similar, there are some major differences. This post will help you identify what separates these terms from one another. Here’s a quick breakdown of each type of academic writing.

Essay vs. Article vs. Paper

Why are they different? What’s in a title? We hear them used all of the time interchangeably in different contexts, but what makes these three so different from one another? To understand how essay writing differs from articles and papers, we need to look at how each differs from another. So let’s get started by exploring some of their main differences: Essay vs. Article vs. Paper – Key Differences 1. Length 2. Subject Matter 3. Author 4. Purpose 5. Audience.

Essays are typically 1–3 pages long. Articles vary in length but run longer than essays. Papers typically range from 10 to 15 pages or more. It’s important to note that essay writer services have very different writing styles. Some writers write with a conversational tone, while others use a formal style for essays and articles. The best way to figure out which type of writing fits your needs is by looking at samples of their work or asking them about their process.

  The three types of writing are intended for different purposes. The purpose is often reflected in both length and tone. For example, a paper is generally longer than an essay or an article because it must be more comprehensive. It also tends to be more formal because it’s intended to be read by experts in a particular field (e.g., doctors reading a medical journal). On the other hand, an essay is usually shorter than a paper because it doesn’t have to cover as much ground and can take a more casual tone since it’s not necessarily directed at experts. Finally, articles tend to fall between essays and papers in terms of length, formality, and audience (i.e., they’re generally shorter than papers but longer than essays).

The difference between essays, articles, and papers can be found in the audience. In other words, you will write them for different people and in different situations. If you need to explain something (from a textbook or another piece of writing) or if you are explaining a procedure to someone new to that topic, then your best bet would be to write an essay. Alternatively, if your purpose is simply to inform someone about something they might find interesting, articles would do just fine. Finally, if you want to share some information with a large group of people with similar interests, then a paper would be your choice. So which one should you choose? It depends on what exactly it is that you want to achieve with your writing.

Subject Matter

There are a few distinct differences in subject matter for these different types of written work. Essays should be focused and concise; articles cover a broader scope. For example, if you were writing about gun control in America from a historical standpoint, your essay would focus on one distinct period throughout American history (likely before modern times), while your articles could each look at a different time during which gun laws were passed, enacted or changed. Papers are similar to essays in that they have a narrow focus, but papers typically take on more of an academic tone than essays do. Papers may also have footnotes, bibliographies, and other citations within them. It’s important to note that there isn’t always a clear distinction between essay and paper; some papers can even read like essays!

Unlike essays and articles, papers do not focus on a single topic. Papers are meant to convey complex information that may have been derived from numerous sources of information. Papers are also typically longer than essays or articles, ranging from five to more than 20 pages in length. This makes papers a relatively demanding form of academic writing. While essays often focus on personal reflections or observations, papers delve into specific topics with objective research findings drawn from secondary sources such as newspapers, journals, or books. An essay writer can be anyone who writes essays for money. An essay writer can be someone who has experience working with students in high school, college, or university-level institutions.

What is an Essay?

10 May, 2020

11 minutes read

Author:  Tomas White

Well, beyond a jumble of words usually around 2,000 words or so - what is an essay, exactly? Whether you’re taking English, sociology, history, biology, art, or a speech class, it’s likely you’ll have to write an essay or two. So how is an essay different than a research paper or a review? Let’s find out!

What is an essay

Defining the Term – What is an Essay?

The essay is a written piece that is designed to present an idea, propose an argument, express the emotion or initiate debate. It is a tool that is used to present writer’s ideas in a non-fictional way. Multiple applications of this type of writing go way beyond, providing political manifestos and art criticism as well as personal observations and reflections of the author.

what is an essay

An essay can be as short as 500 words, it can also be 5000 words or more.  However, most essays fall somewhere around 1000 to 3000 words ; this word range provides the writer enough space to thoroughly develop an argument and work to convince the reader of the author’s perspective regarding a particular issue.  The topics of essays are boundless: they can range from the best form of government to the benefits of eating peppermint leaves daily. As a professional provider of custom writing, our service has helped thousands of customers to turn in essays in various forms and disciplines.

Origins of the Essay

Over the course of more than six centuries essays were used to question assumptions, argue trivial opinions and to initiate global discussions. Let’s have a closer look into historical progress and various applications of this literary phenomenon to find out exactly what it is.

Today’s modern word “essay” can trace its roots back to the French “essayer” which translates closely to mean “to attempt” .  This is an apt name for this writing form because the essay’s ultimate purpose is to attempt to convince the audience of something.  An essay’s topic can range broadly and include everything from the best of Shakespeare’s plays to the joys of April.

The essay comes in many shapes and sizes; it can focus on a personal experience or a purely academic exploration of a topic.  Essays are classified as a subjective writing form because while they include expository elements, they can rely on personal narratives to support the writer’s viewpoint.  The essay genre includes a diverse array of academic writings ranging from literary criticism to meditations on the natural world.  Most typically, the essay exists as a shorter writing form; essays are rarely the length of a novel.  However, several historic examples, such as John Locke’s seminal work “An Essay Concerning Human Understanding” just shows that a well-organized essay can be as long as a novel.

The Essay in Literature

The essay enjoys a long and renowned history in literature.  They first began gaining in popularity in the early 16 th century, and their popularity has continued today both with original writers and ghost writers.  Many readers prefer this short form in which the writer seems to speak directly to the reader, presenting a particular claim and working to defend it through a variety of means.  Not sure if you’ve ever read a great essay? You wouldn’t believe how many pieces of literature are actually nothing less than essays, or evolved into more complex structures from the essay. Check out this list of literary favorites:

  • The Book of My Lives by Aleksandar Hemon
  • Notes of a Native Son by James Baldwin
  • Against Interpretation by Susan Sontag
  • High-Tide in Tucson: Essays from Now and Never by Barbara Kingsolver
  • Slouching Toward Bethlehem by Joan Didion
  • Naked by David Sedaris
  • Walden; or, Life in the Woods by Henry David Thoreau

Pretty much as long as writers have had something to say, they’ve created essays to communicate their viewpoint on pretty much any topic you can think of!

Top essays in literature

The Essay in Academics

Not only are students required to read a variety of essays during their academic education, but they will likely be required to write several different kinds of essays throughout their scholastic career.  Don’t love to write?  Then consider working with a ghost essay writer !  While all essays require an introduction, body paragraphs in support of the argumentative thesis statement, and a conclusion, academic essays can take several different formats in the way they approach a topic.  Common essays required in high school, college, and post-graduate classes include:

Five paragraph essay

This is the most common type of a formal essay. The type of paper that students are usually exposed to when they first hear about the concept of the essay itself. It follows easy outline structure – an opening introduction paragraph; three body paragraphs to expand the thesis; and conclusion to sum it up.

Argumentative essay

These essays are commonly assigned to explore a controversial issue.  The goal is to identify the major positions on either side and work to support the side the writer agrees with while refuting the opposing side’s potential arguments.

Compare and Contrast essay

This essay compares two items, such as two poems, and works to identify similarities and differences, discussing the strength and weaknesses of each.  This essay can focus on more than just two items, however.  The point of this essay is to reveal new connections the reader may not have considered previously.

Definition essay

This essay has a sole purpose – defining a term or a concept in as much detail as possible. Sounds pretty simple, right? Well, not quite. The most important part of the process is picking up the word. Before zooming it up under the microscope, make sure to choose something roomy so you can define it under multiple angles. The definition essay outline will reflect those angles and scopes.

Descriptive essay

Perhaps the most fun to write, this essay focuses on describing its subject using all five of the senses.  The writer aims to fully describe the topic; for example, a descriptive essay could aim to describe the ocean to someone who’s never seen it or the job of a teacher.  Descriptive essays rely heavily on detail and the paragraphs can be organized by sense.

Illustration essay

The purpose of this essay is to describe an idea, occasion or a concept with the help of clear and vocal examples. “Illustration” itself is handled in the body paragraphs section. Each of the statements, presented in the essay needs to be supported with several examples. Illustration essay helps the author to connect with his audience by breaking the barriers with real-life examples – clear and indisputable.

