child development research assignment

InBrief: The Science of Early Childhood Development

This brief is part of a series that summarizes essential scientific findings from Center publications.

Content in This Guide

Step 1: why is early childhood important.

: Brain Hero
: The Science of ECD (Video)
You Are Here: The Science of ECD (Text)

Step 2: How Does Early Child Development Happen?

: 3 Core Concepts in Early Development
: 8 Things to Remember about Child Development
: InBrief: The Science of Resilience

Step 3: What Can We Do to Support Child Development?

: From Best Practices to Breakthrough Impacts
: 3 Principles to Improve Outcomes

The science of early brain development can inform investments in early childhood. These basic concepts, established over decades of neuroscience and behavioral research, help illustrate why child development—particularly from birth to five years—is a foundation for a prosperous and sustainable society.

Brains are built over time, from the bottom up.

The basic architecture of the brain is constructed through an ongoing process that begins before birth and continues into adulthood. Early experiences affect the quality of that architecture by establishing either a sturdy or a fragile foundation for all of the learning, health and behavior that follow. In the first few years of life, more than 1 million new neural connections are formed every second . After this period of rapid proliferation, connections are reduced through a process called pruning, so that brain circuits become more efficient. Sensory pathways like those for basic vision and hearing are the first to develop, followed by early language skills and higher cognitive functions. Connections proliferate and prune in a prescribed order, with later, more complex brain circuits built upon earlier, simpler circuits.

In the proliferation and pruning process, simpler neural connections form first, followed by more complex circuits. The timing is genetic, but early experiences determine whether the circuits are strong or weak. Source: C.A. Nelson (2000). Credit: Center on the Developing Child

The interactive influences of genes and experience shape the developing brain.

Scientists now know a major ingredient in this developmental process is the “ serve and return ” relationship between children and their parents and other caregivers in the family or community. Young children naturally reach out for interaction through babbling, facial expressions, and gestures, and adults respond with the same kind of vocalizing and gesturing back at them. In the absence of such responses—or if the responses are unreliable or inappropriate—the brain’s architecture does not form as expected, which can lead to disparities in learning and behavior.

The brain’s capacity for change decreases with age.

The brain is most flexible, or “plastic,” early in life to accommodate a wide range of environments and interactions, but as the maturing brain becomes more specialized to assume more complex functions, it is less capable of reorganizing and adapting to new or unexpected challenges. For example, by the first year, the parts of the brain that differentiate sound are becoming specialized to the language the baby has been exposed to; at the same time, the brain is already starting to lose the ability to recognize different sounds found in other languages. Although the “windows” for language learning and other skills remain open, these brain circuits become increasingly difficult to alter over time. Early plasticity means it’s easier and more effective to influence a baby’s developing brain architecture than to rewire parts of its circuitry in the adult years.

Cognitive, emotional, and social capacities are inextricably intertwined throughout the life course.

The brain is a highly interrelated organ, and its multiple functions operate in a richly coordinated fashion. Emotional well-being and social competence provide a strong foundation for emerging cognitive abilities, and together they are the bricks and mortar that comprise the foundation of human development. The emotional and physical health, social skills, and cognitive-linguistic capacities that emerge in the early years are all important prerequisites for success in school and later in the workplace and community.

Toxic stress damages developing brain architecture, which can lead to lifelong problems in learning, behavior, and physical and mental health.

Scientists now know that chronic, unrelenting stress in early childhood, caused by extreme poverty, repeated abuse, or severe maternal depression, for example, can be toxic to the developing brain. While positive stress (moderate, short-lived physiological responses to uncomfortable experiences) is an important and necessary aspect of healthy development, toxic stress is the strong, unrelieved activation of the body’s stress management system. In the absence of the buffering protection of adult support, toxic stress becomes built into the body by processes that shape the architecture of the developing brain.

Brains subjected to toxic stress have underdeveloped neural connections in areas of the brain most important for successful learning and behavior in school and the workplace. Source: Radley et al (2004); Bock et al (2005). Credit: Center on the Developing Child.

Policy Implications

The basic principles of neuroscience indicate that early preventive intervention will be more efficient and produce more favorable outcomes than remediation later in life.
A balanced approach to emotional, social, cognitive, and language development will best prepare all children for success in school and later in the workplace and community.
Supportive relationships and positive learning experiences begin at home but can also be provided through a range of services with proven effectiveness factors. Babies’ brains require stable, caring, interactive relationships with adults — any way or any place they can be provided will benefit healthy brain development.
Science clearly demonstrates that, in situations where toxic stress is likely, intervening as early as possible is critical to achieving the best outcomes. For children experiencing toxic stress, specialized early interventions are needed to target the cause of the stress and protect the child from its consequences.

Suggested citation: Center on the Developing Child (2007). The Science of Early Childhood Development (InBrief). Retrieved from www.developingchild.harvard.edu .

1 Chapter 1: Introduction to Child Development

Chapter objectives.

