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  • Published: 28 October 2021

Design and SAR assessment of three compact 5G antenna arrays

  • Z. Adelpour 1 ,
  • H. Oraizi 2 &
  • N. Parhizgar 1  

Scientific Reports volume  11 , Article number:  21265 ( 2021 ) Cite this article

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In this paper three different multi stub antenna arrays at 27–29.5 GHz are designed. The proposed antenna arrays consist of eight single elements. The structure of feeding parts is the same but the radiation elements are different. The feeding network for array is an eight way Wilkinson power divider (WPD). To guarantee the simulation results, one of the proposed structures is fabricated and measured (namely the characteristics of S 11 , E-, and H-plane patterns) which shows acceptable consistency with measurement results. The simulation results by CST and HFSS show reasonable agreement for reflection coefficient and radiation patterns in the E- and H- planes. The overall size of the proposed antenna in maximum case is 29.5 mm × 52 mm ×  0.38 mm  (2.8 \({{\varvec{\lambda}}}_{0}\) × 4.86 \({{\varvec{\lambda}}}_{0}\) × 0.036 \({{\varvec{\lambda}}}_{0}\) ). Moreover, for Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) estimation, a three-layer spherical human head model (skin, skull, and the brain) is placed next to the arrays as the exposure source. The simulation results show that the performance of proposed antennas as low-SAR sources makes them ideal candidates for the safe usage and lack of impact of millimeter waves (mmW) on the human health. In all three cases of SAR simulations the value of SAR 1g and SAR 10g are below the standard limitations.

Introduction

Recently the 5G technology has become an attractive subject in the telecommunication industry. Upcoming 5G systems should satisfy several requirements such as: higher bandwidth, low latency, broad coverage of network, high reliability, high throughput, high connection density, low power consumption, high gain 1 . Some frequency bands have been proposed as candidates for millimeter wave (mmW) for example 27–29.5 GHz, 36–40 GHz, 47.2–50.2 GHz 2 . High path loss owing to reduced size of antenna dimenssions and increasing atmospheric absorption are two problems at high frequency. Although higher data rates can support by these frequency bands but the signal wavelength becomes shorter and according to the Friis equation, the free space path loss becomes higher 3 , 4 . Imployment of high gain directive antennas or antenna array is a solution to compensate such problems, which provides multipath supperssion and interference mitigation however low radiation toward human tissues is expected to achive low specific absorption rate 5 .

The 5G antennas usually use in handheld devices, such as tablets and mobile phone therefore they evidently should be small in size and light weight. It has been demonstrated when the radiation patterrn of antenna is directed to the top or bottom edges of the devices (that is endfire pattern) the influence of user’s hand on the antenna radiation is minimize 6 . Antenna arrays at 5G systems can be designed by some technologies such as microstrip and SIW 7 , 8 , and in many types like fermi, vivaldi, quasi yagi, and cavity backed 9 , 10 , 11 . However, the effects of electromagnetic field on human body tissue should evaluate by possible methods like numerical methods to ensure that these field sources do not threaten human health at 5G frequency bands. To appraise the exposure some parameters use by standard institutes such as Specific Absorption Rate (SAR), power density (PD), and the Skin Surface Temperature Elevation. There are some standards, such as Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and IEEE to determine the permissable values of SAR from exposure to electromagnetic fields for human safety. Their values are different for occupational and public environments. According to these standards the SAR 1g and SAR 10g limits are 1.6 W/kg and 2 W/kg repectively 12 .

The studies about SAR levels on human tissues have been done in many vaious conditions and methods such as in vivo–in vitro environment and also by numerical methods. Duo to the probable hazards on human health in actual conditions, many assesments about field exposure are conducted by software simulations and exprimental environments. In 13 , for the determination of SAR, the human body tissues are modeled in one (skin) and three layer (including skin, fat, and muscle) and a four-element array of rectangular patch antenna as an exposure source have been modeled by the CST softawre. The input powers were 20 dBm and 24 dBm and the frequencies were 28, 40 and 60 GHz. The results showed that at both power, SAR 1g and point SAR values at 28 GHz were lower than other frequencies 14 , the penertation of radiation at 30 GHz in human ear canal and tympanic membrane have been investigated and the results showed a very low penetration and not notable significant thermal effect on the tympanic membrane. In 15 the absorption of RF field at 39 GHz both in invivo bovine the brain tissue and a brain simulating gel model have been investigated. The results represented the SAR and radiation penetration in the brain model, and therefor SAR, decreases with increasing depth and frequency. In 16 the SAR values in head model of children and adults at 28 GHz (30 mW) and a microstrip antenna as a field source have been simulated. The results showed that absorption in tissues decreasing rapidly in depth. As well as duo to epidermis and dermis thickness (0.1 and 2 mm), the mmW values values are quickly absorbed in these layers and do not reach the deeper tissues.In this paper three compact, lightweight, high gain eight arrays antenna are simulated at 27–29.5 GHz. Design procedure, simulation, and measurement results are presented in the following sections. Also the SAR 1g and SAR 10g have been simulated and evaluated to determine the specific absorption rate.