Informative Essay

Being one the basic essay types, the informative essay is as easy as it sounds from a technical standpoint. High school is where students usually encounter with informative essay first time. The purpose of this paper is to describe an idea, concept or any other abstract subject with the help of proper research and a generous amount of storytelling.

Narrative essay

This type of essay focuses on describing a certain event or experience, most often chronologically.  It could be a historic event or an ordinary day or month in a regular person’s life. Narrative essay proclaims a free approach to writing it, therefore it does not always require conventional attributes, like the outline. The narrative itself typically unfolds through a personal lens, and is thus considered to be a subjective form of writing.

Persuasive essay

The purpose of the persuasive essay is to provide the audience with a 360-view on the concept idea or certain topic – to persuade the reader to adopt a certain viewpoint. The viewpoints can range widely from why visiting the dentist is important to why dogs make the best pets to why blue is the best color.  Strong, persuasive language is a defining characteristic of this essay type.

Types of essays

The Essay in Art

Several other artistic mediums have adopted the essay as a means of communicating with their audience.  In the visual arts, such as painting or sculpting, the rough sketches of the final product are sometimes deemed essays.  Likewise, directors may opt to create a film essay which is similar to a documentary in that it offers a personal reflection on a relevant issue.  Finally, photographers often create photographic essays in which they use a series of photographs to tell a story, similar to a narrative or a descriptive essay.

Drawing the line – question answered

“What is an Essay?” is quite a polarizing question. On one hand, it can easily be answered in a couple of words. On the other, it is surely the most profound and self-established type of content there ever was. Going back through the history of the last five-six centuries helps us understand where did it come from and how it is being applied ever since.

If you must write an essay, follow these five important steps to works towards earning the “A” you want:

  • Understand and review the kind of essay you must write
  • Brainstorm your argument
  • Find research from reliable sources to support your perspective
  • Cite all sources parenthetically within the paper and on the Works Cited page
  • Follow all grammatical rules

Generally speaking, when you must write any type of essay, start sooner rather than later!  Don’t procrastinate – give yourself time to develop your perspective and work on crafting a unique and original approach to the topic.  Remember: it’s always a good idea to have another set of eyes (or three) look over your essay before handing in the final draft to your teacher or professor.  Don’t trust your fellow classmates?  Consider hiring an editor or a ghostwriter to help out!

If you are still unsure on whether you can cope with your task – you are in the right place to get help. HandMadeWriting is the perfect answer to the question “Who can write my essay?”

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A life lesson in Romeo and Juliet taught by death

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Ethical Research Paper Topics

Ethical Research Paper Topics

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Art Research Paper Topics

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Essay Writing

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The Modes of Discourse—Exposition, Description, Narration, Argumentation (EDNA)—are common paper assignments you may encounter in your writing classes. Although these genres have been criticized by some composition scholars, the Purdue OWL recognizes the wide spread use of these approaches and students’ need to understand and produce them.

This resource begins with a general description of essay writing and moves to a discussion of common essay genres students may encounter across the curriculum. The four genres of essays (description, narration, exposition, and argumentation) are common paper assignments you may encounter in your writing classes. Although these genres, also known as the modes of discourse, have been criticized by some composition scholars, the Purdue OWL recognizes the wide spread use of these genres and students’ need to understand and produce these types of essays. We hope these resources will help.

The essay is a commonly assigned form of writing that every student will encounter while in academia. Therefore, it is wise for the student to become capable and comfortable with this type of writing early on in her training.

Essays can be a rewarding and challenging type of writing and are often assigned either to be done in class, which requires previous planning and practice (and a bit of creativity) on the part of the student, or as homework, which likewise demands a certain amount of preparation. Many poorly crafted essays have been produced on account of a lack of preparation and confidence. However, students can avoid the discomfort often associated with essay writing by understanding some common genres.

Before delving into its various genres, let’s begin with a basic definition of the essay.

What is an essay?

Though the word essay has come to be understood as a type of writing in Modern English, its origins provide us with some useful insights. The word comes into the English language through the French influence on Middle English; tracing it back further, we find that the French form of the word comes from the Latin verb exigere , which means "to examine, test, or (literally) to drive out." Through the excavation of this ancient word, we are able to unearth the essence of the academic essay: to encourage students to test or examine their ideas concerning a particular topic.

Essays are shorter pieces of writing that often require the student to hone a number of skills such as close reading, analysis, comparison and contrast, persuasion, conciseness, clarity, and exposition. As is evidenced by this list of attributes, there is much to be gained by the student who strives to succeed at essay writing.

The purpose of an essay is to encourage students to develop ideas and concepts in their writing with the direction of little more than their own thoughts (it may be helpful to view the essay as the converse of a research paper). Therefore, essays are (by nature) concise and require clarity in purpose and direction. This means that there is no room for the student’s thoughts to wander or stray from his or her purpose; the writing must be deliberate and interesting.

This handout should help students become familiar and comfortable with the process of essay composition through the introduction of some common essay genres.

This handout includes a brief introduction to the following genres of essay writing:

  • Expository essays
  • Descriptive essays
  • Narrative essays
  • Argumentative (Persuasive) essays

Your Guide to Essay Writing

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Q: What is the difference between a research paper and a review paper?

This is my first attempt at writing a scientific paper and I am thinking of writing a review article. I want to know what is the exact difference between a research paper and a review paper. Will a review paper be published by a good journal?

Asked on 21 Jan, 2015

A research paper is based on original research. The kind of research may vary depending on your field or the topic (experiments, survey, interview, questionnaire, etc.), but authors need to collect and analyze  raw data and conduct  an original study. The research paper will be based on the analysis and interpretation of this data.

A review article or review paper is based on other published articles. It does not report original research. Review articles generally summarize the existing literature on a topic in an attempt to explain the current state of understanding on the topic. Review articles can be of three kinds:

  • A narrative review explains the existing knowledge on a topic based on all the published research available on the topic.
  • A systematic review searches for the answer to a particular question in the existing scientific literature on a topic.
  • A meta-analysis compares and combines the findings of previously published studies, usually to assess the effectiveness of an intervention or mode of treatment.

Review papers form valuable scientific literature as they summarize the findings of existing literature. So readers can form an idea about the existing knowledge on a topic without having to read all the published works in the field. Well-written review articles are popular, particularly in the field of medicine and healthcare. Most reputed journals publish review articles. However, you should check the website of the journal you wish to get published in to see if they accept such articles. If published in a good peer-reviewed journal, review articles often have a high impact and receive a lot of citations.

If you are new to writing research papers, I would recommend taking this course designed exclusively for early career researchers:  An in-depth academic publishing course for young researchers . 

Related reading:

  • 5 differences between a research paper and a review paper  
  • The complete guide to writing a brilliant research paper

avatar mx-auto white

Answered by Editage Insights on 30 Mar, 2017

  • Upvote this Answer

paper essay verschil

what is the meaning of an overview article ? can we conseder it as a research paper or review one?

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Answered by aicha aicha on 15 Nov, 2018

Hi everyone. I am a new here. I think that a research paper is a piece of academic writing based on its author's original research on a particular topic. It can be either a term paper, a masters thesis or a doctoral dissertation. And a review article is an article that summarizes the current state of understanding on a topic. 

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Answered by nic faust on 28 Jan, 2019

its a nice one

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Answered by parry roy on 09 May, 2019

Research paper   sometimes referred to as empirical or primary sources, report on original research. They will typically include sections such as an introduction, methods, results, and discussion. Review paper , sometimes called literature reviews or secondary sources, synthesize or analyze research already conducted in primary sources. They generally summarize the current state of research on a given topic.

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Answered by Christian Baker on 30 Jul, 2019

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Answered by Maria Smith on 28 Jan, 2020

A research paper is all about research and a review paper tells you about giving reviews.

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Answered by Freddie Woods on 14 Oct, 2021

A research paper presents original findings or results from a study, while a review paper summarizes and analyzes existing research on a particular topic, providing an overview of the current state of knowledge.

