PE Pal

Schemes Of Work

PE Assessment

Transforming Physical Education

Innovative PE lesson plans and assessment, in the palm of your hands

PE Lesson Plans

300+ PE Lesson Plans

The PE Pal app comes fully loaded with over 50 ever-evolving schemes of work, made up of over 300 lesson plans. Our schemes are produced by physical education experts and cover the EYFS, Key Stage 1 & Key Stage 2 curriculum.

- Craig, Primary School Teacher

- Jenny, Subject Leader

- Louise, Head Teacher

The PE Assessment App

With our easy to use assessment tool, you will soon be logging hundreds/thousands of invaluable pupil assessments for each and every one of the children at your school. Pupil assessment is as easy as 1, 2, 3, or 4 in our case!

Want To Know More?

Let us contact you...

0800 061 4198

  • International
  • Schools directory
  • Resources Jobs Schools directory News Search

EYFS / KS1 PE Ball Skills Unit - 5 lesson plans

EYFS / KS1 PE Ball Skills Unit - 5 lesson plans

Subject: Physical education

Age range: 5-7

Resource type: Unit of work

Explore Education Resources

Last updated

6 June 2023

  • Share through email
  • Share through twitter
  • Share through linkedin
  • Share through facebook
  • Share through pinterest

physical education lesson plans eyfs

Roll into the new term with this fundamental ball skills unit.

Used across 5 lessons, this unit comes with 5 detailed lesson plans that are easily adaptable for EYFS and KS1. There is differentiated success criteria for EYFS, Y1 and Y2.

Created by an experienced PE subject coordinator, these lessons have been rated Outstanding by PE professionals and leadership teams.

Files included: ✸ x4 lesson plans (spread across 5 lessons) ✸ Success criteria for throwing, catching and using a racket ✸ Bean game ideas

Lesson 1 Learning Objectives: To perform basic catching skills To follow instructions To understand expectations in PE (R/Y1)

Basic Skills & Personal Development: Catching a large ball. (EYFS) Show good control and coordination (EYFS) Throwing and catching skills (Yr 1 / 2 )

Lesson 2 Learning Objectives: Send and receive a ball To show an awareness of the immediate space around our bodies. To practise different ways of sending and receiving a ball.

Basic Skills & Personal Development: How to roll different equipment. How to move and stop equipment safely. (Y1) How to catch with both hands. (Y1/2)

Lesson 3 Learning Objectives: To use a racket To use space to move safely around others. To use a racket safely to send and receive a ball.

Basic Skills & Personal Development: EYFS: Experiments with different ways of moving. Shows increasing control over an object in pushing, patting, throwing, catching or kicking it. Year 1 / 2: Hit a ball with a racket. Follow rules set e.g. Follow a line with a ball.

Lesson 4 / 5 Learning Objectives: To perform basic actions using different body parts. To use hands and feet to send and receive a ball. To hit a target with a ball.

Basic Skills & Personal Development: EYFS – Thawing an object with increasing control and accuracy Year 1 – Throw an object in different ways Year 2 – Use hitting, rolling and kicking during a game

Tags: Y1 Y2 subject lead leader physical education fitness athletics funs basketballs tennis

Have any issues with this resource or a request? Contact us directly for the quickest response at: [email protected]

Tes paid licence How can I reuse this?

Your rating is required to reflect your happiness.

It's good to leave some feedback.

Something went wrong, please try again later.

This resource hasn't been reviewed yet

To ensure quality for our reviews, only customers who have purchased this resource can review it

Report this resource to let us know if it violates our terms and conditions. Our customer service team will review your report and will be in touch.

Not quite what you were looking for? Search by keyword to find the right resource:

  • Zack Smith | Mastering EYFS Physical Education

physical education lesson plans eyfs

“You can’t be attached to your lesson plan too much…” 

Welcome to episode 97 of The PE Umbrella Podcast , the only primary and elementary PE podcast in the world, for an episode centred around EYFS Physical Education .

Today, I am joined Under the Umbrella by Physical Education teacher Zack Smith. In this episode we get to the real crux of what it means to teach EYFS PE. Is it the most important age group to teach? Zack certainly has his work cut out to ensure the young children he teaches are given a solid base that will help them flourish in any social, emotional or physical pursuits they wish to do as they move through school.

As you can see by the length of this episode, it is packed full of content as Zack shares lots of actionable tips, sound advice and book recommendations that we should all go away and read. Through the thoughtful and honest discussion we unpick the traits that Zack has as a teacher himself, what it would be like to join his class, how he coped with his worst ever lesson and his all time favourite warm up games! You can click on the time stamps below to jump to any of these parts of the show…But why would you? You’re only going to miss out on some Physed gold if you do!

Describe yourself as a teacher?  [05:35]

If it’s my first day in your class, what can i expect  [10:34], what is the worst lesson you have ever taught in eyfs physical education what did you learn  [19:59], what is the importance of eyfs physical education  [25:54], top class management tip for eyfs physical education  [37:02], what is your favourite ever warm up  [43:04].

Twitter  – @mrzackpe

Don’t forget to subscribe to The PE Umbrella on iTunes or Stitcher radio by following the links above.  I would love for you to rate and review the show there, giving me insight to what I can do to further improve the quality of the show for you! Until next time though, have a great week  motivating , engaging and inspiring  the children that you teach, and I’ll see you soon, ‘Under the Umbrella’.

rellis87

Related Posts

physical education lesson plans eyfs

Under the Umbrella with Dan Wilson

physical education lesson plans eyfs

Under the Umbrella with Faith Newton

close-link

EYFS Statutory Framework 2021

What the framework changes mean to Primary School PE...

physical education lesson plans eyfs

The start of the 2021-22 school year brought the reform of the new Early Years & Foundation Stage (EYFS) Framework.

Getting on board with a new structure is always a huge task … What has changed?  What is staying the same?  How does this impact my planning?  How does this look in practise?

The PE Planning development team have made all of this a little easier for you by adapting all our FOUNDATION PLANS and PLANNING DOCUMENTS to ensure they fit with the new Framework.

We were excited to see that the framework changes really focus on promoting healthy lifestyles, healthy eating habits and supporting self-regulation within the Personal, Social and Emotional Development prime area.  Now more than ever these topics play a vital role in life and are a very welcome enhancement to Primary School Physical Education.

Some changes are subtle, for example the Building Relationships goal, is similar to the previous Making Relationships goal, whilst others are a shift in focus with self-care now falling within PSED instead of Physical Development.

In the Physical Development area there is more focus on moving and handling development from birth to Reception, with fine and gross motor skills being at the centre of it.

Early Learning Goals

The Early Learning Goals, that should be used as an assessment at the end of the reception year, help support teachers to make a professional judgement on a child’s development, understanding, knowledge and readiness for Key Stage 1.

“The level of development children should be expected to have attained by the end of the EYFS is defined by the Early Learning Goals (ELGs)” { Early years foundations stage (EYFS) statutory framework}

From the 17 ELGs, our EYFS LESSON PLANS & RESOURCES really focus on the 5 goals below:

Personal, Social & Emotional Development

  • Self Regulation
  • Managing Self
  • Building Relationships

Physical Development

  • Gross Motor Skills
  • Fine Motor Skills

There are now only two options for a teacher to judge a child’s development when assessing them at the end of the Reception year.

Instead of the previous “exceeding” development, practitioners must now only decide whether a child is ‘meeting expected levels of development,’ or ‘not yet reaching expected levels (emerging)’.

Written and/or photographic evidence is not needed to support these judgements, therefore reducing practitioner workload, and allowing more time to be spend with the child.

Development Matters

As before, although not compulsory, it has been recommended that the Development Matters Document (also updated 2021) is used alongside the new statutory framework.

The age bands within this document have been simplified to help track a child’s development.  The new bands are… Birth to 3;  3 to 4 year olds;  & Children in Reception.

The document is shorter, easier to follow, and gives more freedom to deliver a broad curriculum.

Tracking children’s progress has also been made easier by giving practitioners the freedom to use their knowledge and experience to make professional judgements on a child’s development.

“The freedom to make professional judgements” can seem intimidating after being used to the previous age bands and the very structured system.  And after the challenging year everyone has had, the changes could cause some concern.  However, these changes are positive changes, saving time and effort on data and evidencing for Ofsted and really providing a child-centred approach.

Lots of the EYFS Framework changes are very similar; subtle changes to existing content, slight shift in focus, condensing of goals, etc.  But there are also some noticeable differences, particularly on the assessment side of things. 

These changes will take some getting used to and could cause some anxieties with the freedom and ownership on ‘professional judgements’.

However, they should be seen as positive changes.  Trust has been placed on the teachers who are the professionals and know the children better than anyone else.  And with every child being different, and learning at a different pace, it’s important that the framework and guidance takes this approach and really allows consideration of every child.

Good Luck with the school year ahead.  Rest assured that PE is one less thing for you to worry about!  Our EYFS lesson plans are Here – up to date and ready for you to download and go.

To discover more about the PE Curriculum, head to our Planning Guidance Page .

  • Share the PE love:

you may also like

Primary School children in PE high five

Making PE Fun and Accessible for All: Ensuring Enjoyment for All

PE has the potential to be so much - it can be a transformative experience that promotes physical, mental, and emotional well-being. In today's fast-paced world, where mental health issues among children are on the rise, it is crucial that we make PE fun and accessible for all.

christmas pe activities

Christmas PE Activities for Primary Schools

We’re now in the final school week before Christmas, and we all know what that means. Lots of fun and games so children can let off some steam and wind down to the Christmas break! At PE Planning, we’ve not actually slowed down at all – in fact, we’re busier than ever updating our Dance […]

winter PE activities

7 Fun Winter PE Activities

It’s cold, it’s dark, and it’s tempting to stay indoors and cozy up. But that doesn’t mean you have to give up on your PE lessons. In fact, there are many ways to make your PE lessons more fun and exciting in the winter season.

This content is currently locked

To view our sample lessons please sign up to our Free Members Account below.

Free Members Account Sign Up

Email address *

A password will be sent to your email address.

Your personal data will be used to support your experience throughout this website, to manage access to your account, and for other purposes described in our privacy policy .

I am happy to receive update emails (from PE Planning only).

What age range do you require plans for?  * --- Please select --- EYFS Key Stage 1 Lower Key Stage 2 Upper Key Stage 2 All Ages

Already have an account? Login

Subscribe to PE Planning

  • Save hours of planning time
  • Confidently deliver National Curriculum PE
  • Your pupils will LOVE PE

This content is currently locked for your subscription type

Good Luck with the school year ahead.  Rest assured that PE is one less thing for you to worry about!  Our EYFS lesson plans are Here - up to date and ready for you to download and go.

