Research Paper Guide

Research Paper Example

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Research Paper Examples - Free Sample Papers for Different Formats!

Published on: Nov 27, 2017

Last updated on: Jan 11, 2024

Research Paper Example

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Crafting a comprehensive research paper can be daunting. Understanding diverse citation styles and various subject areas presents a challenge for many.

Without clear examples, students often feel lost and overwhelmed, unsure of how to start or which style fits their subject.

Explore our collection of expertly written research paper examples. We’ve covered various citation styles and a diverse range of subjects.

So, read on!

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Research Paper Example for Different Formats

Following a specific formatting style is essential while writing a research paper . Knowing the conventions and guidelines for each format can help you in creating a perfect paper. Here we have gathered examples of research paper for most commonly applied citation styles :

Social Media and Social Media Marketing: A Literature Review

APA Research Paper Example

APA (American Psychological Association) style is commonly used in social sciences, psychology, and education. This format is recognized for its clear and concise writing, emphasis on proper citations, and orderly presentation of ideas.

Here are some research paper examples in APA style:

Research Paper Example APA 7th Edition

Research Paper Example MLA

MLA (Modern Language Association) style is frequently employed in humanities disciplines, including literature, languages, and cultural studies. An MLA research paper might explore literature analysis, linguistic studies, or historical research within the humanities. 

Here is an example:

Found Voices: Carl Sagan

Research Paper Example Chicago

Chicago style is utilized in various fields like history, arts, and social sciences. Research papers in Chicago style could delve into historical events, artistic analyses, or social science inquiries. 

Here is a research paper formatted in Chicago style:

Chicago Research Paper Sample

Research Paper Example Harvard

Harvard style is widely used in business, management, and some social sciences. Research papers in Harvard style might address business strategies, case studies, or social policies.

View this sample Harvard style paper here:

Harvard Research Paper Sample

Examples for Different Research Paper Parts

A research paper has different parts. Each part is important for the overall success of the paper. Chapters in a research paper must be written correctly, using a certain format and structure.

The following are examples of how different sections of the research paper can be written.

Research Proposal

The research proposal acts as a detailed plan or roadmap for your study, outlining the focus of your research and its significance. It's essential as it not only guides your research but also persuades others about the value of your study.

Example of Research Proposal

An abstract serves as a concise overview of your entire research paper. It provides a quick insight into the main elements of your study. It summarizes your research's purpose, methods, findings, and conclusions in a brief format.

Research Paper Example Abstract

Literature Review 

A literature review summarizes the existing research on your study's topic, showcasing what has already been explored. This section adds credibility to your own research by analyzing and summarizing prior studies related to your topic.

Literature Review Research Paper Example

Methodology

The methodology section functions as a detailed explanation of how you conducted your research. This part covers the tools, techniques, and steps used to collect and analyze data for your study.

Methods Section of Research Paper Example

How to Write the Methods Section of a Research Paper

The conclusion summarizes your findings, their significance and the impact of your research. This section outlines the key takeaways and the broader implications of your study's results.

Research Paper Conclusion Example

Research Paper Examples for Different Fields

Research papers can be about any subject that needs a detailed study. The following examples show research papers for different subjects.

History Research Paper Sample

Preparing a history research paper involves investigating and presenting information about past events. This may include exploring perspectives, analyzing sources, and constructing a narrative that explains the significance of historical events.

View this history research paper sample:

Many Faces of Generalissimo Fransisco Franco

Sociology Research Paper Sample

In sociology research, statistics and data are harnessed to explore societal issues within a particular region or group. These findings are thoroughly analyzed to gain an understanding of the structure and dynamics present within these communities. 

Here is a sample:

A Descriptive Statistical Analysis within the State of Virginia

Science Fair Research Paper Sample

A science research paper involves explaining a scientific experiment or project. It includes outlining the purpose, procedures, observations, and results of the experiment in a clear, logical manner.

Here are some examples:

Science Fair Paper Format

What Do I Need To Do For The Science Fair?

Psychology Research Paper Sample

Writing a psychology research paper involves studying human behavior and mental processes. This process includes conducting experiments, gathering data, and analyzing results to understand the human mind, emotions, and behavior.