After this chapter, you should be able to:

Describe the principles that underlie development.
Differentiate periods of human development.
Evaluate issues in development.
Distinguish the different methods of research.
Explain what a theory is.
Compare and contrast different theories of child development.

Introduction

Welcome to Child Growth and Development. This text is a presentation of how and why children grow, develop, and learn.

We will look at how we change physically over time from conception through adolescence. We examine cognitive change, or how our ability to think and remember changes over the first 20 years or so of life. And we will look at how our emotions, psychological state, and social relationships change throughout childhood and adolescence. 1

Principles of Development

There are several underlying principles of development to keep in mind:

Development is lifelong and change is apparent across the lifespan (although this text ends with adolescence). And early experiences affect later development.
Development is multidirectional. We show gains in some areas of development, while showing loss in other areas.
Development is multidimensional. We change across three general domains/dimensions; physical, cognitive, and social and emotional.
The physical domain includes changes in height and weight, changes in gross and fine motor skills, sensory capabilities, the nervous system, as well as the propensity for disease and illness.
The cognitive domain encompasses the changes in intelligence, wisdom, perception, problem-solving, memory, and language.
The social and emotional domain (also referred to as psychosocial) focuses on changes in emotion, self-perception, and interpersonal relationships with families, peers, and friends.

All three domains influence each other. It is also important to note that a change in one domain may cascade and prompt changes in the other domains.

Development is characterized by plasticity, which is our ability to change and that many of our characteristics are malleable. Early experiences are important, but children are remarkably resilient (able to overcome adversity).
Development is multicontextual. 2 We are influenced by both nature (genetics) and nurture (the environment) – when and where we live and our actions, beliefs, and values are a response to circumstances surrounding us. The key here is to understand that behaviors, motivations, emotions, and choices are all part of a bigger picture. 3

Now let’s look at a framework for examining development.

Periods of Development

Think about what periods of development that you think a course on Child Development would address. How many stages are on your list? Perhaps you have three: infancy, childhood, and teenagers. Developmentalists (those that study development) break this part of the life span into these five stages as follows:

Prenatal Development (conception through birth)
Infancy and Toddlerhood (birth through two years)
Early Childhood (3 to 5 years)
Middle Childhood (6 to 11 years)
Adolescence (12 years to adulthood)

This list reflects unique aspects of the various stages of childhood and adolescence that will be explored in this book. So while both an 8 month old and an 8 year old are considered children, they have very different motor abilities, social relationships, and cognitive skills. Their nutritional needs are different and their primary psychological concerns are also distinctive.

Prenatal Development

Conception occurs and development begins. All of the major structures of the body are forming and the health of the mother is of primary concern. Understanding nutrition, teratogens (or environmental factors that can lead to birth defects), and labor and delivery are primary concerns.

Figure 1.1 – A tiny embryo depicting some development of arms and legs, as well as facial features that are starting to show. 4

Infancy and Toddlerhood

The two years of life are ones of dramatic growth and change. A newborn, with a keen sense of hearing but very poor vision is transformed into a walking, talking toddler within a relatively short period of time. Caregivers are also transformed from someone who manages feeding and sleep schedules to a constantly moving guide and safety inspector for a mobile, energetic child.

Figure 1.2 – A swaddled newborn. 5

Early Childhood

Early childhood is also referred to as the preschool years and consists of the years which follow toddlerhood and precede formal schooling. As a three to five-year-old, the child is busy learning language, is gaining a sense of self and greater independence, and is beginning to learn the workings of the physical world. This knowledge does not come quickly, however, and preschoolers may initially have interesting conceptions of size, time, space and distance such as fearing that they may go down the drain if they sit at the front of the bathtub or by demonstrating how long something will take by holding out their two index fingers several inches apart. A toddler’s fierce determination to do something may give way to a four-year-old’s sense of guilt for action that brings the disapproval of others.

Figure 1.3 – Two young children playing in the Singapore Botanic Gardens 6

Middle Childhood

The ages of six through eleven comprise middle childhood and much of what children experience at this age is connected to their involvement in the early grades of school. Now the world becomes one of learning and testing new academic skills and by assessing one’s abilities and accomplishments by making comparisons between self and others. Schools compare students and make these comparisons public through team sports, test scores, and other forms of recognition. Growth rates slow down and children are able to refine their motor skills at this point in life. And children begin to learn about social relationships beyond the family through interaction with friends and fellow students.

Figure 1.4 – Two children running down the street in Carenage, Trinidad and Tobago 7

Adolescence

Adolescence is a period of dramatic physical change marked by an overall physical growth spurt and sexual maturation, known as puberty. It is also a time of cognitive change as the adolescent begins to think of new possibilities and to consider abstract concepts such as love, fear, and freedom. Ironically, adolescents have a sense of invincibility that puts them at greater risk of dying from accidents or contracting sexually transmitted infections that can have lifelong consequences. 8

Figure 1.5 – Two smiling teenage women. 9

There are some aspects of development that have been hotly debated. Let’s explore these.