Antenna design

Feeding part.

There are different types of feed network for feeding an array antenna. The formal array feeding networks are series or corporate feed network based on microstrip structures 17 , as shown in Fig. 1 .

figure 1

( a ) Corporate and ( b ) series feed array structure 17 .

Microstrip array has a simple structure and easy fabrication proccess, which leads to compact and low-cost structures, but duo to its high losses in mmW frequency band the endfire antenna is recomanded to use 17 , 18 . Some types of passive power divider networks are Wilkinson, T-junction, and Resistive power divider. T-junction is lossless but it has two disadvanteges: un-matched at all ports and no isolation between output ports. The resistive type can be matched at all ports but it is lossy and doesn’t have isolation between output ports. But Wilkinson is lossless (if all ports are matched) and has good isolation.

In this paper Wilkinson Power Divider (WPD) has been adopted. To evaluate the WPD performance three parameters should be checked: reflection coeffcients, coupling and isolation between ports 18 . In two-way WPD, the isolation resistor is \(2{Z}_{0}\) and the impedance of λ/4 is \(\sqrt{2}{Z}_{0}\) . For equal WPD (or 3 dB) the \({Z}_{0}=50\Omega\) , the impedance of λ/4 is \(\sqrt{2}{Z}_{0}=70.7\Omega\) and isolation resistor is \({2Z}_{0}=100\Omega\) 18 . To design WPD at 28 GHz the TXline calculator is used. The substrate is Rogers RT/Duriod 5880 with 0.38 mm thickness, loss tangant of 0.0009 and relative permittivity of \({\varepsilon }_{r}=2.2\) . The values for WPD are obtained as: W 50Ω  = 1.18 mm, W 70.7Ω  = 0.65 mm and L 70.7Ω  = 1.97 mm (Fig.  2 ). The isolation resistor is 100Ω (size is 1 × 0.5 mm 2 ) from 0402 SMD family. For eight-way WPD, three stages of two ways WPD is needed. As shown in Fig.  2 , d 1 and d2 are approximately 4 times and 2 times longer than d 3 , respecivly. The distance between two output ports (d 3 ) is about \(\frac{\lambda }{2}\) to satisfy the array considerations. The performance of the eight-way designed WPD has been shown in Fig.  3 . As it can be seen reflection coeffcient, isolation and insertion loss are in acceptable range and the observed deviation from the theoritical values are due to high frequency range of operation which leads to higher microstrip line loss (conductor, dielectric and radiation losses) 18 , 19 , 20 .

figure 2

Eight way Wilkinson power divider.

figure 3

Simulation results of desinged eight-way WPD ( a ) reflection coeffcients, ( b ) insertion loss and ( c ) isolation.