Teacher.org

Lesson Plan Sections

  • Environmental (1)
  • Science (1)

P.E. Lessons

Physical education prepares children for an active and healthy life while improving self discipline and reducing stress. This section includes PE lessons from kindergarten through high school spanning different skill levels and objectives. Lessons are categorized by grade for easy retrieval. These lessons were created by real teachers working in schools across the United States. The section will continue to grow as more teachers like you share your lesson plans. We encourage you! Share your lessons plans Teacher.org, contact us .

Sponsored School(s)

P.e. environmental lesson plans, food chain tag.

Students will learn a brief background about energy transfer between the sun, producers, primary consumers, and secondary consumers. ½ of the students are primary consumers (plants) and ¼ of the students are primary consumers (rabbits) and ¼ of the students are secondary consumers (hawks).

P.E. P.E. Lesson Plans

Aces and exercise.

Using a deck of playing cards, the students will pick the number of reps for various exercises.  

And Freeze!

Students will practice listening skills and basic physical concepts as required in physical education class. Students will also work on balance and coordination.

Animal Laps

Combining information about the speed of animals, the students will run laps in the gym or outdoors.

Basketball Relay

Students will practice teamwork, dribbling, and shooting a basketball.

Bear Hunt Obstacle Course

This plan will combine reading with balance and coordination skills to allow students to navigate a simple obstacle course.

Boom Over Movement Game

Students will play a game in which they need to change direction quickly. Students are to pretend that they are on a sailboat that is in the middle of a storm. They will have to run and change direction based on verbal commands and duck quickly to avoid being hit by the imaginary boom.

Butterfly Stretches

This lesson is designed to help students learn the importance and reasons for exercise through multiple activities and discussions.

Coordination Course

This plan will allow students to practice coordination while staying physical.

Multi-Ball Basketball

The student will participate in a game of basketball using various sizes of available balls.

Music Movement

The students will move to the music based on its beat, words, tune, and other variables.

On Top of Spaghetti

Pe immigration.

The students will research games and activities from other countries to share during a PE class.

Pass It Off

This lesson will allow students to practice passing, dribbling, and bouncing skills using basketballs

Plate Aerobics

Students will practice basic aerobics moves while trying to stay positioned on paper plates, this aids in coordination.

Race to the Answer

This lesson will allow students to practice teamwork, basic math skills, and get exercise through a relay race. Note: Problems/difficulty level can be altered by grade

Ride ‘Em Cowboy/girl

This lesson will allow students to practice gross motor skills.  

Students will practice listening skills and basic physical concepts as required in physical education class.

Ski to the Finish Line

This plan will allow students to practice coordination while staying physical. Students will demonstrate moving straight, backwards, and in a zig-zag pattern.

The New PE Class

The students will create a PE activity to share and demonstrate to peers.

This lesson will allow students to practice teamwork and trust building, as well as working on directionality for younger students.

What Time is it FOX?

The students play a game where they practice different movements including jumping, galloping, skipping, running, jogging, leaping, and walking. Based on National Physical Education Standards, students should have been learning these skills for the last 4 years.

P.E. Science Lesson Plans

Ready to pursue a master’s degree in education make it your time.

Teacher.org’s lesson plans encourage conceptual understanding and lifelong learning skills in students as well as empower and motivate teachers.

Are you currently teaching but have the desire to pursue a Master’s Degree in Education? Follow your passion for teaching but at the same time give yourself the tools to further your career and learning. Whether it’s higher salaries, advanced career opportunities, or leadership positions, earning your Master’s Degree in Education is one worth pursuing. Make it your time!

physical education lesson plans eyfs

The World's Most Evidence-Based Physical Education & Physical Activity Programs!

Free Lesson Plans

Spark sample lesson plans, the following pages include a collection of free spark physical education and physical activity lesson plans. if you’re searching for lesson plans based on inclusive, fun pe-pa games or innovative new ideas, click on one of the links below..

physical education lesson plans eyfs

Snakes and Lizards Lesson Plan

Field Day Activity

Centipede Pass

Manipulatives Lesson

Partner Hoop Rolling

Parachute Switcheroo Lesson Plan

Catching and Throwing

Catching and Throwing Circuit Lesson Plan

Skill Cards

Skill Cards (Spanish)

Back to School

Back to School (Spanish)

Social and Emotional Learning

Kindness Definition Card and Lesson

physical education lesson plans eyfs

Fitness Circuits

Body Composition Circuit Lesson Plan

Mirror, Mirror Lesson Plan

Performance Rubric Assessment

Choice Count (Pedometer Activity)

Cross the Pond

3-Catch Basketball Lesson Plan

SEL Definition and T-Chart Card

physical education lesson plans eyfs

Flying Disc

Durango Boot

Zone and Player-to-Player Defenses

Radio Control

Mini Soccer

Soccer Student Self-Assessments

Track and Field

Sprints and Jumps Circuit

Skill Cards (English & Spanish)

Task Cards (Spanish)

Cooperatives

Spartan Adventure Race 101

physical education lesson plans eyfs

Group Fitness

Yoga Basic Training Lesson Plan

Yoga Content Cards

Yoga Content Cards (Spanish)

Basic Training Peer Checklist

Basic Training Peer Checklist (Spanish)

SFI Certification Tracking Sheet

iGames Lesson

iStrike/Field

Boulder Runner

I Got Your Back Lesson Plan

Practice Plan

Practice Plan (Spanish)

physical education lesson plans eyfs

Fitness Fun

Fun and Fitness Circuit Lesson Plan

Fitness Station Cards

Fitness Station Cards (Spanish)

Fun Station Cards

Fun Station Cards (Spanish)

Great Games

Balanced Breakfast

Flying Disc Group Challenge Lesson Plan

Task Card (Spanish)

physical education lesson plans eyfs

Building Blocks

Starting and Stopping Lesson Plan

Family Fun Activities

Family Fun Activities (Spanish)

Beanbag Bonanza

Station Play Lesson Plan

Station Cards

Have a Ball

Bounce and Catch

physical education lesson plans eyfs

Recess Activities

Social studies.

Social Studies Fitness Relay

State Lists

State Lists (Spanish)

Fitness Relay State Cards

STEM Fitness Training

STEM Fitness Training Cards (English & Spanish)

physical education lesson plans eyfs

Me Activities

ME: INSIDE (K-2)

ME: OUTSIDE (3-5)

We Activities

WE: INSIDE (3-5)

WE: OUTSIDE (K-2)

3 Activities

3: INSIDE (3-5)

3: OUTSIDE (K-2)

physical education lesson plans eyfs

Sample Resources

Group Juggling

Object Control Skills-Underhand Throwing

What Your PE Student with Autism Spectrum Disorder Wishes You Knew

Football Unit Inclusion Strategies 3-6

physical education lesson plans eyfs

SPARK Holiday Lesson

Hearty Hoopla

Stop the Grinch!

Zombie Graveyard

Build a Turkey

Let's Be Friends

Stay connected to hear about new upcoming events!

Twitter

JUNE 2023: SPARK is celebrating 34 years - Evidence. Innovation. Impact. Thanks to all past, present, & future SPARK customers, partners, & funders for positively impacting so many students, youth and children worldwide! #physed #afterschool #ECE #activeclassroom #earlychilhdood pic.twitter.com/8lnL2SFe54

reply

📣 Starts in 1 hour! (5pmPT/8pmET) SPARK June Webinar: Units to Invigorate Your PE Program - New SPARK K-12 Activities bit.ly/3TrwoLH #physed pic.twitter.com/H8szuGXm7P

SPARK Enhanced Active Classroom (& Recess) - Lesson Plans Available! Check out all the details here: bit.ly/448ud4r #ActiveClassroom #physed #physicalactivity #recess pic.twitter.com/eMegOhTINX

Join @JeffMushkin SPARK Content Development Director TONIGHT for our SPARK June Webinar: Units to Invigorate Your PE Program - New SPARK K-12 Activities There is still time to register here: bit.ly/3TrwoLH?utm_so… #physed pic.twitter.com/SwmmjMyOzp

Make sure to stop by the SPARK booth at #KYSHAPE23 conference - chance to win an iPad! Plus, don't miss our presentation today at 1:45pm: Prep - Set & Thrive with SPARK PE Strategies, Activities, and More! (secondary focused) #physed @KY_SHAPE pic.twitter.com/VVgjH3ptP1

About SPARK

Join Our Team

International

Spark partners, private policy, webinar archive, active schools, teacher of the year, upcoming events, covid relief funding, resource sites, sparkfamily.org.

physical education lesson plans eyfs

These pictures can be used in the environment with cotton buds and paint for children to dot paint onto, this...

Fine Motor Patterns

Fine Motor Patterns

These are great pattern cards to laminate and place in an area for children to mark make or create patterns...

Funky Finger Fitness Scheme

Funky Finger Fitness Scheme

  Funky Finger Fitness Scheme This is 12 sessions of Funky Finger Fitness/ Dough Gym Planning which can we used...

Funky Fingers Fine Motor and Gross Motor Yearly Plan

Funky Fingers Fine Motor and Gross Motor Yearly Plan

Funky Fingers Fine Motor and Gross Motor Yearly Plan This Funky Fingers Motor Year Plan is a years worth of...

Getting changed for PE PowerPoint

Getting changed for PE PowerPoint

This is a PowerPoint to use when getting ready for PE as a whole group. Each slide has instructions and...

Gross Motor Skills Planning Birth to Reception New Development Matters 2021

Gross Motor Skills Planning Birth to Reception New Development Matters 2021

This planning document provides activities for gross motor development through the new EYFS development matters 2021 from birth to reception....

Natural Play Dough Early Years

Natural Play Dough Early Years Home Learning

This is a handout to show what is needed and how to set up natural playdough. It includes inspirational images...

Nursery PE Weekly Planning Autumn 1 – Balancing Skills

Early Years Resources | Early Years Staffroom - Planning and Resource Website

PE Weekly Planning Nursery - Autumn 1   This is a planning document with 6 plans for Spring 1, one session...

Nursery PE Weekly Planning Autumn 2 – Let’s Dance

Early Years Resources | Early Years Staffroom - Planning and Resource Website

PE Weekly Planning Nursery - Autumn 2   This is a planning document with 6 plans for Autumn 2, one session...

Nursery PE Weekly Planning Spring 1 – Ball Skills

Early Years Resources | Early Years Staffroom - Planning and Resource Website

PE Weekly Planning Nursery - Spring 1   This is a planning document with 6 plans for Spring 1, one session...

Nursery PE Weekly Planning Spring 2 – Shape And Space

Early Years Resources | Early Years Staffroom - Planning and Resource Website

PE Weekly Planning Nursery - Spring 2 This is a planning document with 6 plans for Spring 2, one session...

Nursery PE Weekly Planning Summer 1 – Circle Games

Early Years Resources | Early Years Staffroom - Planning and Resource Website

PE Weekly Planning Nursery - Summer 1   This is a planning document with 6 plans for Summer 1, one session...

Nursery PE Weekly Planning Summer 2 – Olympics

Early Years Resources | Early Years Staffroom - Planning and Resource Website

PE Weekly Planning Nursery - Summer 2   This is a planning document with 6 plans for Summer 2, one session...