Issues in Development

Nature and nurture.

Why are people the way they are? Are features such as height, weight, personality, being diabetic, etc. the result of heredity or environmental factors-or both? For decades, scholars have carried on the “nature/nurture” debate. For any particular feature, those on the side of Nature would argue that heredity plays the most important role in bringing about that feature. Those on the side of Nurture would argue that one’s environment is most significant in shaping the way we are. This debate continues in all aspects of human development, and most scholars agree that there is a constant interplay between the two forces. It is difficult to isolate the root of any single behavior as a result solely of nature or nurture.

Continuity versus Discontinuity

Is human development best characterized as a slow, gradual process, or is it best viewed as one of more abrupt change? The answer to that question often depends on which developmental theorist you ask and what topic is being studied. The theories of Freud, Erikson, Piaget, and Kohlberg are called stage theories. Stage theories or discontinuous development assume that developmental change often occurs in distinct stages that are qualitatively different from each other, and in a set, universal sequence. At each stage of development, children and adults have different qualities and characteristics. Thus, stage theorists assume development is more discontinuous. Others, such as the behaviorists, Vygotsky, and information processing theorists, assume development is a more slow and gradual process known as continuous development. For instance, they would see the adult as not possessing new skills, but more advanced skills that were already present in some form in the child. Brain development and environmental experiences contribute to the acquisition of more developed skills.

Figure 1.6 – The graph to the left shows three stages in the continuous growth of a tree. The graph to the right shows four distinct stages of development in the life cycle of a ladybug. 10

Active versus Passive

How much do you play a role in your own developmental path? Are you at the whim of your genetic inheritance or the environment that surrounds you? Some theorists see humans as playing a much more active role in their own development. Piaget, for instance believed that children actively explore their world and construct new ways of thinking to explain the things they experience. In contrast, many behaviorists view humans as being more passive in the developmental process. 11

How do we know so much about how we grow, develop, and learn? Let’s look at how that data is gathered through research

Research Methods

An important part of learning any science is having a basic knowledge of the techniques used in gathering information. The hallmark of scientific investigation is that of following a set of procedures designed to keep questioning or skepticism alive while describing, explaining, or testing any phenomenon. Some people are hesitant to trust academicians or researchers because they always seem to change their story. That, however, is exactly what science is all about; it involves continuously renewing our understanding of the subjects in question and an ongoing investigation of how and why events occur. Science is a vehicle for going on a never-ending journey. In the area of development, we have seen changes in recommendations for nutrition, in explanations of psychological states as people age, and in parenting advice. So think of learning about human development as a lifelong endeavor.

Take a moment to write down two things that you know about childhood. Now, how do you know? Chances are you know these things based on your own history (experiential reality) or based on what others have told you or cultural ideas (agreement reality) (Seccombe and Warner, 2004). There are several problems with personal inquiry. Read the following sentence aloud:

Paris in the

Are you sure that is what it said? Read it again:

If you read it differently the second time (adding the second “the”) you just experienced one of the problems with personal inquiry; that is, the tendency to see what we believe. Our assumptions very often guide our perceptions, consequently, when we believe something, we tend to see it even if it is not there. This problem may just be a result of cognitive ‘blinders’ or it may be part of a more conscious attempt to support our own views. Confirmation bias is the tendency to look for evidence that we are right and in so doing, we ignore contradictory evidence. Popper suggests that the distinction between that which is scientific and that which is unscientific is that science is falsifiable; scientific inquiry involves attempts to reject or refute a theory or set of assumptions (Thornton, 2005). Theory that cannot be falsified is not scientific. And much of what we do in personal inquiry involves drawing conclusions based on what we have personally experienced or validating our own experience by discussing what we think is true with others who share the same views.

Science offers a more systematic way to make comparisons guard against bias.

Scientific Methods

One method of scientific investigation involves the following steps:

Determining a research question
Reviewing previous studies addressing the topic in question (known as a literature review)
Determining a method of gathering information
Conducting the study
Interpreting results
Drawing conclusions; stating limitations of the study and suggestions for future research
Making your findings available to others (both to share information and to have your work scrutinized by others)

Your findings can then be used by others as they explore the area of interest and through this process a literature or knowledge base is established. This model of scientific investigation presents research as a linear process guided by a specific research question. And it typically involves quantifying or using statistics to understand and report what has been studied. Many academic journals publish reports on studies conducted in this manner.

Another model of research referred to as qualitative research may involve steps such as these:

Begin with a broad area of interest
Gain entrance into a group to be researched
Gather field notes about the setting, the people, the structure, the activities or other areas of interest
Ask open ended, broad “grand tour” types of questions when interviewing subjects
Modify research questions as study continues
Note patterns or consistencies
Explore new areas deemed important by the people being observed
Report findings

In this type of research, theoretical ideas are “grounded” in the experiences of the participants. The researcher is the student and the people in the setting are the teachers as they inform the researcher of their world (Glazer & Strauss, 1967). Researchers are to be aware of their own biases and assumptions, acknowledge them and bracket them in efforts to keep them from limiting accuracy in reporting. Sometimes qualitative studies are used initially to explore a topic and more quantitative studies are used to test or explain what was first described.