Here is an example psychology paper:

The Effects of Food Deprivation on Concentration and Perseverance

Art History Research Paper Sample

Studying art history includes examining artworks, understanding their historical context, and learning about the artists. This helps analyze and interpret how art has evolved over various periods and regions.

Check out this sample paper analyzing European art and impacts:

European Art History: A Primer

Research Paper Example Outline

Before you plan on writing a well-researched paper, make a rough draft. An outline can be a great help when it comes to organizing vast amounts of research material for your paper.

Here is an outline of a research paper example:

Here is a downloadable sample of a standard research paper outline:

Research Paper Outline

Want to create the perfect outline for your paper? Check out this in-depth guide on creating a research paper outline for a structured paper!

Good Research Paper Examples for Students

Here are some more samples of research paper for students to learn from:

Fiscal Research Center - Action Plan

Qualitative Research Paper Example

Research Paper Example Introduction

How to Write a Research Paper Example

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Now that you have explored the research paper examples, you can start working on your research project. Hopefully, these examples will help you understand the writing process for a research paper.

If you're facing challenges with your writing requirements, you can hire our essay writing service .

Our team is experienced in delivering perfectly formatted, 100% original research papers. So, whether you need help with a part of research or an entire paper, our experts are here to deliver.

So, why miss out? Place your ‘ write my research paper ’ request today and get a top-quality research paper!

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How to Create a Structured Research Paper Outline | Example

Published on August 7, 2022 by Courtney Gahan . Revised on August 15, 2023.

How to Create a Structured Research Paper Outline

A research paper outline is a useful tool to aid in the writing process , providing a structure to follow with all information to be included in the paper clearly organized.

A quality outline can make writing your research paper more efficient by helping to:

  • Organize your thoughts
  • Understand the flow of information and how ideas are related
  • Ensure nothing is forgotten

A research paper outline can also give your teacher an early idea of the final product.

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Table of contents

Research paper outline example, how to write a research paper outline, formatting your research paper outline, language in research paper outlines.

  • Definition of measles
  • Rise in cases in recent years in places the disease was previously eliminated or had very low rates of infection
  • Figures: Number of cases per year on average, number in recent years. Relate to immunization
  • Symptoms and timeframes of disease
  • Risk of fatality, including statistics
  • How measles is spread
  • Immunization procedures in different regions
  • Different regions, focusing on the arguments from those against immunization
  • Immunization figures in affected regions
  • High number of cases in non-immunizing regions
  • Illnesses that can result from measles virus
  • Fatal cases of other illnesses after patient contracted measles
  • Summary of arguments of different groups
  • Summary of figures and relationship with recent immunization debate
  • Which side of the argument appears to be correct?

Scribbr Citation Checker New

The AI-powered Citation Checker helps you avoid common mistakes such as:

  • Missing commas and periods
  • Incorrect usage of “et al.”
  • Ampersands (&) in narrative citations
  • Missing reference entries

complete research paper sample pdf

Follow these steps to start your research paper outline:

  • Decide on the subject of the paper
  • Write down all the ideas you want to include or discuss
  • Organize related ideas into sub-groups
  • Arrange your ideas into a hierarchy: What should the reader learn first? What is most important? Which idea will help end your paper most effectively?
  • Create headings and subheadings that are effective
  • Format the outline in either alphanumeric, full-sentence or decimal format

There are three different kinds of research paper outline: alphanumeric, full-sentence and decimal outlines. The differences relate to formatting and style of writing.

  • Alphanumeric
  • Full-sentence

An alphanumeric outline is most commonly used. It uses Roman numerals, capitalized letters, arabic numerals, lowercase letters to organize the flow of information. Text is written with short notes rather than full sentences.

  • Sub-point of sub-point 1

Essentially the same as the alphanumeric outline, but with the text written in full sentences rather than short points.

  • Additional sub-point to conclude discussion of point of evidence introduced in point A

A decimal outline is similar in format to the alphanumeric outline, but with a different numbering system: 1, 1.1, 1.2, etc. Text is written as short notes rather than full sentences.

  • 1.1.1 Sub-point of first point
  • 1.1.2 Sub-point of first point
  • 1.2 Second point

To write an effective research paper outline, it is important to pay attention to language. This is especially important if it is one you will show to your teacher or be assessed on.