Single elements

The design procedure of three different single elements is completely described in 21 . Figure  4 shows the structures. The substrate is RT/duriod 5880 with 15mil thickness, \({\varepsilon }_{r}=2.2\) and \({\tan}\delta =0.0009\) . The dimension of antenna1 according to Fig.  4 a are L 1  = 2.5 mm , L 2  = 5 mm L 3  = 1.615 mm , L 4  = 2.275 mm , L 5  = 1.25 mm , L 6  = 1.125 mm , W 1  = 0.4 mm , W 2  =  1.2  mm , W 3  = 0.5 mm , W 4  = 0.75 mm , W 5  = 0.5 mm , W 6  = 0.5 mm. For antenna2 the dimensions in Fig.  4 b are L 1  = 2.8 mm , L 2  = 4.22 mm L 3  = 1.068 mm , L 4  = 1.425 mm , L 5  = 1.9 mm , W 1  = 0.75 mm , W 2  = 1.25 mm , W 3  = 0.14 mm , W 4  = 0.1875 mm , W 5  = 0.25 mm. In addition, for the last one in Fig.  4 c the dimensions are L 1  = 2.5 mm , L 2  = 3.9 mm L 3  = 1.8 mm , W 1  = 0.5 mm , W 2  = 0.6 mm , W 3  = 0.6 mm . For the feeding part (which is the same for all antenna) the calculated parameters are Ls  = 3.5 mm , wt  = 3.2 mm , L  = 3.5 mm , w 1  = 1.2 mm , w  = 5.5 mm , Lt  = 1.6 mm , d  = 0.6 mm , s  = 1.2 mm . The details of the design procedure for each of the single elements and the results (simulation and fabrication) of them are reported in 21 . All of these antennas have end-fire patterns and acceptable measurmant performance but are not applicable in 5G systems due to low gain values as the single element. Moreover, regarding the Ferris equation, the path loss become higher as the frequency increases. Accordingly, to overcome the path loss in 5G mobile communication system, minimmum value of 12 dB gain is required 22 . So, the antenna array configuration is proposed to achieve the required gain value.

figure 4

Structure of the proposed single element ( a ) antenna1, ( b ) antenna2 and ( c ) antenna3 21 .

Linear array antennas

Generally, the number of antenna array elements are 2 N owing to 2 N -way is beneficial structure for designing a power divider with minimum losses. In addition, impedance matching can be accomplished easily 23 . The schematics of three different array antennas are shown in Fig.  5 a–c. For better evaluation of array performance, two full-wave softwares (CST and HFSS) is used for simulation and the results of each array is shown in Fig.  5 , respectively.

figure 5

The array structure and simulation results of antenna1 ( a , d , g , j ), antenna2 with measurment results ( b , e , h , k ) and antenna3 ( c , f , i , l ) and ( m ) the prototype of proposed antenna2 with SMK connector.

As it can be observed, there is a good consistency between the simulation results in both softwares. Between these three proposed antennas, antenna2 is chosen to be fabricated and tested as shown in Fig.  5 m. The connector that is used is SMK whith frequency range up to 40 GHz. So, in Fig.  5 , the measurment results are shown for antenna2, too. As it can be seen, the measurment and simulation results for antenna2 are in good agreement, which suggests that the other two antennas are also applicable in this frequency band. The diffrerences between measurement and simulation results can be considered due to substrate and specially connector losses. It is obvious that performance in high frequency range duplicates the radiation and thermal loss effect of soldiering and SMD resistors. Moreover the loss and errors of fabrication and measurement devices can not be ommited. In Fig.  6 , the simulated gain values are shown which are high enough for handheld 5G systems. Moreover, the endfire pattern of the proposed structures is suitable for 5G frequency bands because of its capabilitty (of array antenna) to consenpate the path loss. As will be discused in next section, directive antenna is a solution to minimize the SAR values in human tissue.

figure 6

The 3D radiation pattern and calculated gain value of: ( a ) antenna1, ( b ) antenna2 and ( c ) antenna3.

The size of three proposed structures are presented in Table 1 which shows acceptable reflection coeffcient and gain values while keeping the overall size as minimum as possible as a good candidates for handheld 5G systems The gain values are 12.85 dB, 14.6 dB, and 12.2 dB for antenna1, antenna2, and antenna3 respectively.

SAR assessments of proposed array antennas

The 5G systems have many interesting advantages, such as higher bandwidth and data rate; hence, they are growing surprisingly in the world. However, their probably adverse effects on human body tissues from such electromagnetic sources should appraise to ensure safety of human body. Some biological effects of electromagnetic fields such as cancer, blood brain barrier, the brain tumor, Cataract, skin disease, sleep disorder have been reported 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 . The other effects of mmW frequency are genotoxicity (DNA damage), cell proliferation, gene expression, cell signaling, electrical activity, and membrane effects have been briefed in 28 . Many references can be cited in which the advantages and disadvantages of SAR and PD parameters are discussed. Some of these references prefer SAR and the others PD. It seems that this issue is still an open subject, which needs to be investigate more carefully. Owing to the following reasons in this paper, the SAR is chose. According to FCC, the power density (PD) unit is used for the distances of 5 cm or more. Therefore, it only deals with far-field exposures and does not consider the near field exposures. On the other hand, some of the mmW devices such as handsets or tablets use almost near to the head, hand or in the pocket next to the human body (in a few millimeters distances i.e. near field region) and in these conditions, the PD is not a suitable unit to evaluate the human safety. In addition, estimations based on PD do not describe the absorbed power and distributed field, but only exhibit the travelling wave in human tissues. Hence, the SAR technique is used to study 13 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 .