Let’s look more closely at some techniques, or research methods, used to describe, explain, or evaluate. Each of these designs has strengths and weaknesses and is sometimes used in combination with other designs within a single study.

Observational Studies

Observational studies involve watching and recording the actions of participants. This may take place in the natural setting, such as observing children at play at a park, or behind a one-way glass while children are at play in a laboratory playroom. The researcher may follow a checklist and record the frequency and duration of events (perhaps how many conflicts occur among 2-year-olds) or may observe and record as much as possible about an event (such as observing children in a classroom and capturing the details about the room design and what the children and teachers are doing and saying). In general, observational studies have the strength of allowing the researcher to see how people behave rather than relying on self-report. What people do and what they say they do are often very different. A major weakness of observational studies is that they do not allow the researcher to explain causal relationships. Yet, observational studies are useful and widely used when studying children. Children tend to change their behavior when they know they are being watched (known as the Hawthorne effect) and may not survey well.

Experiments

Experiments are designed to test hypotheses (or specific statements about the relationship between variables) in a controlled setting in efforts to explain how certain factors or events produce outcomes. A variable is anything that changes in value. Concepts are operationalized or transformed into variables in research, which means that the researcher must specify exactly what is going to be measured in the study.

Three conditions must be met in order to establish cause and effect. Experimental designs are useful in meeting these conditions.

The independent and dependent variables must be related. In other words, when one is altered, the other changes in response. (The independent variable is something altered or introduced by the researcher. The dependent variable is the outcome or the factor affected by the introduction of the independent variable. For example, if we are looking at the impact of exercise on stress levels, the independent variable would be exercise; the dependent variable would be stress.)

The cause must come before the effect. Experiments involve measuring subjects on the dependent variable before exposing them to the independent variable (establishing a baseline). So we would measure the subjects’ level of stress before introducing exercise and then again after the exercise to see if there has been a change in stress levels. (Observational and survey research does not always allow us to look at the timing of these events, which makes understanding causality problematic with these designs.)

The cause must be isolated. The researcher must ensure that no outside, perhaps unknown variables are actually causing the effect we see. The experimental design helps make this possible. In an experiment, we would make sure that our subjects’ diets were held constant throughout the exercise program. Otherwise, diet might really be creating the change in stress level rather than exercise.

A basic experimental design involves beginning with a sample (or subset of a population) and randomly assigning subjects to one of two groups: the experimental group or the control group. The experimental group is the group that is going to be exposed to an independent variable or condition the researcher is introducing as a potential cause of an event. The control group is going to be used for comparison and is going to have the same experience as the experimental group but will not be exposed to the independent variable. After exposing the experimental group to the independent variable, the two groups are measured again to see if a change has occurred. If so, we are in a better position to suggest that the independent variable caused the change in the dependent variable.

The major advantage of the experimental design is that of helping to establish cause and effect relationships. A disadvantage of this design is the difficulty of translating much of what happens in a laboratory setting into real life.

Case Studies

Case studies involve exploring a single case or situation in great detail. Information may be gathered with the use of observation, interviews, testing, or other methods to uncover as much as possible about a person or situation. Case studies are helpful when investigating unusual situations such as brain trauma or children reared in isolation. And they are often used by clinicians who conduct case studies as part of their normal practice when gathering information about a client or patient coming in for treatment. Case studies can be used to explore areas about which little is known and can provide rich detail about situations or conditions. However, the findings from case studies cannot be generalized or applied to larger populations; this is because cases are not randomly selected and no control group is used for comparison.

Figure 1.7 – Illustrated poster from a classroom describing a case study. 12

Surveys are familiar to most people because they are so widely used. Surveys enhance accessibility to subjects because they can be conducted in person, over the phone, through the mail, or online. A survey involves asking a standard set of questions to a group of subjects. In a highly structured survey, subjects are forced to choose from a response set such as “strongly disagree, disagree, undecided, agree, strongly agree”; or “0, 1-5, 6-10, etc.” This is known as Likert Scale . Surveys are commonly used by sociologists, marketing researchers, political scientists, therapists, and others to gather information on many independent and dependent variables in a relatively short period of time. Surveys typically yield surface information on a wide variety of factors, but may not allow for in-depth understanding of human behavior.