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Answered by Muskan Choudhary on 26 Jul, 2023

This content belongs to the Conducting Research Stage

Confirm that you would also like to sign up for free personalized email coaching for this stage.

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Know the Differences & Comparisons

Difference Between Essay and Report

essay vs report

On the other hand, an essay can be understood as a piece of writing, on a specific topic or subject, which expresses the author’s own ideas and knowledge about the subject.

The basic difference between essay and report is that while an essay is argumentative and idea-based, reports are informative and fact-based. Now, let us move further to understand some more points of differences.

Content: Essay Vs Report

Comparison chart, definition of essay.

An essay can be understood as a comprehensive literary composition, written in a narrative style and presents a particular topic, supports an argument and highlights the writer’s view or ideology. An essay is used to check a person’s outlook and understanding on specific matters and also his/her ability to describe and argue in a way which convinces the reader or informs him/her about a specific topic.

One can make use of learned materials, along with his/her own research, to write an essay effectively. It includes both narrative and subjective thoughts. Further, an essay supports a single idea at a time, for which several components need to be covered in it so as to appear logical and chronological.

It can be a learned argument, observation of day to day life, literary criticism, political manifestos, recollections, and reflections of the writer. It starts with a question and attempts to answer or give suggestions to the problem, on the basis of the existing theories or the writer’s personal opinion and assessment.

While writing an essay, it must be kept in mind that the approach used by the writer should be positive, even if the topic of argument is negative.

Definition of Report

The report implies a well structured factual document which is created and presented after conducting an independent enquiry, research or investigation on a specific subject. It serves as a basis for problem-solving and decision making.

Reports are prepared for a definite purpose and contain relevant information in a proper format, for a particular audience. It is used to identify, observe and analyse the issues, events, findings, that occurred practically, i.e. in real life.

A report is designed with the aim of informing the reader about the event, situation or issue, in a very simple and objective manner, while enabling them to get the desired information quickly and easily. It provides recommendations for future actions. Information collected from research, or from carrying out a project work is presented in a clear and concise manner, under a set of headings and subheadings, that helps the reader to get the desired information quickly and easily.

Characteristics of an Ideal Report

  • It must be clear and concise.
  • It is written in easy language which the readers can understand easily.
  • It has to be appropriate and accurate.
  • It should be well drafted and organised, with specific sections, headings and sub-headings.

A report summary can be provided orally, however detailed reports are usually in the form of written documents. It contains – Title Page, Acknowledgement, Authorization Letter, Table of Contents, Executive Summary, Introduction, Discussion, Results, Conclusion, Recommendations and References.

Moreover, Cover letter, Copyright notice, Bibliography, Glossary and Appendices may also form part of a report.

Key Differences Between Essay and Report

The difference Between report and essay is discussed here in detail:

  • An essay is a brief literary composition, which is used to describe, present, argue, and analyse the idea or topic. Conversely, a report is a formal and concise document consisting of findings from the practical research. It aims at investigating and exploring the problem under study.
  • An essay is written on the basis of subjective analysis of theories and past research, by other people and own ideas, on the concerned subject. As against, a report is objective and factual, which is based on past research, as well as present data and findings.
  • An essay talks about general facts and events along with the writer’s personal ideas and views, on the topic in a non-fictional manner. On the contrary, a report contains information which the reader can use to identify the facts or support in decision making or solving issues if any.
  • When it comes to sections, a report usually contains different sections, with catchy headings which may attract the attention of the audience. As against, an essay does not have any section, its flow is continuous. However, it is divided into cohesive paragraphs.
  • A report uses tables, charts, graphs, diagrams, statistics and many more for a clear and better presentation of the information. But, in the case of essays, they are not used.
  • The conclusion in an essay is based on the writer’s personal opinion and views on the topic itself which must be optimistic, and it does not provide any recommendations for future actions. On the other hand, a report gives an independent conclusion, but it may contain the opinion of the experts or previous researchers and recommendations are included, about how the research can be improved and extended.

In a nutshell, Essays are descriptive, subjective and evaluative, whereas, a report is descriptive, objective and analytical. Essays are mainly used in an academic context, whereas reports are preferred in the field of research.

The report is used to present the researched information in a written format, to the audience. Conversely, essays are used to identify what the writer knows about the topic and how well the writer understand the question.

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theme vs topic

Anna H. Smith says

November 26, 2020 at 3:22 pm

Thank you for explaining this so eloquently. Excellent post, I will keep this handy and refer to it often from now on, the information is so clear and so insightful, thanks for giving a clear difference. It’s a very educative article.!

Presley Dube says

November 20, 2021 at 3:43 pm

very useful to me thank you.

Leonard says

August 8, 2022 at 2:52 pm

Thanks for sharing such nice information about this topic.

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March 20, 2023 at 10:39 pm

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Announcing the NeurIPS 2023 Paper Awards 

Communications Chairs 2023 2023 Conference awards , neurips2023

By Amir Globerson, Kate Saenko, Moritz Hardt, Sergey Levine and Comms Chair, Sahra Ghalebikesabi 

We are honored to announce the award-winning papers for NeurIPS 2023! This year’s prestigious awards consist of the Test of Time Award plus two Outstanding Paper Awards in each of these three categories: 

  • Two Outstanding Main Track Papers 
  • Two Outstanding Main Track Runner-Ups 
  • Two Outstanding Datasets and Benchmark Track Papers  

This year’s organizers received a record number of paper submissions. Of the 13,300 submitted papers that were reviewed by 968 Area Chairs, 98 senior area chairs, and 396 Ethics reviewers 3,540  were accepted after 502 papers were flagged for ethics reviews . 

We thank the awards committee for the main track: Yoav Artzi, Chelsea Finn, Ludwig Schmidt, Ricardo Silva, Isabel Valera, and Mengdi Wang. For the Datasets and Benchmarks track, we thank Sergio Escalera, Isabelle Guyon, Neil Lawrence, Dina Machuve, Olga Russakovsky, Hugo Jair Escalante, Deepti Ghadiyaram, and Serena Yeung. Conflicts of interest were taken into account in the decision process.

Congratulations to all the authors! See Posters Sessions Tue-Thur in Great Hall & B1-B2 (level 1).

Outstanding Main Track Papers

Privacy Auditing with One (1) Training Run Authors: Thomas Steinke · Milad Nasr · Matthew Jagielski

Poster session 2: Tue 12 Dec 5:15 p.m. — 7:15 p.m. CST, #1523

Oral: Tue 12 Dec 3:40 p.m. — 4:40 p.m. CST, Room R06-R09 (level 2)

Abstract: We propose a scheme for auditing differentially private machine learning systems with a single training run. This exploits the parallelism of being able to add or remove multiple training examples independently. We analyze this using the connection between differential privacy and statistical generalization, which avoids the cost of group privacy. Our auditing scheme requires minimal assumptions about the algorithm and can be applied in the black-box or white-box setting. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our framework by applying it to DP-SGD, where we can achieve meaningful empirical privacy lower bounds by training only one model. In contrast, standard methods would require training hundreds of models.

Are Emergent Abilities of Large Language Models a Mirage? Authors: Rylan Schaeffer · Brando Miranda · Sanmi Koyejo

Poster session 6: Thu 14 Dec 5:00 p.m. — 7:00 p.m. CST, #1108

Oral: Thu 14 Dec 3:20 p.m. — 3:35 p.m. CST, Hall C2 (level 1) 

Abstract: Recent work claims that large language models display emergent abilities, abilities not present in smaller-scale models that are present in larger-scale models. What makes emergent abilities intriguing is two-fold: their sharpness, transitioning seemingly instantaneously from not present to present, and their unpredictability , appearing at seemingly unforeseeable model scales. Here, we present an alternative explanation for emergent abilities: that for a particular task and model family, when analyzing fixed model outputs, emergent abilities appear due to the researcher’s choice of metric rather than due to fundamental changes in model behavior with scale. Specifically, nonlinear or discontinuous metrics produce apparent emergent abilities, whereas linear or continuous metrics produce smooth, continuous, predictable changes in model performance. We present our alternative explanation in a simple mathematical model, then test it in three complementary ways: we (1) make, test and confirm three predictions on the effect of metric choice using the InstructGPT/GPT-3 family on tasks with claimed emergent abilities, (2) make, test and confirm two predictions about metric choices in a meta-analysis of emergent abilities on BIG-Bench; and (3) show how to choose metrics to produce never-before-seen seemingly emergent abilities in multiple vision tasks across diverse deep networks. Via all three analyses, we provide evidence that alleged emergent abilities evaporate with different metrics or with better statistics, and may not be a fundamental property of scaling AI models.