There are some limitations to assess the SAR value in human body, because the adverse biological effects may occur, so the numerical simulations are to be used for SAR evaluation. SAR is a unit to determine the rate of how much energy from electromagnetic source is absorbed per mass unit by human tissues as show in Eq. ( 1 ).

where \(\sigma\) is the conductivity of tissue in unit (S/m), E is the electric field intensity in unit (V/m), \(\rho\) is the mass density of tissue in unit (kg/m 3 ). The SAR averages either over the whole body, or over a small sample volume (typically 1 g or 10 g of tissue). The unit of SAR is watt per kilogram 21 . SAR limits in International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) and the IEEE C95.1–2019 standards is 2 W/kg over 10 g and according to FCC standard SAR limit for 1 g is 1.6 W/kg. These limits are for the frequencies up to 10 GHz and 6 GHz respectively. The SAR limits above these two frequencies for near field exposures at mmW have not been proposed yet which is due to near field exposure at mmW. However, it is an important topic to study.

Head and handset model

To simulate the SAR parameter, a three-layer spherical human head model including skin, skull, and the brain is situated near the antenna as an exposure source. All human tissues have different permittivity ( \({\varepsilon }_{r}\) ) and conductivity ( \(\sigma\) ), and their properties depend on many parameters such as frequency, age, etc. At 28 GHz, the properties and radius of three layers are listed in Table 2 3 , 21 . The covering shell is a low loss dielectric with relative permittivity of \({\upvarepsilon }_{r}=4.5\) . The human head and handset model are shown in Fig.  7 .

figure 7

( a ) Human head and handset model. ( b ) The handset dimension.

For the handset a plastic housing box with 58 × 85 × 8 mm 3 dimension is used with \({\varepsilon }_{r}=3\) and \(\sigma =0.02 \; \text{S}/\text{m}\) and 1 mm thickness in which the proposed antenna array is placed on top 33 . A glass with \({\varepsilon }_{r}=5.5\) used too as a screen of the handset 8 . The input power for the antennas in 5G systems can be set to 15 dBm, 18 dBm and 20 dBm according to FCC 34 and the distance between head and antenna are 5 mm 3 , 13 , 34 . Figure  8 . shows the results of SAR 1g and SAR 10g for 15 dBm. From this figure, it can be observed that: (1) The SAR at the nearest distance from antennas are more than others are. (2) The SAR 1g is higher than SAR 10g . (3) By increasing the distance between antenna and human head model the SAR is decreased.

figure 8

Simulated SAR parameter of antenna1 (SAR 1g ( a ), SAR 10g ( d )), antenna2 (SAR 1g ( b ), SAR 10g ( e )) and antenna3 (SAR 1g ( c ), SAR 10g ( f )).

Table 3 shows the simulation results of SAR 1g and SAR 10g of three proposed array and single antennas with 15 dBm power. The single element SAR values in our published paper 21 are used in Table 3 . As can be observed, all of the simulated values are under the FCC and ICNIRP standard limits for array antennas too. Considering the same feeding part for three proposed structures and different radiating element for each, the antennas have different electric field strength (E) which leads to different SAR values according to Eq. ( 1 ).

Although all results for antenna array are larger than single elements. It can be cause by more radiation elements in array type. In the commercial SAR measurement system, a diploe antenna is used to measure the SAR parameter. For better comparison, the SAR values of these antennas i.e. proposed antennas, and dipole antenna (from 21 ) at 28 GHz are shown in Table 3 . The results of both array and single element SAR values are lower than dipole antenna, which shows that proposed end-fire (directive) antennas have lower SAR rather than common dipole antenna. In Table 4 the simulation results with 20 dBm input power are also presented. It can be seen that the values are lower than standard limits and dipole antenna too.