Of course, surveys can be designed in a number of ways. They may include forced choice questions and semi-structured questions in which the researcher allows the respondent to describe or give details about certain events. One of the most difficult aspects of designing a good survey is wording questions in an unbiased way and asking the right questions so that respondents can give a clear response rather than choosing “undecided” each time. Knowing that 30% of respondents are undecided is of little use! So a lot of time and effort should be placed on the construction of survey items. One of the benefits of having forced choice items is that each response is coded so that the results can be quickly entered and analyzed using statistical software. Analysis takes much longer when respondents give lengthy responses that must be analyzed in a different way. Surveys are useful in examining stated values, attitudes, opinions, and reporting on practices. However, they are based on self-report or what people say they do rather than on observation and this can limit accuracy.

Developmental Designs

Developmental designs are techniques used in developmental research (and other areas as well). These techniques try to examine how age, cohort, gender, and social class impact development.

Longitudinal Research

Longitudinal research involves beginning with a group of people who may be of the same age and background, and measuring them repeatedly over a long period of time. One of the benefits of this type of research is that people can be followed through time and be compared with them when they were younger.

Figure 1.8 – A longitudinal research design. 13

A problem with this type of research is that it is very expensive and subjects may drop out over time. The Perry Preschool Project which began in 1962 is an example of a longitudinal study that continues to provide data on children’s development.

Cross-sectional Research

Cross-sectional research involves beginning with a sample that represents a cross-section of the population. Respondents who vary in age, gender, ethnicity, and social class might be asked to complete a survey about television program preferences or attitudes toward the use of the Internet. The attitudes of males and females could then be compared, as could attitudes based on age. In cross-sectional research, respondents are measured only once.

Figure 1.9 – A cross-sectional research design. 14

This method is much less expensive than longitudinal research but does not allow the researcher to distinguish between the impact of age and the cohort effect. Different attitudes about the use of technology, for example, might not be altered by a person’s biological age as much as their life experiences as members of a cohort.

Sequential Research

Sequential research involves combining aspects of the previous two techniques; beginning with a cross-sectional sample and measuring them through time.

Figure 1.10 – A sequential research design. 15

This is the perfect model for looking at age, gender, social class, and ethnicity. But the drawbacks of high costs and attrition are here as well. 16

Table 1 .1 – Advantages and Disadvantages of Different Research Designs 17

Consent and Ethics in Research

Research should, as much as possible, be based on participants’ freely volunteered informed consent. For minors, this also requires consent from their legal guardians. This implies a responsibility to explain fully and meaningfully to both the child and their guardians what the research is about and how it will be disseminated. Participants and their legal guardians should be aware of the research purpose and procedures, their right to refuse to participate; the extent to which confidentiality will be maintained; the potential uses to which the data might be put; the foreseeable risks and expected benefits; and that participants have the right to discontinue at any time.

But consent alone does not absolve the responsibility of researchers to anticipate and guard against potential harmful consequences for participants. 18 It is critical that researchers protect all rights of the participants including confidentiality.

Child development is a fascinating field of study – but care must be taken to ensure that researchers use appropriate methods to examine infant and child behavior, use the correct experimental design to answer their questions, and be aware of the special challenges that are part-and-parcel of developmental research. Hopefully, this information helped you develop an understanding of these various issues and to be ready to think more critically about research questions that interest you. There are so many interesting questions that remain to be examined by future generations of developmental scientists – maybe you will make one of the next big discoveries! 19

Another really important framework to use when trying to understand children’s development are theories of development. Let’s explore what theories are and introduce you to some major theories in child development.

Developmental Theories

What is a theory.

Students sometimes feel intimidated by theory; even the phrase, “Now we are going to look at some theories…” is met with blank stares and other indications that the audience is now lost. But theories are valuable tools for understanding human behavior; in fact they are proposed explanations for the “how” and “whys” of development. Have you ever wondered, “Why is my 3 year old so inquisitive?” or “Why are some fifth graders rejected by their classmates?” Theories can help explain these and other occurrences. Developmental theories offer explanations about how we develop, why we change over time and the kinds of influences that impact development.

A theory guides and helps us interpret research findings as well. It provides the researcher with a blueprint or model to be used to help piece together various studies. Think of theories as guidelines much like directions that come with an appliance or other object that requires assembly. The instructions can help one piece together smaller parts more easily than if trial and error are used.

Theories can be developed using induction in which a number of single cases are observed and after patterns or similarities are noted, the theorist develops ideas based on these examples. Established theories are then tested through research; however, not all theories are equally suited to scientific investigation. Some theories are difficult to test but are still useful in stimulating debate or providing concepts that have practical application. Keep in mind that theories are not facts; they are guidelines for investigation and practice, and they gain credibility through research that fails to disprove them. 20

Let’s take a look at some key theories in Child Development.