Nursery Physical Development Long Term Plan

physical education lesson plans eyfs

Physical Development Nursery Long Term Plan This is a long term planning document for Nursery for Physical Development, this ensures...

Outdoor Area – Gross Motor Skills

Outdoor Area - Gross Motor Skills

This is planning for group activities to work on Gross motor skills outside which in turn will later aid writing...

Parachute Games

Parachute Games

Great Parachute Games all in an easy to read document. These games support the Prime Areas of Learning; Personal, Social...

PE – Physical Education – Planning Autumn 1 – Skills

Early Years Resources

  PE Physical Education Termly Planning Autumn 1 for Skills    This is a planning document with 6 plans, one...

PE – Physical Education – Planning Summer 1 – Games

Early Years Resources

  PE - Physical Education - Planning Summer 1 - Games.   This is a planning document with 6 plans,...

PE – Physical Education – Planning Summer 2 – Olympics

Early Years Resources

PE - Physical Education - Planning Summer 2 - Olympics.   This is a planning document with 6 plans, one...

PE – Physical Education – Planning Dance – Autumn

Early Years Resources

  PE Physical Education Termly Planning Autumn 2 for Dance   This is a planning document with 6 plans, one...

PE Planning for Early Years Children

PE Planning for Early Years Children

These are fun activities to do with Early Years children working towards the moving and handling goal. All our planning...

PE Skills Planning Sheet YR – Y2

PE Skills Planning Sheet YR - Y2

An overview of the skills children need to learn in PE from Reception to Year 2 to inform planning for...

Reception – PE – Physical Education – Planning Spring 1 – Ball Skills

Early Years Resources

Reception PE Physical Education Termly Planning Spring 1 for Ball Skills   This is a planning document with 6 plans,...

Reception & Nursery – Progression of Skills – Physical Development

Early Years Resources

Progression of Skills - EYFS Birth to End of Reception - Physical Development This is a progression of skills document...

Reception PE Planning Spring 2 for Gymnastics

physical education lesson plans eyfs

PE Physical Education Termly Planning Spring 2 for Gymnastics This is a planning document with 6 plans, one for each...

Reception Physical Development Long Term Plan

Early Years Resources | Early Years Staffroom - Planning and Resource Website

This is a long term planning document for Reception for Physical Development, this ensures teachers purposefully bring Physical Development into...

Snowflakes Templates Winter

physical education lesson plans eyfs

These are great for ice themes, children can colour or cut these out to form patterns.

Sport Day Planning – Reception

physical education lesson plans eyfs

Sports Day Planning - Reception This planning details how sports day and the planning of fits into all areas of...

Sports Day Planning – Nursery

physical education lesson plans eyfs

Sports Day Planning - Nursery This planning details how sports day and the planning of fits into all areas of...

Woodwork Knowledge and Skills Progression

physical education lesson plans eyfs

Woodwork Knowledge and Skills Progression This editable document shows the progression of skills and knowledge for woodwork throughout the year...

Yoga Lesson Plans

physical education lesson plans eyfs

There are 8 sessions of yoga plans. Each plan details; aims, learning outcomes, resources, safety, instructions, pose images, differentiation, warm...

physical education lesson plans eyfs

The Early Years Staffroom © 2024 All Rights Reserved

physical education lesson plans eyfs

[email protected]

What do I get for my membership?​

  • Over 1600 (and increasing) high quality Early Years resources, planning schemes and brainstorm ideas for enhanced planning created by Early Years Experts. Covers all areas of learning in the new EYFS
  • Planning and resources made to request
  • Long, Medium and Daily Plans
  • Audits in line with the latest government requirements. Policies and risk assessments
  • High quality Phonics Program (Phase 1-6) created by a Specialist Leader in Education for Early Years and Phonics
  • A fun outdoor and practical Maths program from aged 22 months to the end of Year 1 supporting White Rose Maths
  • Training videos to view at your convenience by amazing Early Years Leaders in the field
  • A supportive community of likeminded Early Years Practitioners with free access to an exclusive vetted group with anonymous posting
  • Progression and skills documents and Training PowerPoints
  • Save 7-8 hours of your time on planning and resource preparation time per week, safe in the knowledge the planning you have is high quality and used by experts. Save money on other subscriptions or one-off resources. Stress relief and increased well-being. Spend more time with your family
  • Someone to turn to if you need something bespoke
  • Ensure you are always prepared for Ofsted
  • The ability to lead fun and practical phonics sessions sometimes outdoors that target all types of learners in phonics
  • You can track and reflect on your practise, ideal for interviews and appraisals
  • Use a tool the enables you to track and reflect on your practise, ideal for interviews and appraisals
  • Training as and when you want it. Learn new skills, improve your practise and keep current in the world of Early Years
  • Feel completely supported with our team always available to help and guide you with any issues you may have

Choose from the following membership plans

Eys school/nursery plan, eys individual plan..

£58.00 now for one licence which gives you membership for 1 year. Your subscription for the second and subsequent years will be £4.80 per month. Join now before the price increases along with our new benefits.

£384 for 12 months membership for 5 users, your subscription will auto renew until it is cancelled.

EYS Individual Plan

£118.80 for 12 months membership for one user. Your subscription in the second year will continue on a monthly rate of £9.60 until it is cancelled.

EYS Individual Monthly Plan

£15.56 per month for 12 months for one user. Your subscription is for a minimum of 12 months and after this period it can be cancelled at any time.

You will not need a membership to any other site, our experts create any resources that you request

The price you join with will never change as long as you

If you would like to pay by invoice instead please email [email protected]

Payment by invoice includes a £30 administration fee.

Your subscription will run until cancelled. Please read our Terms & Conditions and Privacy Policy 

Early Years Staffroom

Facebook

  • Browse By Category
  • View ALL Lessons
  • Submit Your Idea
  • Shop Lesson Books
  • Search our Lessons
  • Browse All Assessments
  • New Assessments
  • Paper & Pencil Assessments
  • Alternative Assessments
  • Student Assessments
  • View Kids Work
  • Submit Your Ideas
  • Browse All Best Practices
  • New Best Practices
  • How BPs Work
  • Most Popular
  • Alphabetical
  • Submit Your Best Practice
  • Browse All Prof. Dev.
  • Online PD Courses
  • Onsite Workshops
  • Hall of Shame
  • Becoming a PE Teacher
  • PE Articles
  • Defending PE
  • Substitute Guidelines
  • Online Classes
  • PE Research
  • Browse All Boards
  • Board of the Week
  • Submit Your Bulletin Board
  • Browse All Class Mngt
  • Lesson Ideas
  • New Teacher Tips
  • Reducing Off-Task Behavior
  • Browse All Videos
  • Find Grants
  • Kids Quote of the Week
  • Weekly Activities
  • Advertise on PEC
  • FREE Newsletter

PE Central has partnered with S&S Discount Sports to provide a full range of sports and PE products for your program.

Get Free Shipping plus 15% OFF on orders over $59! Use offer code B4260. Shop Now!

  • Shop Online Courses:
  • Classroom Management
  • Integrating Literacy & Math
  • Grad Credit
  • All PE Courses

physical education lesson plans eyfs

  • Cooperative Fitness Challenge
  • Cooperative Skills Challenge
  • Log It (Activity Tracker)

physical education lesson plans eyfs

  • Instant Activities
  • Grades 9-12
  • Dance of the Month
  • Special Events Menu
  • Cues/Performance Tips
  • College Lessons
  • Search All Lessons

physical education lesson plans eyfs

  • Paper & Pencil Assessments
  • Shop Assessment

Assessment in PE

  • How BP's Work

Best Practices Plaque

  • Shop Bulletin Board Books

PE Bulletin Boards

  • Apps for PE Main Menu
  • Submit Your App
  • Ask our App Expert
  • Active Gaming

apps for PE teachers

  • What is Adapted PE
  • Ask Our Expert
  • Adapting Activities
  • IEP Information
  • Adapted Web Sites
  • Shop Adapted Store

adapted PE books

  • PreK Lesson Ideas
  • PreK Videos
  • Homemade PreK PE Equip
  • Shop PreK Books

Preschool PE books

  • Shop Class Mngt Products

Classroom Management

  • Search Jobs
  • Interview Questions
  • Interview Tips
  • Portfolio Development

School funding center for grants

  • Becoming PE Teacher
  • Fundraising/Grants

PE Articles

  • New Products
  • T-Shirts/Accessories
  • Class Management
  • Middle School
  • High School
  • Curriculums
  • Limited Space