It is well known that electromagnetic fields can damage human tissues, thus designing the low SAR antenna is desirable for mobile devices such as handsets, which use in human body vicinity to reduce probable adverse health effects. In fact, by decreasing the SAR, the field penetration in the human tissues will decrease.

To compare the results of the SAR values and performance of three array antennas Tables 5 and 6 are provided. From the Table 5 the SAR values for proposed antennas are almost lower than the other works at 28 GHz and all of them are low SAR. From the Table 6 the proposed antennas are smaller than other references and all of them have enough gain for 5G systems.

In this paper three compact, small size, low weight, and low SAR array antennas are designed. The feeding part of them is WPD. Owing to their good patterns and reflection coefficient at 27–29.5 GHz from simulation in CST and HFSS and the measurement data, they are suitable for applying in 5G systems. Since the human health effects from electromagnetic fields is very important subject and the user are worry about it, the SAR 1g and SAR 10g of the antennas at 15 dBm (and SAR 10g at 20 dBm) have been simulated in human head model. All the results are lower the standard limits.

The distance between antenna and human head model is 5 mm. Although using hands-free increase the distance and can reduce the SAR. To more examination, results of SAR are compared with dipole antenna that use in commercial SAR measurement system. One of the methods to reduce the SAR is using of directive antenna 40 . Since our proposed antennas are end fire (directive antennas), thus, the results of SAR are suitable. It is noted that in real SAR measurement systems it is impossible to model the human head model in the layers, because the human tissue equivalent material are in jell or liquid form. Therefore, it may be said that the commercial results are not accurate and more investigation for better tissue model is necessary.

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Lak, A., Adelpour, Z., Oraizi, H. et al. Design and SAR assessment of three compact 5G antenna arrays. Sci Rep 11 , 21265 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-00679-8

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Journal of Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves (2023)

Analysis and design of ultra-wideband PRGW hybrid coupler using PEC/PMC waveguide model

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  • Tayeb A. Denidni

Scientific Reports (2022)

A co-polarization-insensitive metamaterial absorber for 5G n78 mobile devices at 3.5 GHz to reduce the specific absorption rate

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  • Md. Shabiul Islam

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Research on Influences of Assembly Error on Antenna Array Performance

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Antenna signal processing radio astronomy engineering space communication, wireless mobile satellite telecommunications applied optics electromagnetic waves.

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rigorous peer review | rapid publication | open access

Call for Papers: Women’s Research in Antennas and Propagation Section (WRAPS)

Download Call for Papers (PDF)

Submission Deadline: January 31, 2024

Aims & Scope: The field of antennas and propagation is a rapidly growing field with a wide range of applications, from wireless communications to radar to satellite navigation. However, women are underrepresented in this field. According to the IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society, only 10.2% of its members are women.

Recognizing the small percentage of women in this field, we would like to highlight the research by female researchers and provide this section as a collection of their papers.

Women’s Research in Antennas and Propagation Section

Caption: Courtesy of IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation, Spotlight on Women’s Research in Antennas and Propagation, March 8, 2022

Potential topics include but are not limited to the following:

  • Antenna design, analysis, and optimization
  • Radio wave propagation and scattering
  • Propagation modeling and channel characterization
  • Electromagnetic compatibility and interference
  • Antenna arrays and beamforming
  • Wireless communication systems
  • Metamaterials and advanced materials
  • Electromagnetic theory and modeling
  • Antenna measurements and testing
  • Radar and sensing applications
  • Antennas for aerospace and defense applications
  • Antennas for medical applications
  • Antenna Design
  • Antenna and Propagation Measurement
  • Propagation Modeling
  • Wireless Channels
  • Wireless Sensors and Systems

Guest Editors:

  • IEEE Xplore Digital Library
  • IEEE Standards
  • IEEE Spectrum
  • IEEE Collabratec

ieee antennas propagation society engineers education students

Antenna signal processing radio astronomy engineering space communication, wireless mobile satellite telecommunications applied optics electromagnetic waves.