There are four main considerations: parallelism, coordination, subordination and division.

Parallelism: Be consistent with grammatical form

Parallel structure or parallelism is the repetition of a particular grammatical form within a sentence, or in this case, between points and sub-points. This simply means that if the first point is a verb , the sub-point should also be a verb.

Example of parallelism:

  • Include different regions, focusing on the different arguments from those against immunization

Coordination: Be aware of each point’s weight

Your chosen subheadings should hold the same significance as each other, as should all first sub-points, secondary sub-points, and so on.

Example of coordination:

  • Include immunization figures in affected regions
  • Illnesses that can result from the measles virus

Subordination: Work from general to specific

Subordination refers to the separation of general points from specific. Your main headings should be quite general, and each level of sub-point should become more specific.

Example of subordination:

Division: break information into sub-points.

Your headings should be divided into two or more subsections. There is no limit to how many subsections you can include under each heading, but keep in mind that the information will be structured into a paragraph during the writing stage, so you should not go overboard with the number of sub-points.

Ready to start writing or looking for guidance on a different step in the process? Read our step-by-step guide on how to write a research paper .

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Gahan, C. (2023, August 15). How to Create a Structured Research Paper Outline | Example. Scribbr. Retrieved February 20, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/research-paper/outline/

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Research Proposal Example/Sample

Detailed Walkthrough + Free Proposal Template

If you’re getting started crafting your research proposal and are looking for a few examples of research proposals , you’ve come to the right place.

In this video, we walk you through two successful (approved) research proposals , one for a Master’s-level project, and one for a PhD-level dissertation. We also start off by unpacking our free research proposal template and discussing the four core sections of a research proposal, so that you have a clear understanding of the basics before diving into the actual proposals.

  • Research proposal example/sample – Master’s-level (PDF/Word)
  • Research proposal example/sample – PhD-level (PDF/Word)
  • Proposal template (Fully editable) 

If you’re working on a research proposal for a dissertation or thesis, you may also find the following useful:

  • Research Proposal Bootcamp : Learn how to write a research proposal as efficiently and effectively as possible
  • 1:1 Proposal Coaching : Get hands-on help with your research proposal

Free Webinar: How To Write A Research Proposal

FAQ: Research Proposal Example

Research proposal example: frequently asked questions, are the sample proposals real.

Yes. The proposals are real and were approved by the respective universities.

Can I copy one of these proposals for my own research?

As we discuss in the video, every research proposal will be slightly different, depending on the university’s unique requirements, as well as the nature of the research itself. Therefore, you’ll need to tailor your research proposal to suit your specific context.

You can learn more about the basics of writing a research proposal here .

How do I get the research proposal template?

You can access our free proposal template here .

Is the proposal template really free?

Yes. There is no cost for the proposal template and you are free to use it as a foundation for your research proposal.

Where can I learn more about proposal writing?

For self-directed learners, our Research Proposal Bootcamp is a great starting point.

For students that want hands-on guidance, our private coaching service is recommended.

Literature Review Course

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This post is an extract from our bestselling Udemy Course, Research Proposal Bootcamp . If you want to work smart, you don't want to miss this .

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Example of a literature review

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FREE 38+ Research Papers in PDF

sample research papers templates

In most academic courses nowadays, it is required to submit a research paper so as to be able to be credited for your years of an academic course. Most academic curriculum have their own type of Research Paper, in which the students are required to follow.

Research Paper Pdf

30+ research paper samples, 33 research paper examples, sample cover page for research paper - 7+ examples in word, pdf.

As a student, it can be difficult sometimes to create a research paper. Luckily there are professors in school who will act as a type of Research Paper Guide on how you should write your research paper and what your topic should be about.

Free Sample Research Papers

free sample research white paper template

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Research Paper Example

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Simple Research Paper

market research white paper template

Research Paper Sample PDF Download

research paper table of contents template

Sample Research

simple research white paper template

Business Research Papers in PDF

Business research paper sample pdf.

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Business Paper Example

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How to Narrow Down a Research Paper Topic Effectively?

Narrowing down a research paper topic effectively is crucial for producing a focused and manageable study. Begin by conducting a broad literature review to understand existing research in the field, identifying gaps or areas requiring further exploration. Consider your personal interests, as a genuine passion for the subject can enhance your motivation and commitment throughout the research process.

