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Reference List: Basic Rules

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This resourse, revised according to the 7 th  edition APA Publication Manual, offers basic guidelines for formatting the reference list at the end of a standard APA research paper. Most sources follow fairly straightforward rules. However, because sources obtained from academic journals  carry special weight in research writing, these sources are subject to special rules . Thus, this page presents basic guidelines for citing academic journals separate from its "ordinary" basic guidelines. This distinction is made clear below.

Note:  Because the information on this page pertains to virtually all citations, we've highlighted one important difference between APA 6 and APA 7 with an underlined note written in red.  For more information, please consult the   Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association , (7 th  ed.).

Formatting a Reference List

Your reference list should appear at the end of your paper. It provides the information necessary for a reader to locate and retrieve any source you cite in the body of the paper. Each source you cite in the paper must appear in your reference list; likewise, each entry in the reference list must be cited in your text.

Your references should begin on a new page separate from the text of the essay; label this page "References" in bold, centered at the top of the page (do NOT underline or use quotation marks for the title). All text should be double-spaced just like the rest of your essay.

Basic Rules for Most Sources

  • All lines after the first line of each entry in your reference list should be indented one-half inch from the left margin. This is called hanging indentation.
  • All authors' names should be inverted (i.e., last names should be provided first).
  • For example, the reference entry for a source written by Jane Marie Smith would begin with "Smith, J. M."
  • If a middle name isn't available, just initialize the author's first name: "Smith, J."
  • Give the last name and first/middle initials for all authors of a particular work up to and including 20 authors ( this is a new rule, as APA 6 only required the first six authors ). Separate each author’s initials from the next author in the list with a comma. Use an ampersand (&) before the last author’s name. If there are 21 or more authors, use an ellipsis (but no ampersand) after the 19th author, and then add the final author’s name.
  • Reference list entries should be alphabetized by the last name of the first author of each work.
  • For multiple articles by the same author, or authors listed in the same order, list the entries in chronological order, from earliest to most recent.
  • Note again that the titles of academic journals are subject to special rules. See section below.
  • Italicize titles of longer works (e.g., books, edited collections, names of newspapers, and so on).
  • Do not italicize, underline, or put quotes around the titles of shorter works such as chapters in books or essays in edited collections.

Basic Rules for Articles in Academic Journals

  • Present journal titles in full.
  • Italicize journal titles.
  • For example, you should use  PhiloSOPHIA  instead of  Philosophia,  or  Past & Present   instead of  Past and Present.
  • This distinction is based on the type of source being cited. Academic journal titles have all major words capitalized, while other sources' titles do not.
  • Capitalize   the first word of the titles and subtitles of   journal articles , as well as the   first word after a colon or a dash in the title, and   any proper nouns .
  • Do not italicize or underline the article title.
  • Deep blue: The mysteries of the Marianas Trench.
  • Oceanographic Study: A Peer-Reviewed Publication

Please note:  While the APA manual provides examples of how to cite common types of sources, it does not cover all conceivable sources. If you must cite a source that APA does not address, the APA suggests finding an example that is similar to your source and using that format. For more information, see page 282 of the   Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association , 7 th  ed.

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Purdue Owl: MLA Formatting & Style Guide

Developed by the Purdue Online Writing Lab.  MLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities. This resource offers examples for the general format of MLA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the Works Cited page.

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Purdue owl: research & citation resources.

Note: Some bibliography and citation examples in Purdue OWL have been found to have errors. Excelsior OWL is noted as a more accurate option for help related to citation.

The Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL) provides online access to, most popularly, citation style assistance for MLA, APA, and Chicago style. Some information is also provided for IEEE, AMA, and ASA styles.

Purdue OWL also provides general information about good writing, as well as subject-specific writing and job search writing.

  • Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL) Homepage
  • Purdue OWL: APA Style (7th ed) This OWL resources will help you learn how to use the American Psychological Association (APA) citation and format style. Contains resources on in-text citation and the References page, as well as APA sample papers, slide presentations, and the APA classroom poster.
  • Purdue OWL: MLA Style These OWL resources will help you learn how to use the Modern Language Association (MLA) citation and format style. This section contains resources on in-text citation and the Works Cited page, as well as MLA sample papers, slide presentations, and the MLA classroom poster.
  • Purdue OWL: Chicago Style This OWL resources will help you learn how to use the Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS). Contains resources on both Author-Date and Notes-Bibliography systems. Also includes a sample paper and formats for the classroom posters and PowerPoint presentations.
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APA video guide from Purdue OWL

  • Do you use a DOI or URL? FOR APA

Use this flowchart to determine when to include DOIs, URLs, or database information for your reference citations. The notation “Ex: 1, 2...” refers to a few relevant examples in Chapter 7 of the 6th ed. of the APA Publication Manual (see also pp. 188–192).

  • DOI Lookup FOR APA

If you have bibliographic data for an item and would like to find the DOI, please use the metadata section of this form. If you only have an article title and author, please use the article title search section of this form. If you have the text of a bibliographic reference, please use our automatic parsing service on this page. If you are a developer and wish to submit a raw XML query use the XML form section of this page.

  • EndNote Web (Sign Up Required)

Create a formatted bibliography for your paper or cite references while you write. Locate citations Microsoft Word (requires plug-in) with the Cite While You Write™ technology (patent pending). Format papers in other word processors using RTF (rich text format) files. Create an independent bibliography list that can be saved, emailed, or printed instantly

Research and Citation Conducting Research Using Research APA Style MLA Style Chicago Manual

MLA Citation

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If you use a Citation Builder , 

Please be aware that automatically generated citations may not provide accurate results.

If you choose to use a citation generator, like the citation tool in the database or free online citation generators, then take the time to make the necessary corrections using this MLA guide.

Remember: It is your responsibility to double-check the results!

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APA Sample Paper

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  • MLA Sample Paper

The following PDF provides a sample paper written in the APA style to demonstrate visually how the guidelines work in action. This PDF is used with thanks and full credit to the  Purdue OWL (Online Writing Lab) , which maintains a robust online guide to a variety of style guides, avoiding plagiarism, and writing at the academic level in general. They are strongly recommended as a resource if you need something more in depth than this guide provides.

“APA Sample Paper.”  APA Sample Paper - Purdue OWL® - Purdue University , Purdue OWL / Purdue University, 30 Jan. 2020, owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/apa_sample_paper.html. Accessed on 2 Feb. 2024.

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Citation Styles

There are a number of different citation styles that are used in academic writing and determining which to use can be confusing. Typically your professor will let you know the preferred citation style for their class and/or your discipline. For in-depth information about citing your sources, visit the Library's Citation Research Guide . Purdue OWL is also a great resource for MLA and APA citation styles.

Below you will find a table of four common citation styles, followed by a list of less-common citation styles:

Additional Citation Styles :

  • AAA (American Anthropological Association), ACS (American Chemical Society)
  • AIP (American Institute of Physics)
  • ALWD (Association of Legal Writing Directors)
  • AMA (American Medical Association)
  • AMS (American Mathematical Society)
  • AP (Associated Press)
  • APSA (American Political Science Association)
  • ASA (American Sociological Association)
  • CSE (Council of Science Editors)
  • Harvard Business School
  • ISA (International Studies Association)
  • LSA (Linguistic Society of America)
  • NLM (National Library of Medicine)

Pulling Citations from OneSearch

It is often possible to pull auto-generated citations directly from a database. Here is a tutorial video that explains how to pull a citation from OneSearch:

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Chicago Manual of Style Publication Manual

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Chicago Manual of Style Basics

  • Chicago Style Guide (Purdue OWL) Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL) provides extensive explanation and examples of Chicago style.
  • Turabian Quick Guide A brief overview of the most common examples of citation formats from Kate Turabian's Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations: Chicago Style for Students and Researchers.