ieee-logo-black2

  • AP-S 75th Anniversary Logo Package
  • Our Field of Interest
  • History of AP-S
  • Recent Featured Articles
  • In Memoriam
  • Past Announcements
  • Book Reviews
  • IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation
  • IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine
  • IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation
  • IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters
  • IEEE Journal on Multiscale and Multiphysics Computational Techniques (JMMCT)
  • Call for Papers: IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics, RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology (J-ERM)
  • Future Conferences and Calls for Papers
  • AP-S/URSI 2023
  • AP-S/URSI 2022
  • AP-S/URSI 2021
  • AP-S/URSI 2020
  • AP-S/URSI 2019
  • AP-S/URSI 2017
  • Meetings Handbook for Joint Symposia
  • Summary of Past Symposia
  • Requests for IEEE AP-S Sponsorship of Conferences
  • Worldwide Chapters
  • Volunteer Opportunities
  • Current Committee Members
  • IEEE Young Professionals Program
  • IEEE AP-S Young Professional Ambassador Program
  • Officers and AdCom Members
  • Editors and Committee Chairs
  • Constitution
  • Operating Manual
  • Standing Committee Charters
  • Strategic and Operation Plans 2019 -2023
  • Membership Benefits
  • To All IEEE Life Members
  • AP-S AdCom Meeting Minutes
  • IEEE Expense Policy
  • Complete List of AP-S Awards
  • Call for Nominations for the 2024 AP-S Field Awards
  • 2023 AP-S Award Recipients
  • Past IEEE & AP-S Award Winners
  • AP-S Student Paper Contest Winners
  • AP-S Student Design Contest Winners
  • AP-S Doctoral and Pre-Doctoral Research Grant Recipients
  • AP-S Fellowship Awards
  • 2023 Raj Mittra Travel Grant awarded
  • IEEE AP-S Fellows
  • Educational Resources
  • IEEE Resources
  • IEEE AP-S Student Paper Competition Rules and Guidelines
  • Apply for 2024 Undergraduate Summer Research Scholarship
  • Call for Educational Initiative Proposals
  • Past Distinguished Lecturer Appointments
  • AP-S YP Ambassadors
  • The First Wireless Radio Broadcast
  • James Clerk Maxwell Glenlair Trust
  • Current Research and Travel Grants
  • Contest Submissions and Judging Area

rigorous peer review | rapid publication | open access

Call for Papers: Women’s Research in Antennas and Propagation Section (WRAPS)

Download Call for Papers (PDF)

Submission Deadline: January 31, 2024

Aims & Scope: The field of antennas and propagation is a rapidly growing field with a wide range of applications, from wireless communications to radar to satellite navigation. However, women are underrepresented in this field. According to the IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society, only 10.2% of its members are women.

Recognizing the small percentage of women in this field, we would like to highlight the research by female researchers and provide this section as a collection of their papers.

Women’s Research in Antennas and Propagation Section

Caption: Courtesy of IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation, Spotlight on Women’s Research in Antennas and Propagation, March 8, 2022

Potential topics include but are not limited to the following:

  • Antenna design, analysis, and optimization
  • Radio wave propagation and scattering
  • Propagation modeling and channel characterization
  • Electromagnetic compatibility and interference
  • Antenna arrays and beamforming
  • Wireless communication systems
  • Metamaterials and advanced materials
  • Electromagnetic theory and modeling
  • Antenna measurements and testing
  • Radar and sensing applications
  • Antennas for aerospace and defense applications
  • Antennas for medical applications
  • Antenna Design
  • Antenna and Propagation Measurement
  • Propagation Modeling
  • Wireless Channels
  • Wireless Sensors and Systems

Guest Editors:

  • IEEE Xplore Digital Library
  • IEEE Standards
  • IEEE Spectrum
  • IEEE Collabratec