Next, define the scope of your research by specifying key concepts, variables, or themes you wish to explore. Clearly outline the research questions or objectives to guide your investigation. Seek feedback from peers or instructors to ensure your topic is neither too broad nor too narrow.

Additionally, consider the feasibility of data collection and analysis within the given constraints, such as time and resources. Be mindful of the available literature and data sources, ensuring they are accessible and relevant to your chosen topic.

Remember that a well-defined research question narrows your focus and guides subsequent decisions in your study. Through this iterative process, you can tailor your research paper topic to align with your interests, address gaps in the literature, and contribute meaningfully to the chosen field of study.

Business Research Papers Free Download

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Size: 413 KB

How to Prepare and Submit a Research Paper for an Academic Conference?

Preparing and submitting a research paper format for an academic conference involves several key steps to ensure a successful contribution to scholarly discourse. Start by carefully reviewing the conference guidelines and themes to align your paper with the event’s focus. Craft a compelling abstract that succinctly outlines your research’s objectives, methods, and anticipated contributions.

Follow the specified formatting guidelines for paper submission, paying attention to citation styles and document structure. Clearly articulate your research question, methodology, results, and conclusions in the paper, adhering to the conference’s word limit.

Proofread your paper thoroughly to eliminate errors and enhance clarity. Additionally, consider seeking feedback from colleagues or mentors to refine your work. As you prepare your submission, keep track of important deadlines, including the abstract submission date and the final paper submission deadline.

When submitting your paper, use the designated online platform provided by the conference organizers. Ensure that all required documents, such as author information and affiliations, are complete and accurate. Finally, await feedback from the review process and be prepared to make revisions based on reviewers’ comments.

By meticulously following the conference guidelines and presenting a well-structured, compelling research paper, you maximize the likelihood of acceptance and contribute meaningfully to the academic conversation within your field.

Analysis Research Papers

Short research paper.

data analysis paper2

Research Paper Format PDF Download

regression analysis2

What Is APA?

It is a standardized format for the submission of a research paper. It allows for the uniform format of all research paper so as to create an orderly and “clean” looking formatted project.

The standard APA Research Paper Format would be the following:

  • the size of the paper is capable of insertion of large amounts of paragraphs.
  • it allows for the reduction of 1-inch from all sides to form a margin.
  • This is used so that all research paper submitted will be aligned in the same manner and is more easily bounded (softbound or hardbound depending on the proctor’s preference).
  • This is to allow the proctor to easily detect where a paragraph begins and ends.
  • Easier to identify errors.
  • More formal appearance and is a widely preferred format.
  • Is considered the “exact” size of font needed to be able to easily read the research paper without the font size occupying too much space.
  • Allows for the easy reading of the research paper.
  • Gaps in between the sentences are easier on the eyes.
  • The title of your research paper must be exclusively a short summary to your topic.
  • It must capture the key ideas of your topic.

Engineering Research Papers

Chemical engineering.

chemical engineering1

Genetic Engineering Paper

genetic engineering paper1

Size: 78 KB

Civil Engineering Research

civil engineering research2

Size: 279 KB

Finance Research Papers

Finance management research.

financial management1

Size: 323 KB

Personal Finance Paper

personal finance paper1

Size: 265 KB

Paper of Research on Corporate Finance

paper of research on corporate finance

Size: 251 KB

Technical Research Papers

Technical paper example.

technical paper example1

Size: 487 KB

Technical Paper Sample PDF

technical analysis research1

Size: 360 KB

Guidelines for Preparing a Research Paper

When creating an  Effective Research Paper ,  it is important to begin organizing or categorizing what you need to do and how to do it. It is also important to remember that there are tons of  Research Paper Examples   online that can be used as a reference. Take note, however, that plagiarism in any form when making a research paper is disapproved and is usually grounds for demerits or deductions.