Please note: Chicago Manual of Style has two different citation options:

  • Notes-Bibliography Style
  • Author-Date Reference Style

If you are unsure which one to use, please contact your instructor.

Chicago Manual of Style Formatting

Formatting Citations and the Works Cited/Reference List

  • Chicago Style Citation Guide An excellent guide to using the Chicago style citation format from Western Oregon University Library.
  • Chicago Style Citation Guide (Seattle)   This useful guide from the Seattle Central Community College Library covers the basics of the Chicago citation style in an easy to use format.
  • Chicago Style Guide Chicago citation style guide from the Santa Fe College (Gainesville, FL) Library.

Other Resources

  • Term Paper Handbook for Chicago (Turabian) Style A detailed guide on how to format your research paper in the Chicago citation style from the Sierra College Writing Center. Includes examples citations of notes and a bibliography.

Chicago Manual of Style Citation and Research Paper Examples

Citation Examples

  • Citation Examples from the Chicago Manual of Style Online

Research Paper Examples

  • Chicago Style Sample Paper (Purdue OWL)  An example of a paper written in the Chicago citation style, including extensive explanatory notes and examples. (Footnotes and bibliography.)
  • Chicago Style Sample Research Paper: Notes/Bibliography Style  OWL (Online Writing Lab) at Purdue University. Notes and Bibliography (NB) Style
  • Chicago Style Sample Paper: Author/Date Style  OWL (Online Writing Lab) at Purdue University. Author/Date Style

Chicago Manual of Style Tutorials

  • Chicago Style: The Basics   A video tutorial created by the OWL at Purdue.​​​​​​​
  • Chicago Manual of Style Citations Tutorial  This tutorial from Western Michigan University Libraries covers the difference between the two basic citation styles used in CMOS.
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Citing Research Papers Using The Purdue OWL

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Online Resources

  • Purdue OWL MLA Guide These OWL resources will help you learn how to use the Modern Language Association (MLA) citation and format style. This section contains resources on in-text citations and Works Cited pages, as well as MLA sample papers, slide presentations, and the MLA classroom poster.
  • MLA Manual of Style Online The MLA Style Center is the only authorized Web site on MLA style. A companion to the MLA Handbook, the site provides students and educators with a host of free resources for teaching and learning the MLA’s approach to research, writing, and documentation.
  • Purdue OWL APA Guide These OWL resources will help you learn how to use the American Psychological Association (APA) citation and format style. This section contains resources on in-text citation and the References page, as well as APA sample papers, slide presentations, and the APA classroom poster.
  • APA Manual of Style Online APA Style provides a foundation for effective scholarly communication because it helps writers present their ideas in a clear, precise, and inclusive manner.
  • Purdue OWL Chicago Guide The Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS) covers a variety of topics from manuscript preparation and publication to grammar, usage, and documentation, and as such, it has been lovingly dubbed the “editor's bible.”
  • Chicago Manual of Style Online The Chicago Manual of Style Online is the venerable, time-tested guide to style, usage, and grammar in an accessible online format. It is the indispensable reference for writers, editors, proofreaders, indexers, copywriters, designers, and publishers, informing the editorial canon with sound, definitive advice.
  • Citing Interviews in APA
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Citing Sources

Citation manuals, citation managers, citation guides.

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The primary reasons for citing sources in a research paper are to give credit to the authors whose work you have drawn upon and to allow readers to track down your sources , should they wish to do so.

There are many style guides for formatting citations and creating bibliographies.  Turabian (a simplified version of Chicago) is frequently used, but you may be called upon to use others.

See the box at the right for tools to help you format citations and bibliographies.