IMAGES

  1. Our Paper on "Antenna Array Thinning Through Quantum Fourier Transform

    ieee research papers on antenna arrays

  2. Performance of thinned antenna arrays

    ieee research papers on antenna arrays

  3. (PDF) Recent advances on array antennas for multibeam space applications

    ieee research papers on antenna arrays

  4. Investigation of broadband antenna measurement techniques

    ieee research papers on antenna arrays

  5. (PDF) Microstrip Antenna Papers in the IEEE Transactions on Antennas

    ieee research papers on antenna arrays

  6. (PDF) IEEE ANTENNAS AND WIRELESS PROPAGATION …ma.kaist.ac.kr/papers/85

    ieee research papers on antenna arrays

VIDEO

  1. Design of Triangular Array Microstrip Patch Antenna for 3.6 GHz Wifi Applications using CST

  2. Lecture 2 Fundamental Parameters of Antennas

  3. Antenna || Lecture 18 || Dr.Tamer || Antenna arrays

  4. Week 1-Lecture 4

  5. Video # 299

  6. IEEE video

COMMENTS

  1. Design and implementation of microstrip patch antenna array

    Abstract: This paper refers to a detailed analysis on the design and implementation of 4×1 and 8×1 microstrip patch antenna (array) of given specifications using IE3D software and a dielectric material FR4 with dielectric substrate permittivity of 4.28, tangent loss of 0.002 and height of 1.6 mm.

  2. Reconfigurable Antenna Array Testbed for Quantized Controlling

    This paper focuses on designing a novel 3 × 3 element antenna array with digital quantized control. We explore the impact of quantized control on beamforming and plan to validate simplified orthogonal optimization methods with limited quantization depth.

  3. Research on planar antenna arrays

    Research on planar antenna arrays Abstract: This paper presents the analytical and experimental works on coping with the popularity in wireless communications, especially in satellite communication.

  4. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation

    Need Help? US & Canada: +1 800 678 4333 Worldwide: +1 732 981 0060 Contact & Support

  5. Study, Design and Simulation of an Array Antenna for Base ...

    The objective is to achieve: a high directivity of the antenna with better gain and reduced losses by reflection, we analyzed the results for the three coil arrays (1 patch, 2 patch, and 4 patch coil), found that the 4 patch array provides better results than the 1 and 2 patch array, because they show an increase in directivity and gain with a v...

  6. An Inclusive Survey on Array Antenna Design for ...

    This paper focuses on the evolution and development of mm-wave array antenna and its implementation for wireless communication and numerous other related areas.

  7. High notch microstrip antenna array at Ka band

    This paper presents the experimental research and design for microstrip patch array antenna which resonates in Ka band. The proposed design consists of 4 microstrip rectangular patches. HFSS software is used for the simulation and analysis with four candidate structure. A material having a dielectric constant of 4.36 is used for the substrate material with the low loss tangent of 0.01. The ...

  8. Antenna array architecture

    Antenna array architecture Abstract: An abbreviated view of the topics included in modern array architecture is presented. The broad subject of architecture includes all the electromagnetic, thermal and mechanical aspects that need to be addressed by the array design team.

  9. Design of a 4x4 Ultrawideb and Phased Array Antenna for ...

    In this paper, a double L-slot modified microstrip patch element quadrant-based 4×4 phased array antenna is proposed for far-field wireless power transfer (WPT) application. The concept behind this research is to design a better steering-capable phased array antenna operating in the frequency range of 3.1 - 10.6 GHz for recharging unmanned micro aerial vehicles (MAVs). A 2.4 mm thick FR4 ...

  10. APS

    IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation rigorous peer review | rapid publication | open access Array Design and Robust Array Signal Processing: Advancements, Insights and Applications Download Call for Papers (PDF) Submission Deadline: 31 December 2020

  11. APS

    Jay Guo Airborne Reflector-Based Ground Penetrating Radar for Environmental and Archaeological Studies Zayed MohammadAndrew M. Chrysler Feed Integration and Packaging of a Millimeter-Wave Antenna Array Matthew W. NicholsStavros KoulouridisElias A. AlwanJohn L. Volakis A 3-D Printed Ultra-Wideband Achromatic Metalens Antenna

  12. PDF A Modular 2-bit Subarray for Large-Scale Phased Array Antenna

    COMMUNICATIONS. Elimination of Anomalous Resonances in Coaxial-Fed LPDA and Its Array With Integrated Φ-Shaped Balun ...

  13. Design and SAR assessment of three compact 5G antenna arrays

    In this paper three different multi stub antenna arrays at 27-29.5 GHz are designed. The proposed antenna arrays consist of eight single elements. The structure of feeding parts is the...

  14. APS

    A. Moffet, "Minimum-redundancy linear arrays," in IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 172-175, March 1968, doi: 10.1109/TAP.1968.1139138. ... The top cited research paper from the last decade (2012-2022) is dated 2013 and is co-authored by T. S. Rappaport et al. This article was the first to provide propagation ...