Sigmund Freud’s Psychosexual Theory

We begin with the often controversial figure, Sigmund Freud (1856-1939). Freud has been a very influential figure in the area of development; his view of development and psychopathology dominated the field of psychiatry until the growth of behaviorism in the 1950s. His assumptions that personality forms during the first few years of life and that the ways in which parents or other caregivers interact with children have a long-lasting impact on children’s emotional states have guided parents, educators, clinicians, and policy-makers for many years. We have only recently begun to recognize that early childhood experiences do not always result in certain personality traits or emotional states. There is a growing body of literature addressing resilience in children who come from harsh backgrounds and yet develop without damaging emotional scars (O’Grady and Metz, 1987). Freud has stimulated an enormous amount of research and generated many ideas. Agreeing with Freud’s theory in its entirety is hardly necessary for appreciating the contribution he has made to the field of development.

Figure 1.11 – Sigmund Freud. 21

Freud’s theory of self suggests that there are three parts of the self.

The id is the part of the self that is inborn. It responds to biological urges without pause and is guided by the principle of pleasure: if it feels good, it is the thing to do. A newborn is all id. The newborn cries when hungry, defecates when the urge strikes.

The ego develops through interaction with others and is guided by logic or the reality principle. It has the ability to delay gratification. It knows that urges have to be managed. It mediates between the id and superego using logic and reality to calm the other parts of the self.

The superego represents society’s demands for its members. It is guided by a sense of guilt. Values, morals, and the conscience are all part of the superego.

The personality is thought to develop in response to the child’s ability to learn to manage biological urges. Parenting is important here. If the parent is either overly punitive or lax, the child may not progress to the next stage. Here is a brief introduction to Freud’s stages.

Table 1. 2 – Sigmund Freud’s Psychosexual Theory

Strengths and Weaknesses of Freud’s Theory

Freud’s theory has been heavily criticized for several reasons. One is that it is very difficult to test scientifically. How can parenting in infancy be traced to personality in adulthood? Are there other variables that might better explain development? The theory is also considered to be sexist in suggesting that women who do not accept an inferior position in society are somehow psychologically flawed. Freud focuses on the darker side of human nature and suggests that much of what determines our actions is unknown to us. So why do we study Freud? As mentioned above, despite the criticisms, Freud’s assumptions about the importance of early childhood experiences in shaping our psychological selves have found their way into child development, education, and parenting practices. Freud’s theory has heuristic value in providing a framework from which to elaborate and modify subsequent theories of development. Many later theories, particularly behaviorism and humanism, were challenges to Freud’s views. 22

Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory

Now, let’s turn to a less controversial theorist, Erik Erikson. Erikson (1902-1994) suggested that our relationships and society’s expectations motivate much of our behavior in his theory of psychosocial development. Erikson was a student of Freud’s but emphasized the importance of the ego, or conscious thought, in determining our actions. In other words, he believed that we are not driven by unconscious urges. We know what motivates us and we consciously think about how to achieve our goals. He is considered the father of developmental psychology because his model gives us a guideline for the entire life span and suggests certain primary psychological and social concerns throughout life.

Figure 1.12 – Erik Erikson. 23

Erikson expanded on his Freud’s by emphasizing the importance of culture in parenting practices and motivations and adding three stages of adult development (Erikson, 1950; 1968). He believed that we are aware of what motivates us throughout life and the ego has greater importance in guiding our actions than does the id. We make conscious choices in life and these choices focus on meeting certain social and cultural needs rather than purely biological ones. Humans are motivated, for instance, by the need to feel that the world is a trustworthy place, that we are capable individuals, that we can make a contribution to society, and that we have lived a meaningful life. These are all psychosocial problems.

Erikson divided the lifespan into eight stages. In each stage, we have a major psychosocial task to accomplish or crisis to overcome. Erikson believed that our personality continues to take shape throughout our lifespan as we face these challenges in living. Here is a brief overview of the eight stages:

Table 1. 3 – Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory

These eight stages form a foundation for discussions on emotional and social development during the life span. Keep in mind, however, that these stages or crises can occur more than once. For instance, a person may struggle with a lack of trust beyond infancy under certain circumstances. Erikson’s theory has been criticized for focusing so heavily on stages and assuming that the completion of one stage is prerequisite for the next crisis of development. His theory also focuses on the social expectations that are found in certain cultures, but not in all. For instance, the idea that adolescence is a time of searching for identity might translate well in the middle-class culture of the United States, but not as well in cultures where the transition into adulthood coincides with puberty through rites of passage and where adult roles offer fewer choices. 24

Behaviorism

While Freud and Erikson looked at what was going on in the mind, behaviorism rejected any reference to mind and viewed overt and observable behavior as the proper subject matter of psychology. Through the scientific study of behavior, it was hoped that laws of learning could be derived that would promote the prediction and control of behavior. 25

Ivan Pavlov

Ivan Pavlov (1880-1937) was a Russian physiologist interested in studying digestion. As he recorded the amount of salivation his laboratory dogs produced as they ate, he noticed that they actually began to salivate before the food arrived as the researcher walked down the hall and toward the cage. “This,” he thought, “is not natural!” One would expect a dog to automatically salivate when food hit their palate, but BEFORE the food comes? Of course, what had happened was . . . you tell me. That’s right! The dogs knew that the food was coming because they had learned to associate the footsteps with the food. The key word here is “learned”. A learned response is called a “conditioned” response.