PE is Cool Tshirt

  • Search Our Lessons

PE Central on Twitter

New Online Courses

  • Among Us Fitness Challenge
  • Mystery Exercise Box
  • The ABC's of Yoga
  • Fun Reaction Light Workout
  • Virtual Hopscotch
  • Red Light, Green Light
  • My Name Fitness Challenge
  • Holiday Lessons
  • Fitness Challenge Calendars
  • Field Day Headquarters
  • Field Day Online Course
  • Star Wars FD
  • Power Rangers Field Day
  • Superhero FD
  • SUPER "FIELD DAY" WORLD
  • Nickelodeon FD
  • What's New on PEC
  • Halloween Station Cards
  • Halloween Locomotors
  • Thriller Halloween Dance
  • Halloween Safety Tips Board
  • Spooktacular Diet Board
  • Halloween Nutritional Board
  • Chicken Dance Drum Fitness
  • Mission "Possible" Fitness
  • Setting Goals - Fitnessgram
  • Muscular Endurance Homework
  • Poster Contest-Good Fitness
  • Musical Fitness Dots
  • FALLing for Fitness
  • Fitness Routines
  • Free PE Homework Lessons
  • K-4 Report Card
  • K-2 Progress Report
  • Central Cass MS Report Card
  • MS Evaluation Tool
  • Activity Evaluation Tool
  • SLO and Smart Goal Examples
  • No Quacks About It-You Can Assess
  • Super 6 Fitness Stations
  • Throwing at the Moving Ducks
  • Basketball Station Team Challenge
  • Tennis Stations
  • Olympic Volleyball Skills
  • Fitness Stations Self Assessment
  • Peer Assessment Fitness Checklist
  • Where s the Turkey Fitness Game
  • Thanksgiving PE Board Game
  • Turkey Bowl
  • Thanksgiving Extravaganza!
  • Twas the Night Before Thanksgiving
  • Team Turkey Hunt
  • Thanksgiving Healthy Food & Locomotors
  • View Spring Schedule
  • Curriculum Development in PE
  • Assessment in PE
  • Methods of Teaching Elem PE
  • Methods of Teaching Adapted PE
  • Using Technology in PE
  • History of PE
  • View Self-Paced Courses
  • PE for Kids with Severe Disabilities
  • Add Int'l Flair to Your Program
  • Teaching Yoga in PE
  • Classroom Management Tips
  • Social & Emotional Learning in PE
  • Large Group Games in PE
  • Teaching PE In Limited Space
  • My Favorite Apps in PE
  • See All Courses
  • PE Homework Ideas
  • Home Activity Visual Packet
  • Home Fitness Games
  • Activity Calendars
  • 10 At Home Learning Activities
  • Distance Learning Google Drive
  • Log It Activity Log
  • Hair UP! Dance
  • Jumping Jack Mania Dance
  • Shaking it to "Uptown Funk"
  • Dynamite Line Dance Routine
  • Core Strength w Rhythm Sticks
  • Dancing with the Skeletal System
  • Team Building and Rhythms Dance
  • Back to School Apple Board
  • How I Exercised Over the Summer
  • Picture Yourself Participating in PE
  • Thumbs Up for Learning PE
  • Welcome to PE
  • Let's Get Moving
  • What Makes You a Star
  • Do Not Stop Trying!
  • Fall Team Buildiing Field Day
  • Better When I'm Dancin'
  • Locomotor Scavenger Hunt
  • Follow My Lead IA
  • Pass, Dribble, "D"
  • Fitness Concepts Assessment
  • Silvia Family Hometown Hero's BB
  • See All New Ideas
  • Project Based Learning in PE
  • Flipped Teaching in PE
  • Assessment Strategies
  • Technology in PE
  • Fitness and FitnessGram
  • Curriculum Planning/Mapping
  • Call to Book - 678-764-2536
  • End of Year PE Poem
  • Just Taught My Last Class Blog
  • We've Grown so Much Board
  • Time Flies Board
  • Hanging Out This Summer Board
  • How will YOU be ACTIVE? Board
  • Staying Active Over Summer Board
  • St. Patrick's Day Circuit
  • Catch The Leprechaun
  • Leprechaun Treasure Hunt
  • Irish Jig Tag
  • Celebrating St. Patty\92s Day Dance
  • LUCKY to have PE Board
  • Eat Green for Health Board
  • Activity Skills Assessment
  • Smart Goal Example
  • Understanding Fitness Components
  • Cooperation Assessment
  • Line Dance Peer Evaluation
  • View All Assessments
  • Detective Valentine
  • Valentine Volley
  • Valentine's For the Heart
  • Valentine Rescue
  • 100 Ways Heart Healthy Board
  • Make a Healthy Heart Your Valentine
  • Don't Overlook Your Health
  • Star Wars Dance Lesson
  • Merry Fitmas Bulletin Board
  • Welcome to PE Bulletin Board
  • Gymnastics Skills Bulletin Board
  • Don't Let Being Healthy Puzzle You
  • It's Snow Easy to be Active
  • Exercise Makes You Bright
  • Basketball Lesson
  • Bottle Cap Basketball
  • Skills Card Warm Up
  • Building Dribblers
  • Feed the Frogs
  • Rings of Fire Dribbling
  • All basketball ideas on PEC
  • Fall Into Fitness Board
  • Turkeys in Training
  • Gobbling Up Healthy Snacks
  • Gobble If You Love PE
  • Don't Gobble 'Til You Wobble
  • Hickory Elem is Thankful
  • Mr. Gobble Says
  • Fall & Rise of PE Part 1
  • Fall & Rise of PE Part 2
  • PE Teachers Making a Difference
  • Leading Enthusiastic Student Groups
  • Using Twitter for PE PD
  • Two Person Parachute Activity
  • Pool Noodle Lessons in PE
  • Basketball Shooting Stations
  • Thanksgiving Stations
  • Sobriety Testing Stations
  • Seuss-Perb Stations
  • Cooperative Skills Stations
  • Cooperative Fitness Stations

Help for HPE at Home Download Free

Pe central online courses learn more, shop the p.e. & sports flash sale now shop now.

Submit Your Ideas

Call Sandy ( 800-243-9232 , ext. 2361) at S&S Worldwide for a great equipment deal!

What's New | Search PEC | Teaching Articles | Hall of Shame | Kids Quotes | Shop S&S

PE Central and S&S Worldwide Field Day

What's New Lesson Ideas Newsletter Site Updated: 6-11-15

Great PE Ideas! Superstars of PE

PE Job Center (Job Openings, Sample Interview Questions, Portfolio Guidelines

Superstars of PE

Inspirational Video! Cerebral Palsy Run--Matt Woodrum Cheered on by PE Teacher, Family and Classmates

New Blog! Physical Educators \96 You Are Making a Difference!

Physical Education teachers are truly amazing! I have believed this ever since I become one back in 1986 and I was reminded of how truly special they are the other day while reviewing 236 responses to a survey that S&S conducted on PE Central. Question number 21 of the survey reads, \93What gets you most excited about your physical education job?\94 Continue to read full blog post

Physical Education Teachers

Phys ed camp

Use LOG IT To Keep Kids Active Over the Summer

Log It pedometer walk across the usa

We have searched our site and found some fun things to encourage your kids to become physically active over the summer. Check out some of our cool summer bulletin boards and for a great professional development conference we highly recommend the National PE Institute July 27-29 in Asheville, NC.

  • LOG IT --walk virtually around the USA. Sign your kids up before they leave school!
  • Log It is a Step Towards Fitness (Education World Article)

Best Practices:

  • Leadership and Summer Fitness through "Charity Miles"

Bulletin Boards:

  • Countdown to Summer
  • Hanging Out This Summer
  • Summer Plans

Summer Plans PE Bulletin Board

New! Dancing with Math Dance Idea of the Month | More New Ideas

FREE Top 10 Field Day Activities eBook Enter $2,500 Giveaway Contest for a chance to win the "Field Day of Your Dreams!" 25% off Field Day equipment! Offer code E4213. (Expires 4/30/15)

Free Field Day Ideas eBook

Field Day just got easier! We have worked with our partner S&S Discount Sports to come up with the ultimate "Top 10 Field Day Activities" FREE eBook . You can enter their $2,500 Giveaway contest for a chance to win the "Field Day of Your Dreams!" Check it out!

Free Field Day Resources from PE Central and S&S Discount Sports

Congrats to Nicki Newman Case and her Student!

Last week, physical education teacher Nicki Newman Case, got her Kids Quote of the Week published. She sent us the picture (below) of the young man who was responsible for the quote! By getting the quote published on PE Central, she has earned a $50 eGift card from our sponsor, S&S Worldwide! Here is her Facebook post on PEC. Thanks for sharing Nicki and congrats to both of you!

Nicki Newman Case, PEC Facebook Post " I wanted to thank PE Central for sending me an email that said I won $50 for a published kid quote. I am going to let the kid who wrote the Valentine help me pick out what he wants from the S&S catalog to use in our gym. I am also going to buy him the "I got Published" t-shirt. THANK YOU! I presented the winner of the Kids Quote of the Week with his T-shirt this morning at assembly! He LOVED it! "

Kids quote of the week

Take the PE Central Survey! Complete and enter to win a $250 S&S Worldwide eGift Card

Stay Connected with PE Central Join the PE Central Facebook Page | Follow PE Central on Twitter

Valentines Day in Physical Education

New Dances Waltzing Line Dance (with video) Shake It Senora Dance (with video) McDowell County, WV Happy Dance

Holiday Bulletin Boards | Holiday Lesson Ideas | What's New on PEC

Happy Holidays from PE Central

New! Unedited Full Length Video Lessons

New! Valentine's Day Physical Education T-Shirts Order them now! They are awesome!

Valentines Day PE T-shirt at PE Central

Share the Cooperative Fitness Challenges! 6 Free Fitness Station Activities

Dance Lesson Ideas of the Month!

Enter for a Chance to Win $100!

Are you teaching The First Tee National School Program in your school? What's working at your school? Send in your best practices and lesson plan ideas for the National School Program. Your roles as physical educators and leaders is vitally important to making a difference in a child\92s life. That\92s why we want to do our part in supporting you and share the great work you are doing. Click here to learn more

Want to bring The First Tee National School Program to your elementary school? To learn more go here

New! Physical Education Report Cards New! Pink PE Women's V-Neck Tee Register for the Cooperative Fitness and Skill Challenges

Featured Article: Using PE Central's \91LOG IT\92 as a Step Toward Fitness (Great way to track summer physical activity-- Log It )

New Teaching Videos Content is King: High School Circuits Lesson Highlights (9-12) Content is King: Food Pond Common Core Lesson Highlights (4th) Content is King: 4 x 4 fitness Lesson Highlights (5th) Basketball Dribbling Full Elementary Lesson

Featured Product! Elements of Dance Poster Set Workbook, Flashcard Set, Value Pack

PE Sweatshirts

61 Essential Apps for PE Teachers Book

20% Off Adapted PE Products

PE is Cool Poster

Featured Holiday Bulletin Boards

New Boards | View All Boards | Board of the Week | Submit a Board

Dear Santa Bulletin Board

School Funding Center Find grants for your school and program!

Featured Halloween Bulletin Board Don't Let Fitness Testing Spook You!

New Product Section: eBooks (PDF Downloads) Adapted PE Desk Reference eBook

NEW! Dance Lesson Idea of the Month: Team Building and Rhythms Dance (w/ Video)

Submit Your Ideas Now Published Ideas Earn a $50.00 eGift Card from S&S Worldwide

Sale! Save 20% on Most of Our Products! $3.00 Flat Rate Shipping Rate on ALL Orders

New eBOOKS! TEPE Books: Fitness, PreK, Assessment, PE Homework

Great Back to School Lesson Idea and Product! Behavior Self Check Lesson Idea and Poster Set

This Class Management Lesson idea, featuring 3 vinyl posters should help physical educators when students get a little bit off-task. View the entire lesson idea . Purchase Poster Set

Behavior Check Poster Set

Featured Classroom Management Lesson Idea: Behavior Self-Check Lesson (w/posters)

Check Out Our PE T-shirts

Happy thanksgiving.

Featured Thanksgiving Bulletin Boards

PE Bulletin Board

Featured Bulletin Boards ( View All Boards )

shoe tying club bulletin board

PE Central Copyright 1996-2020 All Rights Reserved

PE Central - What Works in Physical Education

PE Central 2516 Blossom Trl W Blacksburg, VA 24060 E-mail : [email protected] Phone : 540-953-1043 Fax : 540-301-0112

Copyright 1996-2016 PE Central® www.pecentral.org All Rights Reserved Web Debut : 08/26/1996

Close

Sign up for our free weekly newsletter and receive

physical education lesson ideas, assessment tips and more!

Your browser does not support iframes.

No thanks, I don't need to stay current on what works in physical education.

  • Bahasa Indonesia
  • Slovenščina
  • Science & Tech
  • Russian Kitchen

Why were so many metro stations in Moscow renamed?

Okhotny Ryad station in Soviet times and today.

Okhotny Ryad station in Soviet times and today.

The Moscow metro system has 275 stations, and 28 of them have been renamed at some point or other—and several times in some cases. Most of these are the oldest stations, which opened in 1935.