Outstanding Main Track Runner-Ups

Scaling Data-Constrained Language Models Authors : Niklas Muennighoff · Alexander Rush · Boaz Barak · Teven Le Scao · Nouamane Tazi · Aleksandra Piktus · Sampo Pyysalo · Thomas Wolf · Colin Raffel

Poster session 2: Tue 12 Dec 5:15 p.m. — 7:15 p.m. CST, #813

Oral: Tue 12 Dec 3:40 p.m. — 4:40 p.m. CST, Hall C2 (level 1)  

Abstract : The current trend of scaling language models involves increasing both parameter count and training dataset size. Extrapolating this trend suggests that training dataset size may soon be limited by the amount of text data available on the internet. Motivated by this limit, we investigate scaling language models in data-constrained regimes. Specifically, we run a large set of experiments varying the extent of data repetition and compute budget, ranging up to 900 billion training tokens and 9 billion parameter models. We find that with constrained data for a fixed compute budget, training with up to 4 epochs of repeated data yields negligible changes to loss compared to having unique data. However, with more repetition, the value of adding compute eventually decays to zero. We propose and empirically validate a scaling law for compute optimality that accounts for the decreasing value of repeated tokens and excess parameters. Finally, we experiment with approaches mitigating data scarcity, including augmenting the training dataset with code data or removing commonly used filters. Models and datasets from our 400 training runs are freely available at https://github.com/huggingface/datablations .

Direct Preference Optimization: Your Language Model is Secretly a Reward Model Authors: Rafael Rafailov · Archit Sharma · Eric Mitchell · Christopher D Manning · Stefano Ermon · Chelsea Finn

Poster session 6: Thu 14 Dec 5:00 p.m. — 7:00 p.m. CST, #625

Oral: Thu 14 Dec 3:50 p.m. — 4:05 p.m. CST, Ballroom A-C (level 2)  

Abstract: While large-scale unsupervised language models (LMs) learn broad world knowledge and some reasoning skills, achieving precise control of their behavior is difficult due to the completely unsupervised nature of their training. Existing methods for gaining such steerability collect human labels of the relative quality of model generations and fine-tune the unsupervised LM to align with these preferences, often with reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF). However, RLHF is a complex and often unstable procedure, first fitting a reward model that reflects the human preferences, and then fine-tuning the large unsupervised LM using reinforcement learning to maximize this estimated reward without drifting too far from the original model. In this paper, we leverage a mapping between reward functions and optimal policies to show that this constrained reward maximization problem can be optimized exactly with a single stage of policy training, essentially solving a classification problem on the human preference data. The resulting algorithm, which we call Direct Preference Optimization (DPO), is stable, performant, and computationally lightweight, eliminating the need for fitting a reward model, sampling from the LM during fine-tuning, or performing significant hyperparameter tuning. Our experiments show that DPO can fine-tune LMs to align with human preferences as well as or better than existing methods. Notably, fine-tuning with DPO exceeds RLHF’s ability to control sentiment of generations and improves response quality in summarization and single-turn dialogue while being substantially simpler to implement and train.

Outstanding Datasets and Benchmarks Papers

In the dataset category : 

ClimSim: A large multi-scale dataset for hybrid physics-ML climate emulation

Authors:  Sungduk Yu · Walter Hannah · Liran Peng · Jerry Lin · Mohamed Aziz Bhouri · Ritwik Gupta · Björn Lütjens · Justus C. Will · Gunnar Behrens · Julius Busecke · Nora Loose · Charles Stern · Tom Beucler · Bryce Harrop · Benjamin Hillman · Andrea Jenney · Savannah L. Ferretti · Nana Liu · Animashree Anandkumar · Noah Brenowitz · Veronika Eyring · Nicholas Geneva · Pierre Gentine · Stephan Mandt · Jaideep Pathak · Akshay Subramaniam · Carl Vondrick · Rose Yu · Laure Zanna · Tian Zheng · Ryan Abernathey · Fiaz Ahmed · David Bader · Pierre Baldi · Elizabeth Barnes · Christopher Bretherton · Peter Caldwell · Wayne Chuang · Yilun Han · YU HUANG · Fernando Iglesias-Suarez · Sanket Jantre · Karthik Kashinath · Marat Khairoutdinov · Thorsten Kurth · Nicholas Lutsko · Po-Lun Ma · Griffin Mooers · J. David Neelin · David Randall · Sara Shamekh · Mark Taylor · Nathan Urban · Janni Yuval · Guang Zhang · Mike Pritchard

Poster session 4: Wed 13 Dec 5:00 p.m. — 7:00 p.m. CST, #105 

Oral: Wed 13 Dec 3:45 p.m. — 4:00 p.m. CST, Ballroom A-C (level 2)

Abstract: Modern climate projections lack adequate spatial and temporal resolution due to computational constraints. A consequence is inaccurate and imprecise predictions of critical processes such as storms. Hybrid methods that combine physics with machine learning (ML) have introduced a new generation of higher fidelity climate simulators that can sidestep Moore’s Law by outsourcing compute-hungry, short, high-resolution simulations to ML emulators. However, this hybrid ML-physics simulation approach requires domain-specific treatment and has been inaccessible to ML experts because of lack of training data and relevant, easy-to-use workflows. We present ClimSim, the largest-ever dataset designed for hybrid ML-physics research. It comprises multi-scale climate simulations, developed by a consortium of climate scientists and ML researchers. It consists of 5.7 billion pairs of multivariate input and output vectors that isolate the influence of locally-nested, high-resolution, high-fidelity physics on a host climate simulator’s macro-scale physical state. The dataset is global in coverage, spans multiple years at high sampling frequency, and is designed such that resulting emulators are compatible with downstream coupling into operational climate simulators. We implement a range of deterministic and stochastic regression baselines to highlight the ML challenges and their scoring. The data (https://huggingface.co/datasets/LEAP/ClimSim_high-res) and code (https://leap-stc.github.io/ClimSim) are released openly to support the development of hybrid ML-physics and high-fidelity climate simulations for the benefit of science and society.   

In the benchmark category :

DecodingTrust: A Comprehensive Assessment of Trustworthiness in GPT Models

Authors: Boxin Wang · Weixin Chen · Hengzhi Pei · Chulin Xie · Mintong Kang · Chenhui Zhang · Chejian Xu · Zidi Xiong · Ritik Dutta · Rylan Schaeffer · Sang Truong · Simran Arora · Mantas Mazeika · Dan Hendrycks · Zinan Lin · Yu Cheng · Sanmi Koyejo · Dawn Song · Bo Li

Poster session 1: Tue 12 Dec 10:45 a.m. — 12:45 p.m. CST, #1618  

Oral: Tue 12 Dec 10:30 a.m. — 10:45 a.m. CST, Ballroom A-C (Level 2)

Abstract: Generative Pre-trained Transformer (GPT) models have exhibited exciting progress in capabilities, capturing the interest of practitioners and the public alike. Yet, while the literature on the trustworthiness of GPT models remains limited, practitioners have proposed employing capable GPT models for sensitive applications to healthcare and finance – where mistakes can be costly. To this end, this work proposes a comprehensive trustworthiness evaluation for large language models with a focus on GPT-4 and GPT-3.5, considering diverse perspectives – including toxicity, stereotype bias, adversarial robustness, out-of-distribution robustness, robustness on adversarial demonstrations, privacy, machine ethics, and fairness. Based on our evaluations, we discover previously unpublished vulnerabilities to trustworthiness threats. For instance, we find that GPT models can be easily misled to generate toxic and biased outputs and leak private information in both training data and conversation history. We also find that although GPT-4 is usually more trustworthy than GPT-3.5 on standard benchmarks, GPT-4 is more vulnerable given jailbreaking system or user prompts, potentially due to the reason that GPT-4 follows the (misleading) instructions more precisely. Our work illustrates a comprehensive trustworthiness evaluation of GPT models and sheds light on the trustworthiness gaps. Our benchmark is publicly available at https://decodingtrust.github.io/.