Figure 1.13 – Ivan Pavlov. 26

Pavlov began to experiment with this concept of classical conditioning . He began to ring a bell, for instance, prior to introducing the food. Sure enough, after making this connection several times, the dogs could be made to salivate to the sound of a bell. Once the bell had become an event to which the dogs had learned to salivate, it was called a conditioned stimulus . The act of salivating to a bell was a response that had also been learned, now termed in Pavlov’s jargon, a conditioned response. Notice that the response, salivation, is the same whether it is conditioned or unconditioned (unlearned or natural). What changed is the stimulus to which the dog salivates. One is natural (unconditioned) and one is learned (conditioned).

Let’s think about how classical conditioning is used on us. One of the most widespread applications of classical conditioning principles was brought to us by the psychologist, John B. Watson.

John B. Watson

John B. Watson (1878-1958) believed that most of our fears and other emotional responses are classically conditioned. He had gained a good deal of popularity in the 1920s with his expert advice on parenting offered to the public.

Figure 1.14 – John B. Watson. 27

He tried to demonstrate the power of classical conditioning with his famous experiment with an 18 month old boy named “Little Albert”. Watson sat Albert down and introduced a variety of seemingly scary objects to him: a burning piece of newspaper, a white rat, etc. But Albert remained curious and reached for all of these things. Watson knew that one of our only inborn fears is the fear of loud noises so he proceeded to make a loud noise each time he introduced one of Albert’s favorites, a white rat. After hearing the loud noise several times paired with the rat, Albert soon came to fear the rat and began to cry when it was introduced. Watson filmed this experiment for posterity and used it to demonstrate that he could help parents achieve any outcomes they desired, if they would only follow his advice. Watson wrote columns in newspapers and in magazines and gained a lot of popularity among parents eager to apply science to household order.

Operant conditioning, on the other hand, looks at the way the consequences of a behavior increase or decrease the likelihood of a behavior occurring again. So let’s look at this a bit more.

B.F. Skinner and Operant Conditioning

B. F. Skinner (1904-1990), who brought us the principles of operant conditioning, suggested that reinforcement is a more effective means of encouraging a behavior than is criticism or punishment. By focusing on strengthening desirable behavior, we have a greater impact than if we emphasize what is undesirable. Reinforcement is anything that an organism desires and is motivated to obtain.

Figure 1.15 – B. F. Skinner. 28

A reinforcer is something that encourages or promotes a behavior. Some things are natural rewards. They are considered intrinsic or primary because their value is easily understood. Think of what kinds of things babies or animals such as puppies find rewarding.

Extrinsic or secondary reinforcers are things that have a value not immediately understood. Their value is indirect. They can be traded in for what is ultimately desired.

The use of positive reinforcement involves adding something to a situation in order to encourage a behavior. For example, if I give a child a cookie for cleaning a room, the addition of the cookie makes cleaning more likely in the future. Think of ways in which you positively reinforce others.

Negative reinforcement occurs when taking something unpleasant away from a situation encourages behavior. For example, I have an alarm clock that makes a very unpleasant, loud sound when it goes off in the morning. As a result, I get up and turn it off. By removing the noise, I am reinforced for getting up. How do you negatively reinforce others?

Punishment is an effort to stop a behavior. It means to follow an action with something unpleasant or painful. Punishment is often less effective than reinforcement for several reasons. It doesn’t indicate the desired behavior, it may result in suppressing rather than stopping a behavior, (in other words, the person may not do what is being punished when you’re around, but may do it often when you leave), and a focus on punishment can result in not noticing when the person does well.

Not all behaviors are learned through association or reinforcement. Many of the things we do are learned by watching others. This is addressed in social learning theory.

Social Learning Theory

Albert Bandura (1925-) is a leading contributor to social learning theory. He calls our attention to the ways in which many of our actions are not learned through conditioning; rather, they are learned by watching others (1977). Young children frequently learn behaviors through imitation

Figure 1.16 – Albert Bandura. 29

Sometimes, particularly when we do not know what else to do, we learn by modeling or copying the behavior of others. A kindergartner on his or her first day of school might eagerly look at how others are acting and try to act the same way to fit in more quickly. Adolescents struggling with their identity rely heavily on their peers to act as role-models. Sometimes we do things because we’ve seen it pay off for someone else. They were operantly conditioned, but we engage in the behavior because we hope it will pay off for us as well. This is referred to as vicarious reinforcement (Bandura, Ross and Ross, 1963).

Bandura (1986) suggests that there is interplay between the environment and the individual. We are not just the product of our surroundings, rather we influence our surroundings. Parents not only influence their child’s environment, perhaps intentionally through the use of reinforcement, etc., but children influence parents as well. Parents may respond differently with their first child than with their fourth. Perhaps they try to be the perfect parents with their firstborn, but by the time their last child comes along they have very different expectations both of themselves and their child. Our environment creates us and we create our environment. 30

Theories also explore cognitive development and how mental processes change over time.