The politics of place names

The first station to change its name was Ulitsa Kominterna (Comintern Street). The Comintern was an international communist organization that ceased to exist in 1943, and after the war Moscow authorities decided to call the street named after it something else. In 1946, the station was renamed Kalininskaya. Then for several days in 1990, the station was called Vozdvizhenka, before eventually settling on Aleksandrovsky Sad, which is what it is called today.

The banner on the entraince reads:

The banner on the entraince reads: "Kalininskaya station." Now it's Alexandrovsky Sad.

Until 1957, Kropotkinskaya station was called Dvorets Sovetov ( Palace of Soviets ). There were plans to build a monumental Stalinist high-rise on the site of the nearby Cathedral of Christ the Saviour , which had been demolished. However, the project never got off the ground, and after Stalin's death the station was named after Kropotkinskaya Street, which passes above it.

Dvorets Sovetov station, 1935. Letters on the entrance:

Dvorets Sovetov station, 1935. Letters on the entrance: "Metro after Kaganovich."

Of course, politics was the main reason for changing station names. Initially, the Moscow Metro itself was named after Lazar Kaganovich, Joseph Stalin’s right-hand man. Kaganovich supervised the construction of the first metro line and was in charge of drawing up a master plan for reconstructing Moscow as the "capital of the proletariat."

In 1955, under Nikita Khrushchev's rule and during the denunciation of Stalin's personality cult, the Moscow Metro was named in honor of Vladimir Lenin.

Kropotkinskaya station, our days. Letters on the entrance:

Kropotkinskaya station, our days. Letters on the entrance: "Metropolitan after Lenin."

New Metro stations that have been opened since the collapse of the Soviet Union simply say "Moscow Metro," although the metro's affiliation with Vladimir Lenin has never officially been dropped.

Zyablikovo station. On the entrance, there are no more signs that the metro is named after Lenin.

Zyablikovo station. On the entrance, there are no more signs that the metro is named after Lenin.

Stations that bore the names of Stalin's associates were also renamed under Khrushchev. Additionally, some stations were named after a neighborhood or street and if these underwent name changes, the stations themselves had to be renamed as well.

Until 1961 the Moscow Metro had a Stalinskaya station that was adorned by a five-meter statue of the supreme leader. It is now called Semyonovskaya station.

Left: Stalinskaya station. Right: Now it's Semyonovskaya.

Left: Stalinskaya station. Right: Now it's Semyonovskaya.

The biggest wholesale renaming of stations took place in 1990, when Moscow’s government decided to get rid of Soviet names. Overnight, 11 metro stations named after revolutionaries were given new names. Shcherbakovskaya became Alekseyevskaya, Gorkovskaya became Tverskaya, Ploshchad Nogina became Kitay-Gorod and Kirovskaya turned into Chistye Prudy. This seriously confused passengers, to put it mildly, and some older Muscovites still call Lubyanka station Dzerzhinskaya for old times' sake.

At the same time, certain stations have held onto their Soviet names. Marksistskaya and Kropotkinskaya, for instance, although there were plans to rename them too at one point.

"I still sometimes mix up Teatralnaya and Tverskaya stations,” one Moscow resident recalls .

 “Both have been renamed and both start with a ‘T.’ Vykhino still grates on the ear and, when in 1991 on the last day of my final year at school, we went to Kitay-Gorod to go on the river cruise boats, my classmates couldn’t believe that a station with that name existed."

The city government submitted a station name change for public discussion for the first time in 2015. The station in question was Voykovskaya, whose name derives from the revolutionary figure Pyotr Voykov. In the end, city residents voted against the name change, evidently not out of any affection for Voykov personally, but mainly because that was the name they were used to.

What stations changed their name most frequently?

Some stations have changed names three times. Apart from the above-mentioned Aleksandrovsky Sad (Ulitsa Kominterna->Kalininskaya->Vozdvizhenka->Aleksandrovsky Sad), a similar fate befell Partizanskaya station in the east of Moscow. Opened in 1944, it initially bore the ridiculously long name Izmaylovsky PKiO im. Stalina (Izmaylovsky Park of Culture and Rest Named After Stalin). In 1947, the station was renamed and simplified for convenience to Izmaylovskaya. Then in 1963 it was renamed yet again—this time to Izmaylovsky Park, having "donated" its previous name to the next station on the line. And in 2005 it was rechristened Partizanskaya to mark the 60th anniversary of victory in World War II. 

Partizanskaya metro station, nowadays.

Partizanskaya metro station, nowadays.

Another interesting story involves Alekseyevskaya metro station. This name was originally proposed for the station, which opened in 1958, since a village with this name had been located here. It was then decided to call the station Shcherbakovskaya in honor of Aleksandr Shcherbakov, a politician who had been an associate of Stalin. Nikita Khrushchev had strained relations with Shcherbakov, however, and when he got word of it literally a few days before the station opening the builders had to hastily change all the signs. It ended up with the concise and politically correct name of Mir (Peace).

The name Shcherbakovskaya was restored in 1966 after Khrushchev's fall from power. It then became Alekseyevskaya in 1990.

Alekseyevskaya metro station.

Alekseyevskaya metro station.

But the station that holds the record for the most name changes is Okhotny Ryad, which opened in 1935 on the site of a cluster of market shops. When the metro system was renamed in honor of Lenin in 1955, this station was renamed after Kaganovich by way of compensation. The name lasted just two years though because in 1957 Kaganovich fell out of favor with Khrushchev, and the previous name was returned. But in 1961 it was rechristened yet again, this time in honor of Prospekt Marksa, which had just been built nearby.

Okhotny Ryad station in 1954 and Prospekt Marksa in 1986.

Okhotny Ryad station in 1954 and Prospekt Marksa in 1986.

In 1990, two historical street names—Teatralny Proyezd and Mokhovaya Street—were revived to replace Prospekt Marksa, and the station once again became Okhotny Ryad.

Okhotny Ryad in 2020.

Okhotny Ryad in 2020.

If using any of Russia Beyond's content, partly or in full, always provide an active hyperlink to the original material.

to our newsletter!

Get the week's best stories straight to your inbox

  • 7 things that the USSR unexpectedly put on WHEELS
  • Why did the USSR build subway stations inside residential buildings? (PHOTOS)
  • How Russian trains deal with winter

physical education lesson plans eyfs

This website uses cookies. Click here to find out more.

3. Writings On Education From Introduction To Tolstoy's Writings by Ernest J Simmons (1968)

After Tolstoy's speech at the Moscow Society of Lovers of Russian Literature in 1859, the president of that organization, devoted to popular views of the immediate social significance of literature, coldly reminded him that, however eternal truth and beauty may be in art, the artist is a man of his own times, and that the present historical moment was one in which self-indictment acquired a special meaning and an indefeasible right and hence must manifest itself in literature.

The time would come when Tolstoy's own views on literature for the people would radically change, but at the moment he had reached a point of despair and thought of abandoning literature forever. To scribble stories was stupid and shameful, he told A. A. Fet in a burst of enthusiastic confidence when he learned that this poet was thinking of settling on an estate near him and subordinating literature to farming. Literary friends, learning of his intention to plunge into educational theory and start a school at Yasnaya Polyana, pleaded with him not to deprive Russia of his literary leadership. He answered that his new endeavours bore a direct connection with his retreat from literature. For whom did Russian authors write, he asked? For themselves and the cultured few. For masses of illiterate Russian peasants literature was useless. If they could not read his writings, then he would teach them. This, he declared, was the first and essential step toward the creation of a "literature for the people." Here was a purpose that would satisfy his thirst for activity and moral influence.

When Tolstoy opened his school in the autumn of 1859 in a single room of his large manor house at Yasnaya Polyana, free education for peasant children did not exist in Russia. Occasionally, a village would boast of a priest or an ex-soldier who taught a few children at so much per head. The subjects were elementary, the method a mixture of blows and learning by heart, and the results negligible. This situation Tolstoy wished to remedy by substituting public education based on entirely original pedagogical methods.

With half a year of highly successful teaching behind him, it was almost inevitable that Tolstoy should find himself bedevilled in a maze of speculation on pedagogy and obsessed with schemes for improving national education. In March, 1860, he wrote to a friend, E. P. Kovalevsky, brother of the Minister of National Education, of his efforts and mentioned that he already had fifty students and that the number was growing.

"Wisdom in all worldly affairs it seems to me," he continued, "consists not in recognizing what must be done but in knowing what to do first and then what comes after."

He boldly questioned the value to progress in Russia of roads, the telegraph, literature, and the arts, as long as only about one per cent of some seventy millions of people were literate. As a remedy he proposed the establishment of a Society of National Education. Among its duties would be setting up public schools where they were most needed, designing courses of instruction, training teachers in suitable educational methods, and publishing a journal devoted to the dissemination of the society's pedagogical ideals.

Tolstoy received no official encouragement for his proposed program, but from the evidence of fragments of pedagogical essays at this time it is obvious that he had begun to think out his own course of instruction. In one fragment, entitled " On the Problems of Pedagogy ," he wrote:

"For every living condition of development, there is a pedagogical expediency, and to search this out is the problem of pedagogy."

Aware that he was trying, without sufficient knowledge, to handle large abstract concepts of educational theory, which in Russia were entirely dominated by Western European influence, he went abroad in 1860 to study them at the source. A full account of this effort reveals how thoroughly he pursued his objective. He visited schools and participated in classroom work in Germany, France, and England; he talked with teachers and leading educational theorists in these countries; and he collected and studied quantities of textbook samples and read numerous foreign treatises on education. After visiting schools at Kissingen, he jotted down in his diary:

"It is terrible! Prayers for the king; blows; everything by rote; terrified, beaten children."

Another entry shortly after:

"The idea of experimental pedagogy agitates me. I can scarcely contain myself...."

And in still a third entry, after reading Montaigne, he wrote:

"In education, once more, the chief things are equality and freedom."

Julius Froebel, nephew of Friedrich Froebel the celebrated educational reformer and founder of the kindergarten system, has left an interesting account of his discussion with Tolstoy:

" 'Progress in Russia,' he told me, 'must come out of public education, which among us will give better results than in Germany, because the Russian masses are not yet spoiled by false education."'

Tolstoy went on to inform him of his own school in which learning was in no sense obligatory.

"'If education is good,' he said, 'then the need for it will manifest itself like hunger."'

And Froebel also relates that Tolstoy spoke of the Russian masses as a "mysterious and irrational force," from which one day would emerge an entirely new organization of the world, and said that from the Russian artel would develop in the future a communistic structure.

This report reflects the proud, dogmatic, almost arrogant attitude that Tolstoy adopted toward European personalities he met on this educational study trip. While sincerely seeking knowledge, he invariably made it clear that he belonged to no school of thought, had his own point of view on most questions, and that Europeans did not understand the real failings of their civilization.