  • Bluebook: a Uniform System of Citation by Harvard Law Review Association Call Number: KF246 .U5 ISBN: 1062-9971 The authoritative guide for citing legal materials.
  • The Complete Guide to Citing Government Information Resources : a Manual for Social Science & Business Research by LexisNexis Congressional Information Service Call Number: Z7164.G7 C48 2002 ISBN: 088692586X The best, most comprehensive guide to citing government documents at all levels -- U.S. federal, state, and local; IGO; and foreign -- and in all formats. Includes extensive coverage of electronic formats (WWW files, data files, e-mail messages, Webcasts, image files, etc.)
  • RefWorks This link opens in a new window RefWorks is an online research management, writing, and collaboration tool designed to help researchers gather, manage, store, and share information and generate citations and bibliographies.
  • Zotero Zotero is a free tool designed to help you gather, manage and share information about books, articles, web pages and other digital objects that you are using in your research, and to generate citations and bibliographies. Zotero is a Mozilla browser plugin. You can choose to gather your data on your hard drive (if you are working mainly from one computer), or on a flash drive or a network (if you frequently access your data at multiple workstations).
  • Mendeley Mendeley is a free reference manager and academic social network that can help you organize your research, collaborate with others online, and discover the latest research. You can automatically generate bibliographies, collaborate with other researchers online, import papers from other research software, find relevant papers based on what you’re reading, and access your papers from anywhere online.

Many libraries and other institutions have compiled guides of best practices for citing government information in various styles. Although the "official" manuals of style remain the authoritative source, you might find the guides below have helpful examples:

  • Purdue's OWL Purdue's OWL (Online Writing Lab) provides guides to MLA, APA, and Chicago styles, as well as advice on research, writing and citation.
  • How to Cite US Government Documents in MLA, APA Citation Style This guide from Cornell University Library covers a variety of government documents for both MLA and APA styles.
  • APA Style - Government Report PDF from Trinity College on citing government reports in APA format.
  • Citing Government Information Sources Using MLA Style This style sheet from the University of Nevado Reno Library details how to cite government information using the Modern Language Association.
  • Uncle Sam: Brief Guide to Citing Government Publications Citation examples for laws, agency reports, and other types of government publications. In Chicago/Turabian format. From the University of Memphis.
  • Chicago Quick Guide to Government Documents A 9-page PDF on citing government publications according to the Chicago Manual of Style (15th). From Bowdoin College.
  • Citing Records in the National Archives of the United States In response to frequent requests from researchers, the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) offers the following guidelines for citing unpublished records it holds. The guidelines cover citations to textual records, microform records, nontextual archives (i.e., photographic records, posters, motion pictures, tape recordings, cartographic records, and architectural drawings), electronic records, and online references.
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How to Cite AI-Generated Content

Guideline :  https://apastyle.apa.org/blog/how-to-cite-chatgpt.

APA format:  OpenAI. (Year).  ChatGPT  (Month Day version) [Large language model]. https://chat.openai.com

APA reference entry: OpenAI. (2023).  ChatGPT  (Feb 13 version) [Large language model]. https://chat.openai.com

APA in-text citation: (OpenAI, 2023)

Example 1 from APA Guideline

When prompted with “Is the left brain right brain divide real or a metaphor?” the ChatGPT-generated text indicated that although the two brain hemispheres are somewhat specialized, “the notation that people can be characterized as ‘left-brained’ or ‘right-brained’ is considered to be an oversimplification and a popular myth” (OpenAI, 2023).

OpenAI. (2023).  ChatGPT  (Mar 14 version) [Large language model].  https://chat.openai.com/chat

Example 2  from APA Guideline

When given a follow-up prompt of “What is a more accurate representation?” the ChatGPT-generated text indicated that “different brain regions work together to support various cognitive processes” and “the functional specialization of different regions can change in response to experience and environmental factors” (OpenAI, 2023; see Appendix A for the full transcript).