Test of Time

This year, following the usual practice, we chose a NeurIPS paper from 10 years ago to receive the Test of Time Award, and “ Distributed Representations of Words and Phrases and their Compositionality ” by Tomas Mikolov, Ilya Sutskever, Kai Chen, Greg Corrado, and Jeffrey Dean, won. 

Published at NeurIPS 2013 and cited over 40,000 times, the work introduced the seminal word embedding technique word2vec. Demonstrating the power of learning from large amounts of unstructured text, the work catalyzed progress that marked the beginning of a new era in natural language processing.

Greg Corrado and Jeffrey Dean will be giving a talk about this work and related research on Tuesday, 12 Dec at 3:05 – 3:25 pm CST in Hall F.  

Related Posts

2023 Conference

Announcing NeurIPS 2023 Invited Talks

Reflections on the neurips 2023 ethics review process, neurips newsletter – november 2023.

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Title: self-discover: large language models self-compose reasoning structures.

Abstract: We introduce SELF-DISCOVER, a general framework for LLMs to self-discover the task-intrinsic reasoning structures to tackle complex reasoning problems that are challenging for typical prompting methods. Core to the framework is a self-discovery process where LLMs select multiple atomic reasoning modules such as critical thinking and step-by-step thinking, and compose them into an explicit reasoning structure for LLMs to follow during decoding. SELF-DISCOVER substantially improves GPT-4 and PaLM 2's performance on challenging reasoning benchmarks such as BigBench-Hard, grounded agent reasoning, and MATH, by as much as 32% compared to Chain of Thought (CoT). Furthermore, SELF-DISCOVER outperforms inference-intensive methods such as CoT-Self-Consistency by more than 20%, while requiring 10-40x fewer inference compute. Finally, we show that the self-discovered reasoning structures are universally applicable across model families: from PaLM 2-L to GPT-4, and from GPT-4 to Llama2, and share commonalities with human reasoning patterns.

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How to Structure an Essay | Tips & Templates

Published on September 18, 2020 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on July 23, 2023.

The basic structure of an essay always consists of an introduction , a body , and a conclusion . But for many students, the most difficult part of structuring an essay is deciding how to organize information within the body.

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Table of contents

The basics of essay structure, chronological structure, compare-and-contrast structure, problems-methods-solutions structure, signposting to clarify your structure, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about essay structure.

There are two main things to keep in mind when working on your essay structure: making sure to include the right information in each part, and deciding how you’ll organize the information within the body.

Parts of an essay

The three parts that make up all essays are described in the table below.

Order of information

You’ll also have to consider how to present information within the body. There are a few general principles that can guide you here.

The first is that your argument should move from the simplest claim to the most complex . The body of a good argumentative essay often begins with simple and widely accepted claims, and then moves towards more complex and contentious ones.

For example, you might begin by describing a generally accepted philosophical concept, and then apply it to a new topic. The grounding in the general concept will allow the reader to understand your unique application of it.

The second principle is that background information should appear towards the beginning of your essay . General background is presented in the introduction. If you have additional background to present, this information will usually come at the start of the body.

The third principle is that everything in your essay should be relevant to the thesis . Ask yourself whether each piece of information advances your argument or provides necessary background. And make sure that the text clearly expresses each piece of information’s relevance.

The sections below present several organizational templates for essays: the chronological approach, the compare-and-contrast approach, and the problems-methods-solutions approach.

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The chronological approach (sometimes called the cause-and-effect approach) is probably the simplest way to structure an essay. It just means discussing events in the order in which they occurred, discussing how they are related (i.e. the cause and effect involved) as you go.

A chronological approach can be useful when your essay is about a series of events. Don’t rule out other approaches, though—even when the chronological approach is the obvious one, you might be able to bring out more with a different structure.

Explore the tabs below to see a general template and a specific example outline from an essay on the invention of the printing press.

  • Thesis statement
  • Discussion of event/period
  • Consequences
  • Importance of topic
  • Strong closing statement
  • Claim that the printing press marks the end of the Middle Ages
  • Background on the low levels of literacy before the printing press
  • Thesis statement: The invention of the printing press increased circulation of information in Europe, paving the way for the Reformation
  • High levels of illiteracy in medieval Europe
  • Literacy and thus knowledge and education were mainly the domain of religious and political elites
  • Consequence: this discouraged political and religious change
  • Invention of the printing press in 1440 by Johannes Gutenberg
  • Implications of the new technology for book production
  • Consequence: Rapid spread of the technology and the printing of the Gutenberg Bible
  • Trend for translating the Bible into vernacular languages during the years following the printing press’s invention
  • Luther’s own translation of the Bible during the Reformation
  • Consequence: The large-scale effects the Reformation would have on religion and politics
  • Summarize the history described
  • Stress the significance of the printing press to the events of this period

Essays with two or more main subjects are often structured around comparing and contrasting . For example, a literary analysis essay might compare two different texts, and an argumentative essay might compare the strengths of different arguments.

There are two main ways of structuring a compare-and-contrast essay: the alternating method, and the block method.

Alternating

In the alternating method, each paragraph compares your subjects in terms of a specific point of comparison. These points of comparison are therefore what defines each paragraph.

The tabs below show a general template for this structure, and a specific example for an essay comparing and contrasting distance learning with traditional classroom learning.

  • Synthesis of arguments
  • Topical relevance of distance learning in lockdown
  • Increasing prevalence of distance learning over the last decade
  • Thesis statement: While distance learning has certain advantages, it introduces multiple new accessibility issues that must be addressed for it to be as effective as classroom learning
  • Classroom learning: Ease of identifying difficulties and privately discussing them
  • Distance learning: Difficulty of noticing and unobtrusively helping
  • Classroom learning: Difficulties accessing the classroom (disability, distance travelled from home)
  • Distance learning: Difficulties with online work (lack of tech literacy, unreliable connection, distractions)
  • Classroom learning: Tends to encourage personal engagement among students and with teacher, more relaxed social environment
  • Distance learning: Greater ability to reach out to teacher privately
  • Sum up, emphasize that distance learning introduces more difficulties than it solves
  • Stress the importance of addressing issues with distance learning as it becomes increasingly common
  • Distance learning may prove to be the future, but it still has a long way to go

In the block method, each subject is covered all in one go, potentially across multiple paragraphs. For example, you might write two paragraphs about your first subject and then two about your second subject, making comparisons back to the first.

The tabs again show a general template, followed by another essay on distance learning, this time with the body structured in blocks.

  • Point 1 (compare)
  • Point 2 (compare)
  • Point 3 (compare)
  • Point 4 (compare)
  • Advantages: Flexibility, accessibility
  • Disadvantages: Discomfort, challenges for those with poor internet or tech literacy
  • Advantages: Potential for teacher to discuss issues with a student in a separate private call
  • Disadvantages: Difficulty of identifying struggling students and aiding them unobtrusively, lack of personal interaction among students
  • Advantages: More accessible to those with low tech literacy, equality of all sharing one learning environment
  • Disadvantages: Students must live close enough to attend, commutes may vary, classrooms not always accessible for disabled students
  • Advantages: Ease of picking up on signs a student is struggling, more personal interaction among students
  • Disadvantages: May be harder for students to approach teacher privately in person to raise issues

An essay that concerns a specific problem (practical or theoretical) may be structured according to the problems-methods-solutions approach.

This is just what it sounds like: You define the problem, characterize a method or theory that may solve it, and finally analyze the problem, using this method or theory to arrive at a solution. If the problem is theoretical, the solution might be the analysis you present in the essay itself; otherwise, you might just present a proposed solution.