From his visits to the schools of Marseille, Tolstoy took away a gloomy impression of the futility of the subjects taught and the lifeless, unimaginative methods of teaching them. On the other hand, when he talked with workers and children on the streets, he found them intelligent, free-thinking, and surprisingly well informed, but with no thanks to their schooling.

This situation led him to conclude in a later account of these experiences, in an article entitled " On National Education ":

"Here is an unconscious school undermining a compulsory school and making its contents almost of no worth.... What I saw in Marseille and in all other countries amounts to this: everywhere the principal part in educating a people is played not by schools, but by life."

This is the kind of characteristic half-truth that Tolstoy was fond of deducing from incomplete experience, and it became an important factor in his educational theorizing. But even half-truths that blasted away the hard shell of traditional and erroneous thinking on vital social problems had their value for him.

Tolstoy returned to Russia in the spring of 1861. He erected a three-room schoolhouse at Yasnaya Polyana, and, with several teachers employed to assist him in the instruction, he worked for the next year and a half with self-sacrificing zeal on theoretical and practical problems of education. He expounded his theories and described his practice in twelve extensive articles and a series of notes published in a magazine he founded called Yasnaya Polyana, the issues of which appeared between February, 1862, and March, 1863. Teachers and students also contributed to the magazine. Much of what follows here is based upon Tolstoy's articles, which for that time were quite original in substance but often weakened by perverse and exasperatingly dogmatic reasoning. Though truth was his sole aim, he occasionally forgot that his sweeping generalizations were based on limited experience with his own little school and on the efforts of unique students and a unique teacher. A persistent scepticism was the trade secret of his thinking in educational matters as in other fields of human endeavour.

Over the door of the school Tolstoy placed the inscription: " Enter and Leave Freely ." Perhaps he was thinking, by way of contrast, of Dante's inscription over hell: " Abandon Hope, All Ye who Enter Here ," which he would hardly have hesitated to place above the entrance to most European schools he had visited. Certainly the atmosphere of his own school convinced the children that education was a precious and joyous heritage.

Tolstoy believed that all education should be free and voluntary. He supported the desire of the masses for education, but he denied that the government or any other authority had the right to force it upon them. The logic of things, and his study of the operation of compulsory education abroad, convinced him that in this form it was an evil. Pupils should come to learn of their own accord, for if education were a good, it would be found as necessary as the air they breathed. If people were antagonistic, then the will of the people should become the guiding factor. Tolstoy's faith in the " will of the people ," even though the people might oppose commonly accepted notions of progress, contained the seeds of his later anarchism, and was a direct slap at radical reformers who would uplift the masses against their will.

Tolstoy also believed that education should answer the needs of the masses, but his conception of their needs had nothing in common with that of contemporary progressive thinkers. Nor did he have any patience with the widespread pedagogical conviction that education should mould the character and improve the morals of students. These were matters for family influence, he declared, and the teacher had no right to introduce his personal moral standards or social convictions into the sanctity of the home. In public education he was concerned primarily with peasants, the vast majority of the population. But he was not bent on elevating them above their class by the power of education (a definite evil in his eyes); he was concerned with making them better, more successful, and happier peasants.

In this context the individualistic direction of Tolstoy's thought was apparent. The assumption of civilization's progress in Macaulay, Buckle, and especially in Hegel, he firmly rejected. For some time opposition between the good of the individual and the good of society had been troubling him. He was already developing a philosophy hostile to the pragmatic ideal that progress could be achieved only by social education of the people through the medium of democracy. Progress was personal, he felt, and not social. Education must serve the individual and not society, for the individual's capacity to serve humanity was what gave meaning to life. Yet he did not appear to see the contradiction in his rejection of the whole modern concept of progress. He would teach the peasant child what he needed, but what he needed was often conditioned by the social system in which he lived.

In his article " On National Education " Tolstoy defined education as "a human activity based on desire for equality and a constant tendency or urge to advance in knowledge." Education, he asserted, was history and therefore had no final aim. Its only method was experience; its only criterion, freedom.

Tolstoy attempted to realize in practice even the more extreme aspects of his educational philosophy. Since he believed that the functioning of a school must be adapted to the peculiar conditions of the pupils, he conceded that his own village school might well be the worst possible model for those elsewhere. Attendance was non-compulsory and free to all. Classes ordinarily ran from eight o'clock to noon and then from three o'clock to six, but, as Tolstoy proudly wrote a friend, the students often continued an hour or more beyond closing time,

"because it is impossible to send the children away — they beg for more."

During the morning, elementary and advanced reading were taught, composition, penmanship, grammar, sacred history, Russian history, drawing, music, mathematics, natural sciences, and religion; in the afternoon there were experiments in physical sciences and lessons in singing, reading, and composition. No consistent order was followed, however, and lessons were lengthened or omitted according to the degree of interest manifested by the students. On Sundays the teachers met to talk over the work and lay out plans for the following week. But there was no obligation to adhere to any plan, and each teacher was placed entirely upon his own. For a time they kept a common diary in which were set down with merciless frankness their failures as well as their successes.

Originality was the guiding spirit. Freedom ruled, but never to the extent of anarchy. When Tolstoy purposely left the room in the middle of a lesson to test the behaviour of his students, they did not break into an uproar as he had observed was the case in similar circumstances in classrooms he visited abroad. When he left, the students were enjoying complete freedom, and hence they behaved as though he were still in the room. They corrected or praised each other's work, and some-times they grew entirely quiet. Such results, he explained, were natural in a school where the pupils were not obliged to attend, to remain, or to pay attention.

Tolstoy insisted that only in the absence of force and compulsion could natural relations be maintained between teacher and pupils. The teacher defined the limits of freedom in the classroom by his knowledge and capacity to manage. And the pupils, Tolstoy wrote, should be treated as reasoning and reasonable beings; only then would they find out that order was essential and that self-government was necessary to preserve it. If pupils were really interested in what was being taught, he declared, disorder would rarely occur, and when it did, the interested students would compel the disorderly ones to pay attention.

The successful functioning of such a school demanded unusual ability on the part of the teacher. Tolstoy admitted this, and justly claimed for himself a certain pedagogic tact. Always in his mind was the pupil's convenience in learning and not the teacher's in teaching. He argued that there was no best method in teaching a subject; the best method was that which the teacher happened to know best. That method was good which when introduced did not necessitate an increase of discipline, and that which required greater severity was bad. The method should develop out of the exigencies of a given problem in teaching, and it should please the pupils instead of the teacher. In short, teaching, according to Tolstoy, could not be described as a method; it was a talent, an art. Finality and perfection were never achieved in it; development and perfecting continued endlessly.

In this free atmosphere of student-dominated learning, certain traditional subjects were resisted in a manner that led Tolstoy to doubt their ultimate usefulness and to question the desirability of teaching them to youngsters. Grammar was such a subject. Although his emphasis in instruction favoured analysis, the kind involved in grammar put the students to sleep. To write correctly and to correct mistakes made by others gave his pupils pleasure, but this was only true when the process was unrelated to grammar. After much experimentation with teaching the subject, he concluded in an article in Yasnaya Polyana that

"grammar comes of itself as a mental and not unprofitable gymnastic exercise, and language — to write with skill and to read and understand — also comes of itself."

In the pages of his educational magazine, Tolstoy provides vivid accounts, filled with all the charm of his realistic art, of daily life at the school. On a cold winter morning the bell would ring. Children would run out into the village street. There was no lagging on the way, no urge to play the truant. Each child was eager to get there first. The pupils carried nothing in their hands, no homework books or exercises. They had not been obliged to remember any lesson. They brought only themselves, their receptive natures, and the certainty that it would be as jolly in school that day as it had been the day before.

At the end of a lesson Tolstoy would announce that it was time to eat and play, and, challenging them to race him out-doors, he would leap downstairs, three or four steps at a time, followed by a pack of screaming laughing children. Then he would face them in the snow and they would clamber over his back, desperately striving to pull him down. He was more like an older brother to them and they responded to his efforts with devotion and tireless interest. Their close, even tender, relations are touchingly reflected in one of the magazine articles. He describes how, after school, he accompanies several of the pupils home on a moonless winter night by a roundabout way through the woods, entertaining them with tales of Caucasian robbers and brave Cossacks. The youngest, a ten-year-old boy, furtively clasps two of his teacher's fingers during the most fearful part of a story. At the end of the narration, by one of those quick transitions of children, an older pupil suddenly asks why do they have to learn singing at school? "What is drawing for?" Tolstoy rhetorically asks, puzzled for the moment about how to explain the usefulness of art. "Yes, why draw figures?" - another queries. "What is a lime tree for?" a third asks. At once all begin to speculate on these questions, and the fact emerges that not everything exists for use, that there is also beauty, and that art is beauty

"It feels strange to repeat what we said then," Tolstoy writes, "but it seems to me that we said all that can be said about utility, and plastic and moral beauty."

The ten-year-old was the last of the group to be delivered to his home. He still clung to Tolstoy's hand, out of gratitude it seemed, and as he entered the miserable thatched hut of his poverty-stricken parents, in which his father and the drunken village tailor were gambling, the lad said pathetically:

"Good-by! Let us always have talks like this!"

Tolstoy ended this account in his article by meditating on the age-old question of the moral and practical utility of educating the masses. The cultured, he wrote, would remonstrate: Why give these poor peasant children the knowledge that will make them dissatisfied with their class and their lot in life? But such a peasant boy, concluded Tolstoy, addressing the upper class,

"needs what your life of ten generations unoppressed by labor has brought to you. You had the leisure to search, to think, to suffer — then give him that for which you suffered; this is what he needs. You, like the Egyptian priest, conceal yourself from him by a mysterious cloak, you bury in the earth the talent given to you by history. Do not fear: nothing human is harmful to man. Do you doubt yourself? Surrender to the feeling and it will not deceive you. Trust in his [the peasant boy's] nature, and you will be convinced that he will take only that which history commanded you to give him, that which you have earned by suffering."

The question of art and its relation to his young peasant pupils interested Tolstoy. With his customary freshness, attention to detail, and marvellous power of direct vision he discussed the subject in one of his most remarkable articles, " Who Should Teach Whom to Write, We the Peasant Children or the Peasant Children Us ?" It was inspired by an exciting experience in composition in his school. Themes on the usual subjects, such as descriptions of a forest, a pig, or a table, drove the children to tears. Tolstoy then suggested that they write a story on peasant life, to illustrate a proverb. The pupils found this difficult too, but one boy proposed that Tolstoy write the story himself, in competition with them. He composed several pages and then was interrupted by Fedka, who climbed on the back of his chair and read over his shoulder. Tolstoy explained the plot of the story and the boys immediately became interested. They criticized what had been done and suggested different ways of continuing. Fedka took the leading part in this discussion and surprised Tolstoy by his imagination and sense of proportion, important qualities in every art. Tolstoy set to work to write to the dictation of his pupils Syomka and Fedka, who angrily rejected superfluous details offered by others and eventually took command of the situation. The rest of the boys went home.