Here are some steps for making an effective research paper:

  • Always choose a topic that you and your group mates (if you are in a group) would like to cover.
  • Selecting a topic that you or a member of your group has personal or first hand knowledge about is always a good idea.
  • Always debate in your group which topic would best be selected for easier in making a research paper.
  • Don’t limit your information to things found on the internet.
  • Firsthand accounts of people relevant to the topic
  • Internet (but use this sparingly; most proctors frown on the idea of gathering information online)
  • Creating multiple and numerous drafts, although time-consuming, can be useful in altering and modifying your topic so as to ensure that you have the best possible research paper that you can make.
  • Android smartphones
  • Apple phones
  • proctors can point out topics that are relevant to your course,
  • they can suggest changes in your drafts,
  • they can help you interview people relevant to the topic by giving you permission slips , and
  • they can help you when you are unable to think of any ideas for the topic.

Marketing Research Papers

Marketing plan research.

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Research on Marketing Strategy

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Size: 120 KB

Marketing Management Paper

marketing management paper

Size: 397 KB

Medical Research Papers

Medical research paper sample pdf.

medical assistant research

Size: 56 KB

Research on Medical Ethics

research on medical ethics

Size: 241 KB

Medical Research on Animals

medical research on animals

Film Research Papers

Film analysis example.

film analysis example1

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Film Director Research

film director research1

Career Research Papers

Nursing career.

nursing career1

Size: 135 KB

Career Development Research

career development research1

Size: 334 KB

Career Planning Paper

career planning paper1

Size: 99 KB

What Is Introduction in a Research Paper?

An introduction is essentially the opening remarks or the opening sentence of any research paper. It allows for the summary of the topic and gives the question as to why you chose that topic for your research paper and the how is it relevant to your course. It usually starts with something simple like a short definition of what the topic is about and the definition of key words. For references you should try to search for  research paper sample   on our website for more information.

Here is a step-by-step guide on how to write a introduction:

  • Determine the topic of your research paper.
  • After determining the topic of your research paper, determine key terms for the introduction.
  • Open any Word or writing software on your devices.
  • Brainstorm ideas with your group mates on how a topic should be introduced.
  • Select the best ideas from your brainstorming with your group mates.
  • Type those ideas into your Word software and arrange them according to relevance.
  • Create a few paragraphs about the ideas.
  • Throw in a few questions relevant to the topic that will be answered from within the rest of the topic.

Research Paper Techniques?

  • Research Methods: Choose appropriate data collection and analysis methods.
  • Literature Review: Review existing research on the topic.
  • Data Gathering: Collect relevant data or information.
  • Data Analysis: Analyze data using statistical or qualitative methods.
  • Organization: Structure the paper logically with clear headings.
  • Citation: Properly cite sources using recognized styles (e.g., APA, MLA).
  • Revision: Edit and revise for clarity, coherence, and correctness.
  • Peer Review: Seek feedback from colleagues or experts.
  • Formatting: Follow specific formatting guidelines.

Nutrition Research Papers

Nutrition & food research.

nutrition food research

Children Nutrition Paper

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Size: 381 KB

Sample Nutrition Research

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Size: 1.1 MB

Psychology Research Papers

Research on child psychology.

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Size: 568 KB

Positive Psychology Research Paper

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Abnormal Psychology Research

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Academic Research Papers

Academic research paper sample pdf.

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Academic Paper PDF

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Scientific Research Papers

Scientific method research.

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Size: 200 KB

Scientific Revolution Paper

scientific revolution paper1

Size: 922 KB

How to Start a Research Paper

Admittedly, people don’t normally ask how to start a research paper but rather would choose to ask why they should start a research paper and ask what is the real point of making a research paper. Chances are, most will say because it is a requirement made by the teachers or is a very important part of your grade. But starting a research paper is as necessary as writing any type of documents. In a way, a research paper can give you insights as to how some things are done.

Starting a research paper is never that difficult a process if you can choose the topic. If you choose a topic that you personally would enjoy, then it is more likely that you will expand on that topic and create an effective research paper. Afterward, it is just “filling in the blanks” of the template that your proctor will give you. You should also start making your own  Research Paper Outlines  so as to capture ideas and concepts that you wouldn’t normally think of when focusing on the main topic. These ideas might be able to assist you in your attempt to complete the research paper.

What Research Paper Means?

A research paper is a written document that presents the findings, analysis, and conclusions of a research study or investigation on a specific topic. It typically includes details about research methods, data, results, and can be used to contribute to knowledge, inform, or persuade readers about the subject matter.