  15. APS

    Download Call for Papers (PDF) Submission Deadline: 31 October 2022 Aims & Scope: This special topic will cover various design architectures for ultra-wideband and millimeter-wave band (3.1 GHz - 30+ GHz) phased array antennas and the corresponding low-loss, wideband feeding network designs.Topics of interest also include various fabrication technologies such as additive manufacturing/ink ...

  16. Design and Analysis of Microstrip Patch Antenna Array and Electronic

    operate between 1.9 and 2.4 GHz.9 For the IEEE 802.11a standard, a wideband E-shaped microstrip patch antenna array (MSPAA) that operates in the 5.15−5.825 GHz range has been ... the E-shaped patch antenna array is created to operate within the 3.45 GHz frequency band.23 The performance characteristics of microstrip patch antennas, such as ...

  17. Studies on conformal antenna arrays placed on cylindrical ...

    This paper presents the studies conducted on conformal antennas placed on cylindrical curved surfaces. The radiation patterns for 4,8,16 and 32 element conformal arrays have been studied for omnidirectional applications. 8 element arrays have been studied for different spacing's and for different curvatures. The phase compensation on conformal arrays are also studied and the results are ...

  18. Research on Influences of Assembly Error on Antenna Array ...

    Taking a 4x4 antenna array as an example, t ... Taking a 4x4 antenna array as an example, this paper studies the influences of four errors on the antenna performance. And the four cases are: the antenna element spacing along two directions, inserting depth and angle of the KK connector. ... Date Added to IEEE Xplore: 04 November 2022 ISBN ...

  19. An Inclusive Survey on Array Antenna Design for Millimeter-Wave

    This paper presents a simulated design of millimeter wave square patch antenna 1×6 array on silicon and Roger RO4003 substrate for prominent multiple bands i.e. 58GHz-60GHz, 65GHz-68GHz, 72GHz-77GHz.

  20. A waveguide‐fed reflector antenna with high gain and multi‐beam

    The horn array is used as a feeding source of an offset parabolic reflector to achieve high-gain and multi-beam performance. The reflector antenna achieves four beam positions with θ = −0.7°, −0.2°, 0.2°, and 0.7°, and each beam obtains the gain of about 45 dBi. The experimental reflector antenna is fabricated and tested.

  21. (PDF) Design and Analysis of Microstrip Patch Antenna ...

    The paper presents the design analysis of rectangular and square shaped microstrip antenna. Both the antennas used microstrip line for feeding purpose. The square-shaped microstrip antenna...

  22. A Circularly Polarized Complementary Antenna with Substrate ...

    This work presents a design for a complementary antenna with circular polarization that has a wide operating bandwidth, stable broadside radiation, and stable gain for X-band applications. The proposed antenna consists of an irregular loop and a parasitic electric dipole, which work together to produce equivalent radiation from the magnetic and electric dipoles. By arranging the dipole and the ...

  23. A Spurious Free 2.45 GHz Array Antenna for Energy Harvesting

    He is Fellow of IETE and Member of various reputed professional bodies like IEEE etc.., He is having total of 12 years of teaching and research experience and published several Research Papers in reputed Journals and International, National conferences. His research interest includes microwave antennas and radar signal processing and applications.

  24. Synchronized Spoofing Attack Detection Using Galileo OSNMA and an

    Semantic Scholar extracted view of "Synchronized Spoofing Attack Detection Using Galileo OSNMA and an Antenna Array" by Markel Arizabaleta-Diez et al. ... This paper points out the existing problems of spoofing detection methods, and discusses the possibility of applying the generated antagonistic network (GAN) to GNSS spoofing and anti ...

  25. APS

    General Structure Awards Education Contest Submissions and Judging Area IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation rigorous peer review | rapid publication | open access Call for Papers: Women's Research in Antennas and Propagation Section (WRAPS) Download Call for Papers (PDF) Submission Deadline: January 31, 2024

  26. APS

    Call for Papers: Recent Advances on Absorbers/Rasobers and Their Applications on Antennas and EMC Deadline for submissions: 31 January 2024; May 7, 2023. Call for Papers: Advanced Beam-Forming Antennas for Beyond 5G and 6G Deadline for submissions: 31 December 2023; May 7, 2023. Call for Papers: Antenna-Enabled Sensors and Systems