Tolstoy described how he and his two pupils worked feverishly from seven in the evening till eleven. Neither hunger nor weariness bothered them. In his account of their collective effort, he gave a number of convincing examples of the artistic rightness and fitness of details, descriptions, and selection that the boys argued and insisted upon. They drew from their experience of village life and characters; and they were nearly always right. Tolstoy was tremendously excited and admitted that he had felt such a strong emotion only two or three times in his life. He was amazed at his discovery of such artistic and creative powers in two peasant lads who could scarcely read or write, and it seemed almost offensive that he, a nationally known author, was virtually unable to instruct these eleven-year-old pupils in his art.

The next day, and still a third day, they continued the story with equal enthusiasm. Then the work was interrupted because Tolstoy had to go away for a few days. During his absence a craze for making popguns out of paper swept the school and the unfinished manuscript of the story was unwittingly sacrificed to this childish diversion. When Tolstoy discovered the loss upon his return, he was deeply chagrined. Fedka and Syomka, aware of his keen disappointment, offered to reproduce the tale themselves. They came after school one evening at nine o'clock and locked themselves in his study. Tolstoy listened at the door and heard them laughing. Then all grew quiet, except for subdued voices discussing the story, and the scratching of a pen. At midnight he knocked and was admitted. Fedka still had a few more sentences to dictate to Syomka, who stood at the large table busily writing, his lines running crookedly across the paper and his pen constantly stabbing at the inkpot. At last Tolstoy took the copybook. After a merry supper of potatoes and kvas, the boys lay down on their sheepskin coats under the writing table, and until sleep over-took them, their healthy, childish laughter rang through the room.

Tolstoy read the story over and found it very similar to the original draft. Some new details had been added, but the tale contained the same truth, measure, and feeling for beauty of the first version. Under the title of the Russian proverb, " The Spoon Feeds, but the Handle Sticks in the Eye ," he printed it, with very few changes, in his pedagogical magazine.

From this unusual experiment in composition Tolstoy drew some interesting conclusions. He declared that nearly all contemporary art was intended for people of leisure and artificial training and was therefore useless to the masses, whose demand for art was more legitimate. He dismissed with some vexation the stale notion that in order to understand and appreciate the beautiful a certain amount of preparation was necessary.

"Who said this?" he asked in his magazine account of the writing of the story. "Why? What proves it? It is only a dodge, a loophole to escape from the hopeless position to which the false direction of our art, produced for one class alone, has led us. Why are the beauty of the sun, of the human face, the beauty of the sounds of a folk song, and of deeds of love and self-sacrifice accessible to everyone, and why do they demand no preparation? "

Tolstoy's position was no doubt extreme, and there was also considerable exaggeration in his unqualified praise of the literary ability of his pupils, who were unquestionably inspired by his own artistic interests. Yet such schoolboy efforts helped to teach him the fundamental truth that the need to enjoy and serve art was inherent in every human being, and that this need had its right and should be satisfied.

Although the Society for National Education that Tolstoy projected found no support among government officials, his school was not without its influence. After the emancipation of the serfs, the government encouraged them to open their own schools. Peasants in the Tula district, where Yasnaya Polyana was situated, appealed to Tolstoy for teachers, and he willingly suggested a number. By 1862 there were no less than thirteen village schools in his area, and their teachers were all zealous disciples of Tolstoy's pedagogical approach. They caught from him a devotion and enthusiasm in what was essentially a pioneering venture. Living like peasants in the dirty, stuffy huts where they held their classes, and using tables for blackboards, they worked from seven in the morning until late at night. At first, like Tolstoy, they had to overcome the ignorant suspicions of peasant fathers and mothers who distrusted these newfangled methods of teaching and were alarmed because their children were not regularly beaten by the masters. But the fact that they were entirely free to send them to school or take them out overcame resistance. Finally, the happiness of the youngsters and their obvious progress in so short a time eventually won the parent's complete confidence in the system.

In a brief note " To the Public " that introduced his pedagogical magazine, Tolstoy eagerly invited criticism. Much of it was hostile and unconstructive, and particularly that which came from progressive thinkers of the time. He was called a " pedagogical nihilist " and his experiment was castigated as a complete overthrow of educational order and discipline. In a few periodicals, however, several teachers, weary of slavish Russian devotion to foreign models in pedagogy, bravely encouraged the less extreme aspects of his school. But, in general, his efforts failed to inspire enthusiastic acceptance among educators. His principle of freedom for both teachers and pupils was too radical a demand for even the most progressive theorists.

Worse still, in the eyes of critics, was Tolstoy's conviction that his educational ideas amounted to a revolt against established opinion in the name of healthy common sense. More-over, he scorned scientific exposition in his articles and used the simple and forceful prose of which he was a master. If he had elected to write treatises on experimental pedagogy in the accepted trade jargon, buttressed with elaborate footnotes and well-chosen citations from approved authorities, he would doubtless have gained a hearing, even if an unfavourable one.

As a matter of fact, certain government officials regarded Tolstoy's activities in education with dark suspicion. In October, 1862, the Minister of the Interior wrote to the Minister of National Education to complain about the harmful aspects of the pedagogical magazine. He pointed out that its general direction and spirit perverted the fundamental values of religion and morality, and he suggested that the censor's attention should be specifically directed toward correcting the situation.

In part, the fears of the Minister of the Interior were correct: Tolstoy's educational articles did call into question the whole contemporary concept of morality. His extremely radical position represented a danger not only to the whole foundation of educational practice, but to the authority of the State. The freedom that he advocated seemed to verge on rebellion, and children educated in this spirit would hardly grow up with proper reverence for those institutions of tsarist government that had been infested by corruption and oppression. His educational philosophy would place the human worth and well-being of the individual above the well-being of the State. In short, the spirit of Christian anarchy that Tolstoy was later to preach so openly and eloquently had already crept into his thinking. For in his educational articles he condemned the false morality of government and society, their despotism, the use of force, and the belief in the legality of punishment. And he frankly stated his belief that the masses could exist without the educated classes, and hence without government, but that the educated classes could not exist without the masses.

Because of his marriage, various discouragements, and a suddenly renewed interest in fiction writing, Tolstoy abandoned his school and the pedagogical magazine at the end of 1862. But his concern for the education of the young, which soon revived when his own children came along, remained with him for the rest of his life, as frequent references to it in letters and in his diary indicate. For example, in 1872 he published his first ABC Book, in which, he said, he had put more work and love than in anything else he had done. It contained a complete curriculum for beginning pupils. There are sections on reading and writing, with drawings, exercises, and various typographical devices to aid in spelling and pronunciation; there are also sections on natural sciences and arithmetic. He realized the importance of effective examples and exercises, and his selections are original and often reveal rare artistic taste. The frame of reference is restricted by the limitations of the students and their daily lives.

"From the natural sciences," he wrote a friend, "I did not choose what may be found in books or anything that I by chance knew or what appeared to me necessary to know, but only that which was clear and beautiful, and when it seemed to me insufficiently clear and beautiful, I tried to express it in my own way."

Several of the stories used as examples in the ABC Book are entirely Tolstoy's own; others are drawn from various folk sources.

The ABC Book, based upon pedagogical theories that Tolstoy had developed and put into practice in his village school was designed, as he said, for the teacher who loved both his calling and his pupils. The work firmly eschews useless or erudite knowledge, or facts beyond the comprehension or experience of beginners. For the chief significance of teaching, he maintained, was not in the assimilation of a known quantity of information, but in awakening in students an interest in knowledge.

Tolstoy was sadly disappointed at the reception of the ABC Book, in which he had deliberately tried to avoid extremes in his theorizing. However, the innovations infuriated pedagogues, and a deluge of sharp, even vicious, reviews resulted. The reviewers charged that the work was an attack on accepted methods of instruction, that he had opposed to a pedagogical system of reason one of faith, to a system of science one of instinct and imagination, and to a system of conviction and ideas one of moral principles. Stubbornly he turned once again to teaching peasant children in his district, in order to demonstrate the methods he advocated in his ABC Book.

In 1873 an invitation from the Moscow Committee on Literacy to explain his educational system to them again aroused Tolstoy's conviction that he had a national public service to perform in education. One result of the meeting was a request to test his ideas on teaching, in several subjects, against the conventional methods employed in the schools. Two groups of Moscow children of similar ages and social backgrounds were provided. One of Tolstoy's experienced Yasnaya Polyana teachers instructed a group, and a teacher designated by the Moscow Committee on Literacy the other. At the conclusion of seven weeks of teaching, six members of the committee examined both groups of students. Although there was no unanimity among the examiners, a majority decided that the pupils taught by Tolstoy's opponent had excelled in all three subjects — reading, writing, and arithmetic.

Tolstoy felt that the test had failed to prove anything because it had been conducted under the worst possible conditions. And he submitted the article previously mentioned, " On National Education ," to the popular magazine, ' Notes of the Fatherland '. It is in the form of a letter addressed to the head of the Moscow Committee on Literacy. The article (September, 1874) is largely a reaffirmation of the views Tolstoy expressed in the pages of his own pedagogical magazine twelve years before. With ruthless dogmatism he condemns outright the phonetic and visual methods of teaching then used in Russian elementary schools. And those native teachers who burned incense to German pedagogical theory he sharply criticized for failing to understand or respect the educational needs of the Russian masses. All a teacher has to know, he declares, is what to teach and how to teach. To find out what to teach, one must go to the people, to the students and their parents. At present, he asserts, the people demand that their children learn how to read and write and to cipher. Until they demand something more, teachers have no right to teach more. As for how to teach, he sums it up in his old phrase: the only criterion for pedagogy is freedom, the only method is experience.

The article created a great stir among the public, infinitely more so than all of Tolstoy's publications on educational themes in the past. To be sure, the work was attractively written, but now it had also come from the pen of the famous author of ' war and peace ', and he had had the good sense to print it in a widely read periodical. In a real sense the effort suddenly made the public pedagogically minded and inspired a surprisingly large number of articles and letters in a variety of magazines. Although the experts, with few exceptions, vigorously attacked him, his views elicited widespread sympathetic response among laymen. After years of striving he at last had the satisfaction of knowing that his theories had reached the general public.

With such encouragement, Tolstoy felt impelled to try for further success. In February, 1875, he published his New ABC Book. It was shorter, cheaper, more practical, and as he remarked in the foreword, adaptable to any method of teaching. Here, too, he now won success, for the Ministry of National Education recommended the work. It was widely adopted by schools and ran into many large editions (100,000 copies were printed for the 1900 edition).

At the same time, Tolstoy published four children's Readers, which contained material taken mostly from his first ABC Book. The excellence and variety of the selections, the artistic simplicity of the narratives, and no doubt the inexpensive price gained an enormous market for these little books, and over the years they sold in tens of thousands.