How Do I Write My Research Paper?

  • Choose a well-defined research topic.
  • Conduct thorough research using credible sources.
  • Create an outline to structure your paper.
  • Write an introduction, literature review, methodology, findings, and conclusion.
  • Cite sources properly using a recognized citation style.
  • Edit and proofread your paper for clarity and coherence.
  • Seek feedback and revise as needed.
  • Format your paper according to academic or publication guidelines.

How to Format a Research Paper?

  • Use a standard font and size (e.g., Times New Roman, 12-point).
  • Set 1-inch margins on all sides.
  • Double-space the entire document.
  • Include a title page with your name, title, institution, and date.
  • Use headings and subheadings to organize content.
  • Follow a recognized citation style (e.g., APA, MLA, Chicago).
  • Number pages and include a header with your last name.
  • Include a reference list or bibliography, if required.

What is the Main Purpose of a Research Paper?

The main purpose of a research paper is to communicate the findings, analysis, and conclusions of a research study on a specific topic. It aims to contribute to knowledge, inform readers, and often persuade or convince them about the subject matter.

How Many Papers are There in Research Paper?

A research paper typically consists of several sections, including the introduction, literature review , methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion. The exact number of pages or sections may vary depending on the research topic, requirements, and guidelines, but these are the common components of a research paper.

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OpenAI teases an amazing new generative video model called Sora

The firm is sharing Sora with a small group of safety testers but the rest of us will have to wait to learn more.

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OpenAI has built a striking new generative video model called Sora that can take a short text description and turn it into a detailed, high-definition film clip up to a minute long.

Based on four sample videos that OpenAI shared with MIT Technology Review ahead of today’s announcement, the San Francisco–based firm has pushed the envelope of what’s possible with text-to-video generation (a hot new research direction that we flagged as a trend to watch in 2024 ).

“We think building models that can understand video, and understand all these very complex interactions of our world, is an important step for all future AI systems,” says Tim Brooks, a scientist at OpenAI.

But there’s a disclaimer. OpenAI gave us a preview of Sora (which means sky in Japanese) under conditions of strict secrecy. In an unusual move, the firm would only share information about Sora if we agreed to wait until after news of the model was made public to seek the opinions of outside experts. [Editor’s note: We’ve updated this story with outside comment below.] OpenAI has not yet released a technical report or demonstrated the model actually working. And it says it won’t be releasing Sora anytime soon. [ Update: OpenAI has now shared more technical details on its website.]

The first generative models that could produce video from snippets of text appeared in late 2022. But early examples from Meta , Google, and a startup called Runway were glitchy and grainy. Since then, the tech has been getting better fast. Runway’s gen-2 model, released last year, can produce short clips that come close to matching big-studio animation in their quality. But most of these examples are still only a few seconds long.  

The sample videos from OpenAI’s Sora are high-definition and full of detail. OpenAI also says it can generate videos up to a minute long. One video of a Tokyo street scene shows that Sora has learned how objects fit together in 3D: the camera swoops into the scene to follow a couple as they walk past a row of shops.

OpenAI also claims that Sora handles occlusion well. One problem with existing models is that they can fail to keep track of objects when they drop out of view. For example, if a truck passes in front of a street sign, the sign might not reappear afterward.  

In a video of a papercraft underwater scene, Sora has added what look like cuts between different pieces of footage, and the model has maintained a consistent style between them.

It’s not perfect. In the Tokyo video, cars to the left look smaller than the people walking beside them. They also pop in and out between the tree branches. “There’s definitely some work to be done in terms of long-term coherence,” says Brooks. “For example, if someone goes out of view for a long time, they won’t come back. The model kind of forgets that they were supposed to be there.”

Impressive as they are, the sample videos shown here were no doubt cherry-picked to show Sora at its best. Without more information, it is hard to know how representative they are of the model’s typical output.   

It may be some time before we find out. OpenAI’s announcement of Sora today is a tech tease, and the company says it has no current plans to release it to the public. Instead, OpenAI will today begin sharing the model with third-party safety testers for the first time.