The tabs below show a template for this structure and an example outline for an essay about the problem of fake news.

  • Introduce the problem
  • Provide background
  • Describe your approach to solving it
  • Define the problem precisely
  • Describe why it’s important
  • Indicate previous approaches to the problem
  • Present your new approach, and why it’s better
  • Apply the new method or theory to the problem
  • Indicate the solution you arrive at by doing so
  • Assess (potential or actual) effectiveness of solution
  • Describe the implications
  • Problem: The growth of “fake news” online
  • Prevalence of polarized/conspiracy-focused news sources online
  • Thesis statement: Rather than attempting to stamp out online fake news through social media moderation, an effective approach to combating it must work with educational institutions to improve media literacy
  • Definition: Deliberate disinformation designed to spread virally online
  • Popularization of the term, growth of the phenomenon
  • Previous approaches: Labeling and moderation on social media platforms
  • Critique: This approach feeds conspiracies; the real solution is to improve media literacy so users can better identify fake news
  • Greater emphasis should be placed on media literacy education in schools
  • This allows people to assess news sources independently, rather than just being told which ones to trust
  • This is a long-term solution but could be highly effective
  • It would require significant organization and investment, but would equip people to judge news sources more effectively
  • Rather than trying to contain the spread of fake news, we must teach the next generation not to fall for it

Signposting means guiding the reader through your essay with language that describes or hints at the structure of what follows.  It can help you clarify your structure for yourself as well as helping your reader follow your ideas.

The essay overview

In longer essays whose body is split into multiple named sections, the introduction often ends with an overview of the rest of the essay. This gives a brief description of the main idea or argument of each section.

The overview allows the reader to immediately understand what will be covered in the essay and in what order. Though it describes what  comes later in the text, it is generally written in the present tense . The following example is from a literary analysis essay on Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein .

Transitions

Transition words and phrases are used throughout all good essays to link together different ideas. They help guide the reader through your text, and an essay that uses them effectively will be much easier to follow.

Various different relationships can be expressed by transition words, as shown in this example.

Because Hitler failed to respond to the British ultimatum, France and the UK declared war on Germany. Although it was an outcome the Allies had hoped to avoid, they were prepared to back up their ultimatum in order to combat the existential threat posed by the Third Reich.

Transition sentences may be included to transition between different paragraphs or sections of an essay. A good transition sentence moves the reader on to the next topic while indicating how it relates to the previous one.

… Distance learning, then, seems to improve accessibility in some ways while representing a step backwards in others.

However , considering the issue of personal interaction among students presents a different picture.

If you want to know more about AI tools , college essays , or fallacies make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples or go directly to our tools!

  • Ad hominem fallacy
  • Post hoc fallacy
  • Appeal to authority fallacy
  • False cause fallacy
  • Sunk cost fallacy

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The structure of an essay is divided into an introduction that presents your topic and thesis statement , a body containing your in-depth analysis and arguments, and a conclusion wrapping up your ideas.

The structure of the body is flexible, but you should always spend some time thinking about how you can organize your essay to best serve your ideas.

An essay isn’t just a loose collection of facts and ideas. Instead, it should be centered on an overarching argument (summarized in your thesis statement ) that every part of the essay relates to.

The way you structure your essay is crucial to presenting your argument coherently. A well-structured essay helps your reader follow the logic of your ideas and understand your overall point.

Comparisons in essays are generally structured in one of two ways:

  • The alternating method, where you compare your subjects side by side according to one specific aspect at a time.
  • The block method, where you cover each subject separately in its entirety.

It’s also possible to combine both methods, for example by writing a full paragraph on each of your topics and then a final paragraph contrasting the two according to a specific metric.

You should try to follow your outline as you write your essay . However, if your ideas change or it becomes clear that your structure could be better, it’s okay to depart from your essay outline . Just make sure you know why you’re doing so.

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CBSE Board Exam 2024 Live Updates: Class 10 language papers, Class 12 Computer Application & Typography ends

  • Feb 22, 2024 3:44 PM IST CBSE Class 12th English Core analysis: Teacher's reaction after exam
  • Feb 22, 2024 2:59 PM IST CBSE Class 12 English core analysis: Students, teachers say lengthy paper
  • Feb 22, 2024 2:47 PM IST CBSE Class 12 English Core analysis: Section-wise marks
  • Feb 22, 2024 2:40 PM IST CBSE Class 12 English Core: What Chandigarh students said after exam
  • Feb 22, 2024 2:14 PM IST CBSE Class 12 English Core paper analysis by teacher
  • Feb 22, 2024 1:12 PM IST CBSE Class 12 English exam 2024: Paper analysis shortly
  • Feb 22, 2024 10:37 AM IST CBSE board exam 2024: February 22 exams begin

CBSE Board Exam 2024 Live Updates: Class 10, 12 exam begins at 10.30 am

CBSE Board Exam 2024 Live Updates : The Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) will conduct Class 10 Punjabi, Sindhi, Malayalam, Odia, Assamese, Kannada, Kokborok paper and Class 12 Typography and Computer Application papers today, February 24, 2024. The duration of these exams is three hours – The papers started at 10:30 am and ended at 1:30 pm. ...Read More

CBSE Class 12th and Class 10th paper analysis and students' reactions will be shared below when the exams end. Follow this live blog for the latest updates on CBSE Class 10th and 12th board examinations.

CBSE Class 10, 12 Exams 2024: Ends

CBSE Class 10, 12 Exams 2024 has concluded for the day. The analysis will be available soon.

CBSE Class 10, 12 Exam 2024: Papers underway

CBSE Class 10, 12 Exam 2024 papers are underway. The Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) will conduct Class 10 Punjabi, Sindhi, Malayalam, Odia, Assamese, Kannada, Kokborok paper and Class 12 Typography and Computer Application papers today.

CBSE Board Exam 2024: Class 10, 12 exam begins

CBSE Class 10 Punjabi, Sindhi, Malayalam, Odia, Assamese, Kannada, Kokborok and CBSE CLass 12 Typography and Computer Application papers begin.

CBSE Board Exam 2024: Instructions here

All the appearing candidates will have to reach the exam centre on or before 10 am on all exam days. Only those students will be allowed entry who arrive at 10.00 am. The examination will begin at 10.30 am

Candidates will have to carry their admit card to the exam centre on all exam days.

Appearing candidates will have to bring their own stationery to the exam centre.

Once the question paper is distributed, candidates should read the questions carefully before answering them.

Candidates residing in Delhi will have to leave their homes early, and as advised, can use the metro services to reach the exam centres on time.

CBSE Class 10, 12 Exam 2024: Begins at 10.30 am

CBSE Class 10, 12 Exam 2024 will begin at 10.30 am and will get over at 1.30 pm today.

CBSE Class 10, 12 Exams 2024: Dates

CBSE Class 10th and 12th board exams 2024 started on February 15. Exams for Class 10 students will end on March 13 and for Class 12 students, these exams will continue till April 2.

CBSE Class 10, 12 Exam 2024: Ends

CBSE Class 10, 12 Exam 2024 has concluded for the day. The examination was conducted from 10.30 am to 1.30 pm across the country and abroad at various exam centres.

CBSE Board Exam 2024: Paper Analysis shortly

CBSE Board Exam 2024 question paper analysis will be posted soon

CBSE Board Exam 2024: Instructions to students

While appearing for board exams, students should wear their school-issued identity cards, uniforms and carry their board exam admit cards

CBSE Class 10, 12 Exam 2024 begins

The following are the subjects today for the CBSE class 10 and 12 exam:

Class 10: Tibetan, Kashmiri, mizo, etc. exam.

Class 12: Retail, Web Application and multimedia exam

CBSE Board Exam 2024: Admit card available at cbse.gov.in

CBSE Board Exam 2024 admit card is available to candidates on the official website of CBSE at cbse.gov.in.

CBSE 10th, 12th Exam 2024: Students reach exam centre

CBSE 10th, 12th Exam 2024 for February 23, 2024 will begin at 10.30 am. Students have reached the exam centre.