Tolstoy's old dream seemed on the point of realization — he was beginning to exercise a pronounced influence on the course of elementary education in Russia. And the dream expanded. He wanted to take a prominent place in the larger field of national education, and he wrote to the minister to inquire whether the government would consider a detailed program that he was contemplating on instruction in the schools and another for training teachers. Although the reply was favourable, it was delayed so long that the impatient Tolstoy had already charged off in another direction. Breaking a rule he had set up for himself, he accepted election to the County Council and an appointment to its Education Committee.

One naturally thinks of the poet Matthew Arnold, inspector of schools in England at this time. With Arnold, however, the post was a means of livelihood and a most unpoetic business. Tolstoy, in his more restricted sphere, found a world of poetry in the work of inspecting local schools. He agitated with some success for inexpensive instruction in the district, and he launched his pet project of establishing at Yasnaya Polyana a teachers' training seminary, for he wished to train peasant teachers to take their place in the milieu in which they had grown up and to provide the kind of education for peasant children that would not instill in them alien desires or render them unfit for the performance of duties to which they would be called by their position in life. This was to be, he remarked, a " university in bast shoes ."

In 1874 the Ministry of Education approved Tolstoy's carefully prepared plan for a teachers' training seminary. And his request to the Tula government for financial assistance in return for a certain number of tuition teaching scholarships was granted. But for some unexplained reason, perhaps because educational centers in the Tula government did not favour the idea, only twelve candidates applied for the program. This poor showing discouraged Tolstoy and he refused to open his " university in bast shoes ." It was his last constructive effort to improve formal education in Russia. A long and arduous chapter in the history of Tolstoy's civic conscience had come to an end.

Despite hostility to Tolstoy's educational practices and writings during his lifetime, since then there has been a tendency to acclaim him a brilliant innovator and one of the most significant of educational reformers. Experimental schools in America and abroad have profited from the full accounts he left of his own experiences. His methods of teaching the alphabet and reading, his insistence on self-reliance by obliging students to do manual labor, and his belief that the child should be allowed as much freedom as possible in the classroom — these features of his system have had their influence in later progressive education. And one of his principal theses, that the school should always remain a kind of pedagogical laboratory to keep it from falling behind universal progress, has found wide acceptance as an educational premise.

In one respect it may be said that his first absorbing educational experiment between 1859 and 1862 fulfilled another purpose: the school at Yasnaya Polyana contributed as much to the historical development of Tolstoy as it had to the education of peasant children — it brought him back to the career of fiction writing. It was as though a kind of catharsis had been effected that once again left his mind and spirit free for artistic work.

Category : Education City (Moscow Metro train)

Media in category "education city (moscow metro train)".

The following 2 files are in this category, out of 2 total.

physical education lesson plans eyfs

  • Named trains 81-717/714 of Moscow Metro
  • Former named trains of Moscow Metro
  • 81-717/714 on Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya Line

Navigation menu

IMAGES

  1. EYFS / KS1 PE Ball Skills Unit

    physical education lesson plans eyfs

  2. Kindergarten to Grade 2 PE Games

    physical education lesson plans eyfs

  3. Physical Education Lesson Plans for Classroom Teachers, Grades 4-6

    physical education lesson plans eyfs

  4. 40 physical fitness lesson plans

    physical education lesson plans eyfs

  5. 40 physical fitness lesson plans

    physical education lesson plans eyfs

  6. Detailed Lesson Plan In Physical Education

    physical education lesson plans eyfs

VIDEO

  1. Physical Activity Video 1

  2. A Point Of View in Studying physical education lesson plans

  3. C. Physical Education Lesson

  4. Online Physical Education Class || Easy and Simple Exercise for Kids

  5. Only the BEST PHYSICAL EDUCATION activities for your elementary class ⚽️🎾🏑⛹🏽🥏

  6. physical activity in primary school.#youtube #physical #activity #shortvideo #gaming #viralshort

COMMENTS

  1. EYFS PE Games & Resources

    You can easily plan safe, fun and valuable physical activity in your early years setting. You'll find a range of visual resources to help children with physical activities and also with practicalities like getting changed and warming up. We also have many lesson plans to help you add fun themes to each of your adult-led physical activity ...

  2. SPARK Early Childhood Curriculum Program

    SPARK digital members now get full access to the FIRST physical education curriculum & assessment app! Learn More. SPARK is a complete program made of four key components! 1. Early Childhood Curriculum ... The Early Childhood curriculum, available in a new enhanced lesson plan format, includes more than 360 high MVPA, easy to learn, and easy to ...

  3. EYFS PE Games & Resources

    Outdoor Gross Motor Skills Continuous Provision Challenge Cards. 4.9 (21 reviews) Foundation PE (Reception) - Dance - Dinosaurs Lesson Pack 1: Dinosaur Movers. PE Balancing Age 4 5 6 Years Lesson Ideas PowerPoint. Stop and Go Game. 4.8 (11 reviews) Foundation PE (Reception) Foxes and Bunnies Warm-Up Activity Card.

  4. Early Childhood (Ages 3-5)

    Early Childhood (Ages 3-5) In an effort to afford early childhood education providers equity of access to the highest-quality movement education programming,OPEN has launched a content development effort with the help of some of the nation's most respected physical education and early childhood content specialists.

  5. PE Pal

    300+ PE Lesson Plans. The PE Pal app comes fully loaded with over 50 ever-evolving schemes of work, made up of over 300 lesson plans. Our schemes are produced by physical education experts and cover the EYFS, Key Stage 1 & Key Stage 2 curriculum. PE Pal has given me so much confidence in delivering PE. The assessment tool is so simple to use ...

  6. PE Lessons: Plans, Schemes Of Work & Assessment

    Ball Skills (eyfs) Basketball Cricket Dance Dodgeball Fitness Football Fun and Games (eyfs) Golf Gymnastics Handball Hockey Me and Myself (eyfs) Movement Development (eyfs) Netball Orienteering Rounders Tag Rugby Tennis Throwing and Catching (eyfs) Volleyball Working With Others (eyfs)

  7. Foundation EYFS PE Planning Scheme

    Our EYFS PE planning foundation resources provide ideas that can be used to plan a series of lessons, with the inclusion of equipment, vocabulary, assessment, differentiation, health and safety, and more.

  8. EYFS PE Lesson Plans

    10 December 2021 Not quite what you were looking for? Search by keyword to find the right resource: EYFS Lesson plans to improve Agilty, Balance and Co-ordination. To recieve more lesson plans like this, start your 14 day free trial at mypepal .

  9. EYFS / KS1 PE Ball Skills Unit

    Age range: 5-7. Roll into the new term with this fundamental ball skills unit. Used across 5 lessons, this unit comes with 5 detailed lesson plans that are easily adaptable for EYFS and KS1. There is differentiated success criteria for EYFS, Y1 and Y2. Created by an experienced PE subject coordinator, these lessons have been rated Outstanding ...

  10. Zack Smith

    "You can't be attached to your lesson plan too much…" Welcome to episode 97 of The PE Umbrella Podcast, the only primary and elementary PE podcast in the world, for an episode centred around EYFS Physical Education. Today, I am joined Under the Umbrella by Physical Education teacher Zack Smith.

  11. EYFS Statutory Framework 2021

    From the 17 ELGs, our EYFS LESSON PLANS & RESOURCES really focus on the 5 goals below: Personal, Social & Emotional Development Self Regulation Managing Self Building Relationships Physical Development Gross Motor Skills Fine Motor Skills Assessment

  12. P.E. Lesson Plans

    P.E. Lessons Physical education prepares children for an active and healthy life while improving self discipline and reducing stress. This section includes PE lessons from kindergarten through high school spanning different skill levels and objectives. Lessons are categorized by grade for easy retrieval.

  13. Free Lesson Plans

    The following pages include a collection of free SPARK Physical Education and Physical Activity lesson plans. If you're searching for lesson plans based on inclusive, fun PE-PA games or innovative new ideas, click on one of the links below. ASAP Snakes and Lizards Lesson Plan Field Day Activity Centipede Pass Manipulatives Lesson

  14. Physical Development Resources For Early Years

    Covers all areas of learning in the new EYFS; Planning and resources made to request; Long, Medium and Daily Plans; Audits in line with the latest government requirements. Policies and risk assessments; High quality Phonics Program (Phase 1-6) created by a Specialist Leader in Education for Early Years and Phonics

  15. Lesson Plans for Physical Education Teachers/PE Central

    Physical Education Lesson Plans and Activity Ideas. You will find thousands of physical education lesson plans and ideas submitted by hundreds of Physical Education professionals! You may also be looking for helpful worksheets. View our lesson plan and idea criteria and copyright statement before sharing a lesson plan or idea with us. Classroom ...

  16. PE Central

    Practical, proven lesson plans written and submitted by real teachers and approved by our expert editorial team! Helpful online courses and information for the physical education teacher who wants to continue to develop and grow! View all 79 Resources! See what others are doing to improve physical education at their school.

  17. EYFS PE Games & Resources

    4.2 (5 reviews) PE Balancing Age 4 5 6 Years Lesson Ideas PowerPoint. Foundation PE (Reception) Musical Body Parts Warm-Up Activity Card. 5.0 (1 review) Foundation PE (Reception) High Hoop Low Hoop Warm-Up Activity Card. Foundation PE (Reception) Balancing Spots Cool-Down Activity Card.

  18. Why were so many metro stations in Moscow renamed?

    The Moscow metro system has 275 stations, and 28 of them have been renamed at some point or other—and several times in some cases. Most of these are the oldest stations, which opened in 1935.

  19. PE (Physical Education) Lesson Plan Ideas Powerpoints Primary Res

    Free EYFS Move Taster Resource Pack. 4.7 (117 reviews) PE Balancing Lesson Ideas PowerPoint 2: Ages 4-6. 4.0 (2 reviews) PE Balancing Stations Age 4 5 6 Years Lesson Ideas PowerPoint. 4.5 (4 reviews) PE Fox and Hares Tag Game Lesson Ideas PowerPoint. 4.2 (5 reviews) Phase 5 Phonics OAA Orienteering Activity.

  20. Tolstoy On Education: Introduction To Tolstoy's Writings (1968)

    From Introduction To Tolstoy's Writings by Ernest J Simmons (1968). At the end of Tolstoy's first literary period, before his marriage and the beginning of 'War and Peace', disillusionment with literature and art turned his thoughts to problems of education.A series of experiments resulted in a collection of educational writings that are both fascinating and important and all too frequently ...

  21. Category:Education City (Moscow Metro train)

    Media in category "Education City (Moscow Metro train)" The following 2 files are in this category, out of 2 total. Поезд «Город образования» (1).jpg 1,600 × 800; 423 KB

  22. Education programs

    Education programs of MIPT undergraduate, graduate and online schools, including price and financial aid information. International department ... THE #71 Physical Science THE #72 Computer Science QS TOP 50 Physics & Astronomy International Admissions Office. Tel.: +7 (498) 713-91-70.