In particular, the firm is worried about the potential misuses of fake but photorealistic video . “We’re being careful about deployment here and making sure we have all our bases covered before we put this in the hands of the general public,” says Aditya Ramesh, a scientist at OpenAI, who created the firm’s text-to-image model DALL-E .

But OpenAI is eyeing a product launch sometime in the future. As well as safety testers, the company is also sharing the model with a select group of video makers and artists to get feedback on how to make Sora as useful as possible to creative professionals. “The other goal is to show everyone what is on the horizon, to give a preview of what these models will be capable of,” says Ramesh.

To build Sora, the team adapted the tech behind DALL-E 3, the latest version of OpenAI’s flagship text-to-image model. Like most text-to-image models, DALL-E 3 uses what’s known as a diffusion model. These are trained to turn a fuzz of random pixels into a picture.

Sora takes this approach and applies it to videos rather than still images. But the researchers also added another technique to the mix. Unlike DALL-E or most other generative video models, Sora combines its diffusion model with a type of neural network called a transformer.

Transformers are great at processing long sequences of data, like words. That has made them the special sauce inside large language models like OpenAI’s GPT-4 and Google DeepMind’s Gemini . But videos are not made of words. Instead, the researchers had to find a way to cut videos into chunks that could be treated as if they were. The approach they came up with was to dice videos up across both space and time. “It’s like if you were to have a stack of all the video frames and you cut little cubes from it,” says Brooks.

The transformer inside Sora can then process these chunks of video data in much the same way that the transformer inside a large language model processes words in a block of text. The researchers say that this let them train Sora on many more types of video than other text-to-video models, varied in terms of resolution, duration, aspect ratio, and orientation. “It really helps the model,” says Brooks. “That is something that we’re not aware of any existing work on.”

“From a technical perspective it seems like a very significant leap forward,” says Sam Gregory, executive director at Witness, a human rights organization that specializes in the use and misuse of video technology. “But there are two sides to the coin,” he says. “The expressive capabilities offer the potential for many more people to be storytellers using video. And there are also real potential avenues for misuse.” 

OpenAI is well aware of the risks that come with a generative video model. We are already seeing the large-scale misuse of deepfake images . Photorealistic video takes this to another level.

Gregory notes that you could use technology like this to misinform people about conflict zones or protests. The range of styles is also interesting, he says. If you could generate shaky footage that looked like something shot with a phone, it would come across as more authentic.

The tech is not there yet, but generative video has gone from zero to Sora in just 18 months. “We’re going to be entering a universe where there will be fully synthetic content, human-generated content and a mix of the two,” says Gregory.

The OpenAI team plans to draw on the safety testing it did last year for DALL-E 3. Sora already includes a filter that runs on all prompts sent to the model that will block requests for violent, sexual, or hateful images, as well as images of known people. Another filter will look at frames of generated videos and block material that violates OpenAI’s safety policies.

OpenAI says it is also adapting a fake-image detector developed for DALL-E 3 to use with Sora. And the company will embed industry-standard C2PA tags , metadata that states how an image was generated, into all of Sora’s output. But these steps are far from foolproof. Fake-image detectors are hit-or-miss. Metadata is easy to remove, and most social media sites strip it from uploaded images by default.  

“We’ll definitely need to get more feedback and learn more about the types of risks that need to be addressed with video before it would make sense for us to release this,” says Ramesh.

Brooks agrees. “Part of the reason that we’re talking about this research now is so that we can start getting the input that we need to do the work necessary to figure out how it could be safely deployed,” he says.

Update 2/15: Comments from Sam Gregory were added .

Artificial intelligence

Ai for everything: 10 breakthrough technologies 2024.

Generative AI tools like ChatGPT reached mass adoption in record time, and reset the course of an entire industry.

What’s next for AI in 2024

Our writers look at the four hot trends to watch out for this year

  • Melissa Heikkilä archive page

Google’s Gemini is now in everything. Here’s how you can try it out.

Gmail, Docs, and more will now come with Gemini baked in. But Europeans will have to wait before they can download the app.

Deploying high-performance, energy-efficient AI

Investments into downsized infrastructure can help enterprises reap the benefits of AI while mitigating energy consumption, says corporate VP and GM of data center platform engineering and architecture at Intel, Zane Ball.

  • MIT Technology Review Insights archive page

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