CBSE Exam 2024: Class 10, 12 eam dates

Central Board of Secondary Education started CBSE Board Exam 2024 on February 15. CBSE Class 10 board examination will be conducted from February 15 to March 13, 2024 and Class 12 board examination will be held from February 15 to April 2, 2024.

CBSE Class 10, 12 Exam 2024: Number of candidates appearing

This year, more than 39 lakh candidates will appear for the examination from 26 countries in India and abroad.

CBSE Exam 2024: Guidelines for students

Cbse 10th, 12th exams 2024: multimedia paper to conclude at 12.30 pm.

CBSE Class 12 Multimedia paper will begin at 10.30 am and conclude at 12.30 pm. The duration of this paper is 2 hours.

CBSE Class 10, 12 Exam 2024: Know about open book test

CBSE has suggested a pilot run of open-book tests in selected schools for English, Mathematics and Science for Classes 9 and 10 and English, Mathematics and Biology for Classes 11 and 12 later this year. Complete story here

CBSE Board Exam 2024: Class 12 papers

  • Web Application

Multi Media

CBSE 10th, 12th Exam 2024: Class 10 papers

National Cadet Corps

Telegu-Telangana

Bahasa Melayu

CBSE Class 10, 12 Exam 2024: About uniform

Students should wear their school-issued identity cards, uniforms and carry their board exam admit cards to the examination venue.

CBSE Board Exam 2024: Shift timings

CBSE Board Exam 2024 on all days will be conducted from 10.30 am to 1.30 pm.

CBSE Class 10, 12 Exam 2024 will begin at 10.30 am. Paper today are noted below.

CBSE Board exam 2024: Teachers analysis from Gurugram

The board question paper of English Core ( 301) is absolutely matches the sample question paper with all modalities in place. Following is the analysis section-wise.

The first comprehension passage is comprehensive in structure ( word limit exceeded) but inferential and understanding-based.

The 2nd comprehension is factual and informative with no statistical inputs. But overall section A seems scoring and student friendly.

The writings section is based on contemporary topics which are relatable and relevant in today's scenario.

Section C, literature has a balanced approach, keeping in mind the typology and the quality of the literary nuances in place. It truly exhibits the need for literary skills and proper comprehension of the texts . Overall, students must have enjoyed writing each question to express their utmost understanding. All three sets seem to score once the student is well aware of the syllabus.

(Malabika Chattopadhyay Mukherjee Headmistress- Senior School MRIS Sector 46, Gurugram)

CBSE Board exam 2024: What Delhi students said after exam

Hrithka Grover, of Modern Public School Shalimar Bagh, said, “The first section of the text was initially confusing due to the multiple answers to a single question. However, the writing section was straightforward for those familiar with the formats and language needed to write. The majority of the literature portion was detailed and subjective, making it easier to handle. The long answers were tricky, as they required proper contemplation while interpreting chapters and poems. Overall, the paper was good and the examiner was able to cover maximum numbers of topics very wisely”.

CBSE Board exam 2024: English exam analysis

Today, class 12 students appeared in the English Exam of the CBSE Board, which was thoughtfully planned in a balanced manner to check the overall knowledge of the students, it was a standard paper. Unlike a mere last-minute cramming scenario, success demands a thorough understanding of the subject. The literature section, structured around competency, required a deep understanding acquired through diligent reading of the relevant chapters. The long answers, while demanding decent writing skills, also tested the depth of comprehension. Further, the writing section was straightforward, adding a practical dimension to the knowledge a student acquired throughout the year.

Besides, equivalent to the sample paper, the question paper was neither too complicated nor a cakewalk, it was a 360-degree examination to check students' knowledge about all the important sections quite fairly.

In essence, the exam was a wholesome treat to those who had studied diligently. It rewarded students who had invested time and effort in understanding the entire course and studied accordingly. The competency-based approach in the literature section and the emphasis on writing skills in the long answers contributed to a well-rounded assessment, making it a suitable reflection of the subject's expectations.

Ms. Alka Kapur, Principal Modern Public School, Shalimar Bagh

CBSE Class 12th English Core analysis: Teacher's reaction after exam

As per Vijaya Chauhan, HOD English, Bhai Parmanand Vidya Mandir,"The Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) Class 12 English Core paper on Thursday, February 22 was moderate.There were inference based questions in the paper which needed a thorough study of the chapters and logical reasoning.Overall the questions were from the prescribed syllabus and entirely based on the pattern of latest Sample Paper issued by CBSE.

Regarding section-wise difficulty level, section A was average, section B was simple and section C was thought provoking. The exam was not too hard or too easy, it was moderately designed with questions to analyze the student’s competency in the language. Overall the paper covered different aspects of the English language."

CBSE Class 12 English core analysis: Students, teachers say lengthy paper

Both students and teachers have mentioned that the passage section of the English core paper was lengthy, with the first passage containing some tricky questions. Read the complete analysis here .

CBSE Class 12 English core analysis: What Gurugram teacher said

All three sections in the paper were presented with an average level of difficulty, offering a well-rounded mix of textual and competency-based questions.

Section A Passages posed some challenging questions that may have required additional time. The second passage was relatively straightforward.

Section B had four questions of creative writing which included notice writing, invitation/ reply writing, letter writing, and report/ article writing. The questions were clear and sufficient hints were given.

Section C was inference-based. The RTC questions in the Literature Section followed the format outlined in the CBSE Sample Paper. Long questions in literature interlinked the narratives and poems.

The paper followed the pattern of sample paper, most of the questions in the paper were easy. The question paper comprised a well-rounded blend of knowledge, analysis, and application-oriented questions. The majority of students managed to finish the paper well in time and even had time left for revision.

(Priyanka Yadav, PGT English, KIIT World School, Gurugram)

CBSE Class 12 English Core analysis: Section-wise marks

The paper was divided into Section A, Section B, and Section C.

Section A: Reading (22 marks)

Section B: Creative Writing (18 marks)

Section C: Literature (40 marks)

CBSE Class 12 English Core: What Chandigarh students said after exam

Students in Chandigarh found the Class 12 CBSE English core exam to be a bit lengthy, and some of them said they were unable to finish the exam on time.

At the exam centre in Government Model Senior Secondary School Sector 46 where the English Core exam was conducted, Shivam Singla a student of Guru Nanak Khalsa Senior Secondary School in Sector 30 said that he was unable to finish the exam on time and had to spend extra time on the two comprehension questions which were for 22 marks. "The first passage on artificial intelligence (AI) was especially tough and about half my time went on the two questions."

Another student at the same school, Tanveer Singh said that there were many two-mark questions asked per passage which took him extra time to solve.

Students of AKSIPS School in Sector 41 said that the exam was easy but overall it was lengthy and required critical thinking to solve. Mansi, a student here said she was able to finish her exam right at the last minute while some other students were asking for more time to finish the exam.

(Inputs from Rajanbir Singh, Chandigarh)

CBSE Class 12 English Core paper analysis by teacher

The CBSE English Core [301] question paper was good. The 80-mark question paper was divided into Three Sections: Reading, Writing and Literature. Reading and Literature section had competency-based questions. The question paper followed the pattern already shared by CBSE with a mix of subjective and objective questions. The MCQ questions were good and children had to infer the answers which they did with intelligence. Long questions in literature interlinked the narratives and poems. The students were able to answer the questions well. Students who did a thorough reading of the NCERT books were able to answer the paper well.

(Lopamudra Majumder, PGT English, Vidyagyan Sitapur)

CBSE Class 12 English Core paper analysis: Average paper balanced between textual, competency-based questions

The Class 12 English Core paper was average with a fine balance of questions – textual as well as competency-based, for students with high, mediocre, and low linguistic proficiency. In the reading section, the first passage had tricky questions- it might consume more time than usual. The second passage was easy. In the writing skills section, the questions were easily comprehensible with sufficient clues to build up the content. The literature section had RTCs based on the format of the CBSE Sample Paper. The subjective part was of an optimum standard to test the students’ insightfulness, content knowledge, and logic. Long questions were competency-based and students needed to analyse the questions before writing a suitable answer.