Guideline : https://style.mla.org/citing-generative-ai/ 

MLA format: “Text of prompt” prompt.  ChatGPT , Day Month version, OpenAI, Day Month Year, chat.openai.com.

MLA Works Cited entry: “Explain antibiotics” prompt.  ChatGPT , 13 Feb. version, OpenAI, 16 Feb. 2023, chat.openai.com.

MLA in-text citation: ("Explain antibiotics")

Recommendations on how to cite AI-generated content  

Chicago style recommends citing ChatGPT in a Chicago footnote

1. Text generated by ChatGPT, March 31, 2023, OpenAI, https://chat.openai.com.

According to the Guidelines for Artificial Intelligence (AI)-Generated Text (based on  IEEE Author Center Submission Guidelines ),  The use of content generated by artificial intelligence (AI) (including but not limited to text, figures, images, and code) shall be disclosed in an acknowledgments section. The AI system used shall be identified, and specific sections of the document that use AI-generated content shall be identified and accompanied by a brief explanation regarding the level at which the AI system was used to generate the content. The use of AI systems for editing and grammar enhancement should be disclosed as noted above.

IEEE has not published an official guideline on citing AI-generated content yet. The IEEE Author Center recommends consulting the Chicago Manual of Style for guidance for any usage not included in the  IEEE Editorial Style Manual . The Chicago Manual of Style has  recommendations on how to cite AI-generated content . 

Other resources: 

Scribbr: ChatGPT Citations | Formats & Examples  

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  1. Research and Citation Resources

    Research and Citation Resources If you are having trouble locating a specific resource please visit the search page or the Site Map. The Citation Chart provides a detailed overview of MLA Style, APA Style, and Chicago Manual of Style source documentation by category. Conducting Research

  2. APA Formatting and Style Guide (7th Edition)

    Basic Rules Basic guidelines for formatting the reference list at the end of a standard APA research paper Author/Authors Rules for handling works by a single author or multiple authors that apply to all APA-style references in your reference list, regardless of the type of work (book, article, electronic resource, etc.) Articles in Periodicals

  3. In-Text Citations: The Basics

    APA Citation Basics When using APA format, follow the author-date method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last name and the year of publication for the source should appear in the text, like, for example, (Jones, 1998). One complete reference for each source should appear in the reference list at the end of the paper.

  4. Writing a Research Paper

    Purdue OWL General Writing Common Writing Assignments Research Papers Writing a Research Paper Writing a Research Paper The Research Paper There will come a time in most students' careers when they are assigned a research paper.

  5. MLA Formatting and Style Guide

    Research and Citation MLA Style MLA Formatting and Style Guide MLA Formatting and Style Guide MLA Formatting and Style Guide The following overview should help you better understand how to cite sources using MLA 9 th edition, including how to format the Works Cited page and in-text citations.

  6. Reference List: Basic Rules

    Each source you cite in the paper must appear in your reference list; likewise, each entry in the reference list must be cited in your text. Your references should begin on a new page separate from the text of the essay; label this page "References" in bold, centered at the top of the page (do NOT underline or use quotation marks for the title).

  7. APA Formatting and Style Guide

    Summary: APA (American Psychological Association) is most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences. This resource, revised according to the 5th edition of the APA manual, offers examples for the general format of APA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the reference page.

  8. Purdue Owl: APA Formatting & Style Guide

    Developed by Purdue's Online Writing Lab. Contains resources on in-text citation and the references page, as well as APA sample papers, slide presentations, and the APA classroom poster. 55 49613

  9. Purdue Owl: MLA Formatting & Style Guide

    Developed by the Purdue Online Writing Lab. MLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities. This resource offers examples for the general format of MLA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the Works Cited page.

  10. Purdue OWL

    The Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL) provides online access to, most popularly, citation style assistance for MLA, APA, and Chicago style. Some information is also provided for IEEE, AMA, and ASA styles. Purdue OWL also provides general information about good writing, as well as subject-specific writing and job search writing. This OWL resources ...