– Spokesperson: Kavita Bali, PGT Teacher, Silverline Prestige School, Ghaziabad

CBSE Class 12 English exam 2024: Paper analysis shortly

CBSE Class 12 English paper analysis will be shared here at 1:30 pm.

CBSE Board exam 2024: Class 12 papers scheduled for February 23

CBSE Class 12 February 23 exams:

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CBSE board exam 2024: February 22 exams begin

CBSE 12 final exams of the day have started. All papers of February 22 are of 3 hours duration and it will end at 1:30 pm.

CBSE board exam 2024: Class 12 English exam begins at 10:30 am

CBSE Class 12 English exam will begin at 10:30 am. The duration of the paper is 3 hours.

Analysis of the paper and students' reactions will be shared here after the exam is over.

CBSE Board Exam 2024 Live Updates: Admit card, uniforms

While appearing for board exams, should wear their school-issued identity cards, uniforms and carry their board exam admit cards.

CBSE Board Exam 2024 Live Updates: Class 12th English paper today

The CBSE will hold Class 12th English Core, English Elective and Functional English exams today, February 22, in a single shift – from 10:30 am to 1:30 pm.

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Trump moves to dismiss his classified documents indictment, citing presidential immunity

Image: Donald Trump

Former President Donald Trump on Thursday urged a federal judge to dismiss his classified documents case in Florida on the basis of presidential immunity, according to a court filing.

"President Trump’s alleged decision to designate records as personal under the PRA and cause them to be removed from the White House — which underlies Counts 1 through 32 of the Superseding Indictment — was an official act by the incumbent president," the former president's attorneys wrote in court papers filed in federal court in West Palm Beach, Florida.

“President Trump is entitled to immunity for this official act and that must include immunity from criminal prosecution,” they added.

This image, contained in the indictment against former President Donald Trump, shows boxes of records on Dec. 7, 2021, in a storage room at Trump's Mar-a-Lago estate in Palm Beach, Fla., that had fallen over with contents spilling onto the floor. Trump is facing 37 felony charges related to the mishandling of classified documents according to an indictment unsealed Friday, June 9, 2023.

Trump publicly filed three other motions on Thursday night arguing the charges against him should be dismissed due to the vagueness of a statute Trump was charged with as it relates to presidents, the alleged unconstitutionality of special counsel appointments, and the Presidential Records Act.

Trump's attorneys filed three additional motions that were emailed privately to the court for redaction review.

Trump’s attorneys indicated in a  filing last month that they’ll argue prosecutors carried out a “politically motivated and biased” probe into his handling of classified documents in an effort to tarnish his 2024 bid.

The former president has pleaded not guilty to charges that accuse him of willfully retaining national defense information in connection with classified documents that were uncovered at his Florida estate more than a year after he left office and allegedly ordering a Mar-a-Lago staffer to delete security video at the property.

Co-defendants Walt Nauta, a top aide, and Carlos De Oliveira, a maintenance supervisor at Mar-a-Lago, have pleaded not guilty to charges stemming from allegations that they, too, were involved in an effort to delete security footage.

De Oliveira also filed a motion to dismiss his charges earlier on Thursday.

A federal appeals court rejected a similar immunity argument from Trump this month in his federal election case in Washington, D.C., which was also brought by special counsel Jack Smith’s office.

A spokesperson for Smith's office, Peter Carr, said Friday morning that the office declined to comment on Trump's motions.

A panel for U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia found in that case that there was no basis for Trump’s claims of blanket immunity for any acts committed while in office.

Trump has appealed that ruling to the Supreme Court. He has pleaded not guilty.

Zoë Richards is the evening politics reporter for NBC News.

Daniel Barnes reports for NBC News, based in Washington.

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COMMENTS

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  2. Difference Between an Essay & a Paper

    Essays can take on many forms: They can be narrative, or tell a story; expository, or require investigation and evidential support; descriptive, in which a student is required to describe, creatively, a person, place or object; and finally, persuasive, in which a student is asked to argue a specific position on a particular topic.

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  7. What's The Difference Between An Article A Paper And An Essay

    Length. Essays are typically 1-3 pages long. Articles vary in length but run longer than essays. Papers typically range from 10 to 15 pages or more. It's important to note that essay writer services have very different writing styles. Some writers write with a conversational tone, while others use a formal style for essays and articles.

  8. What is an Essay?

    The essay is a written piece that is designed to present an idea, propose an argument, express the emotion or initiate debate. It is a tool that is used to present writer's ideas in a non-fictional way. Multiple applications of this type of writing go way beyond, providing political manifestos and art criticism as well as personal ...

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    Essay writing process. The writing process of preparation, writing, and revisions applies to every essay or paper, but the time and effort spent on each stage depends on the type of essay.. For example, if you've been assigned a five-paragraph expository essay for a high school class, you'll probably spend the most time on the writing stage; for a college-level argumentative essay, on the ...

  10. Essay Writing

    The purpose of an essay is to encourage students to develop ideas and concepts in their writing with the direction of little more than their own thoughts (it may be helpful to view the essay as the converse of a research paper). Therefore, essays are (by nature) concise and require clarity in purpose and direction.

  11. Writing 101: The 8 Common Types of Essays

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  12. Comparing and Contrasting in an Essay

    In the block method, you cover each of the overall subjects you're comparing in a block. You say everything you have to say about your first subject, then discuss your second subject, making comparisons and contrasts back to the things you've already said about the first. Your text is structured like this: Subject 1.

  13. The Four Main Types of Essay

    Revised on July 23, 2023. An essay is a focused piece of writing designed to inform or persuade. There are many different types of essay, but they are often defined in four categories: argumentative, expository, narrative, and descriptive essays.

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    Basic essay structure: the 3 main parts of an essay. Almost every single essay that's ever been written follows the same basic structure: Introduction. Body paragraphs. Conclusion. This structure has stood the test of time for one simple reason: It works. It clearly presents the writer's position, supports that position with relevant ...

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    Your Guide to Essay Writing. Give your confidence—and your grades—a boost. Help your ideas shine with Grammarly's advanced essay-writing feedback that ensures your essays are clear, polished, and plagiarism-free. And bookmark this page for easy access to our extensive library of essay-writing resources. They'll inspire you to keep ...

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    One of the most popular questions on our Q&A forum - What is the difference between a research paper and a review paper? - led us to conclude that of all the types of scholarly literature, researchers tend to be most perplexed by the distinction between a research paper and a review paper.

  17. What is the difference between a research paper and a review paper

    Answer: A research paper is based on original research. The kind of research may vary depending on your field or the topic (experiments, survey, interview, questionnaire, etc.), but authors need to collect and analyze raw data and conduct an original study. The research paper will be based on the analysis and interpretation of this data.

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    An essay is written on the basis of subjective analysis of theories and past research, by other people and own ideas, on the concerned subject. As against, a report is objective and factual, which is based on past research, as well as present data and findings. An essay talks about general facts and events along with the writer's personal ...

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    Writing a research paper essay can be a daunting task, but it doesn't have to be. With a little bit of planning and organization, you can write an effective research paper essay that will impress your professor and help you get the grade yo..... Writing a research paper essay can be an intimidating task, especially if you're new to the process.

  21. Example of a Great Essay

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    Announcing the NeurIPS 2023 Paper Awards By Amir Globerson, Kate Saenko, Moritz Hardt, Sergey Levine and Comms Chair, Sahra Ghalebikesabi . We are honored to announce the award-winning papers for NeurIPS 2023! This year's prestigious awards consist of the Test of Time Award plus two Outstanding Paper Awards in each of these three categories: . Two Outstanding Main Track Papers

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    Chronological structure. The chronological approach (sometimes called the cause-and-effect approach) is probably the simplest way to structure an essay. It just means discussing events in the order in which they occurred, discussing how they are related (i.e. the cause and effect involved) as you go. A chronological approach can be useful when ...

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  30. Trump moves to dismiss his classified documents indictment, citing

    In court papers filed in federal court in West Palm Beach, Florida, the former president's lawyers argued that he is immune from prosecution on the basis of presidential immunity.