  11. Citing Sources

    Purdue OWL; Research and Citation Conducting Research Using Research APA Style MLA Style Chicago Manual. MLA Citation. ... online, or as an e-book--or perhaps listened to as an audiobook. Writers of research papers routinely need to know how to cite works on Web sites, videos on platforms like YouTube, interviews and other works created by ...

  12. Library Guide for Education Graduate Students

    Purdue's OWL (Online Writing Lab) provides instruction on how to use APA 7th. Below are a few topics covered by the OWL. APA Style Introduction APA 7th APA Overview and Workshop APA 7th General Formatting APA 7th In-Text Citation: Authors APA 7th Foot Notes and Appendices APA 7th Changes in the 7th Edition APA 7th Last Edited: Feb 9, 2024 10:42 AM

  13. APA Citation Style

    Using APA to Cite Sources Avoiding plagiarism, self-plagiarism, and other questionable writing practices: A guide to ethical writing Frequently Asked Questions about APA Style® From APA Style®, these FAQs will help clarify frequent areas of confusion. Purdue Online Writing Lab APA resources Sample Paper from APA website

  14. Research Guides: Master of Science Engineering ...

    Writing a Research Paper Citation Management Citation Management Tools Quick Reference Generators Citation management tools help you track and organize the articles you are gathering for your research. Citation management tools also generate in-text citations, import records from databases, and reference pages.

  15. Research Guides: Citation Guides: APA Sample Paper

    This PDF is used with thanks and full credit to the Purdue OWL (Online Writing Lab), which maintains a robust online guide to a variety of style guides, avoiding plagiarism, and writing at the academic level in general. They are strongly recommended as a resource if you need something more in depth than this guide provides. "APA Sample Paper."

  16. Research Guides: How to Cite Your Resources: MLA style

    MLA Purdue OWL MLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities. This resource, updated to reflect the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (7th ed.) and the MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing (3rd ed.), offers examples for the general format of MLA research papers, in-text citations ...

  17. LibGuides: Research Strategies: Citing Your Sources

    For in-depth information about citing your sources, visit the Library's Citation Research Guide. Purdue OWL is also a ... followed by a list of less-common citation styles: The Purdue OWL. Purdue U Writing Lab, 2010. Web. Citation Styles When to Use Them More Info at Purdue University Online Writing Lab (OWL) Example Paper; MLA- Modern Language ...

  18. How To: Citation and Style Guides

    Chicago Style Guide (Purdue OWL) Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL) provides extensive explanation and examples of Chicago style. Turabian Quick Guide A brief overview of the most common examples of citation formats from Kate Turabian's Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations: Chicago Style for Students and Researchers.

  19. Citing Research Papers Using The Purdue OWL

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  20. How to Cite Images

    If details aren't provided by an instructor, there are a number of ways to cite. What's most important is that if the image is not a free stock image, you give credit to the author for the work. Here are some options: 1. Some sites, such as Creative Commons and Wikimedia, include the citation information with the image.

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  22. Citing Government Sources

    The Complete Guide to Citing Government Information Resources : a Manual for Social Science & Business Research by LexisNexis Congressional Information Service. Call Number: Z7164.G7 C48 2002. ISBN: 088692586X. The best, most comprehensive guide to citing government documents at all levels -- U.S. federal, state, and local; IGO; and foreign ...

  23. Research Guides: Artificial Intelligence (AI): How to Cite AI

    Purdue University, 610 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, 765-494-4600 Purdue University Libraries is a congressionally designated depository for U.S. Government information. Access to the government information collection is open to the public.

  24. PDF APA Style 7th Edition

    citation, or copyright attribution is needed. For instance, in APA papers, provide a figure number and title for such images without additional citation. In presentations like PowerPoint, the figure number, title, and note are optional. Figure 1 A Striped Cat Sits With Paws Crossed Note.