Jean Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development

Jean Piaget (1896-1980) is one of the most influential cognitive theorists. Piaget was inspired to explore children’s ability to think and reason by watching his own children’s development. He was one of the first to recognize and map out the ways in which children’s thought differs from that of adults. His interest in this area began when he was asked to test the IQ of children and began to notice that there was a pattern in their wrong answers. He believed that children’s intellectual skills change over time through maturation. Children of differing ages interpret the world differently.

Figure 1.17 – Jean Piaget. 32

Piaget believed our desire to understand the world comes from a need for cognitive equilibrium . This is an agreement or balance between what we sense in the outside world and what we know in our minds. If we experience something that we cannot understand, we try to restore the balance by either changing our thoughts or by altering the experience to fit into what we do understand. Perhaps you meet someone who is very different from anyone you know. How do you make sense of this person? You might use them to establish a new category of people in your mind or you might think about how they are similar to someone else.

A schema or schemes are categories of knowledge. They are like mental boxes of concepts. A child has to learn many concepts. They may have a scheme for “under” and “soft” or “running” and “sour”. All of these are schema. Our efforts to understand the world around us lead us to develop new schema and to modify old ones.

One way to make sense of new experiences is to focus on how they are similar to what we already know. This is assimilation . So the person we meet who is very different may be understood as being “sort of like my brother” or “his voice sounds a lot like yours.” Or a new food may be assimilated when we determine that it tastes like chicken!

Another way to make sense of the world is to change our mind. We can make a cognitive accommodation to this new experience by adding new schema. This food is unlike anything I’ve tasted before. I now have a new category of foods that are bitter-sweet in flavor, for instance. This is accommodation . Do you accommodate or assimilate more frequently? Children accommodate more frequently as they build new schema. Adults tend to look for similarity in their experience and assimilate. They may be less inclined to think “outside the box.”

Piaget suggested different ways of understanding that are associated with maturation. He divided this into four stages:

Table 1.4 – Jean Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development

Criticisms of Piaget’s Theory

Piaget has been criticized for overemphasizing the role that physical maturation plays in cognitive development and in underestimating the role that culture and interaction (or experience) plays in cognitive development. Looking across cultures reveals considerable variation in what children are able to do at various ages. Piaget may have underestimated what children are capable of given the right circumstances. 33

Lev Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory

Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934) was a Russian psychologist who wrote in the early 1900s but whose work was discovered in the United States in the 1960s but became more widely known in the 1980s. Vygotsky differed with Piaget in that he believed that a person not only has a set of abilities, but also a set of potential abilities that can be realized if given the proper guidance from others. His sociocultural theory emphasizes the importance of culture and interaction in the development of cognitive abilities. He believed that through guided participation known as scaffolding, with a teacher or capable peer, a child can learn cognitive skills within a certain range known as the zone of proximal development . 34 His belief was that development occurred first through children’s immediate social interactions, and then moved to the individual level as they began to internalize their learning. 35

Figure 1.18- Lev Vygotsky. 36

Have you ever taught a child to perform a task? Maybe it was brushing their teeth or preparing food. Chances are you spoke to them and described what you were doing while you demonstrated the skill and let them work along with you all through the process. You gave them assistance when they seemed to need it, but once they knew what to do-you stood back and let them go. This is scaffolding and can be seen demonstrated throughout the world. This approach to teaching has also been adopted by educators. Rather than assessing students on what they are doing, they should be understood in terms of what they are capable of doing with the proper guidance. You can see how Vygotsky would be very popular with modern day educators. 37

Comparing Piaget and Vygotsky

Vygotsky concentrated more on the child’s immediate social and cultural environment and his or her interactions with adults and peers. While Piaget saw the child as actively discovering the world through individual interactions with it, Vygotsky saw the child as more of an apprentice, learning through a social environment of others who had more experience and were sensitive to the child’s needs and abilities. 38

Like Vygotsky’s, Bronfenbrenner looked at the social influences on learning and development.

Urie Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Model

Urie Bronfenbrenner (1917-2005) offers us one of the most comprehensive theories of human development. Bronfenbrenner studied Freud, Erikson, Piaget, and learning theorists and believed that all of those theories could be enhanced by adding the dimension of context. What is being taught and how society interprets situations depends on who is involved in the life of a child and on when and where a child lives.

Figure 1.19 – Urie Bronfenbrenner. 39

Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems model explains the direct and indirect influences on an individual’s development.

Table 1.5 – Urie Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Model

For example, in order to understand a student in math, we can’t simply look at that individual and what challenges they face directly with the subject. We have to look at the interactions that occur between teacher and child. Perhaps the teacher needs to make modifications as well. The teacher may be responding to regulations made by the school, such as new expectations for students in math or constraints on time that interfere with the teacher’s ability to instruct. These new demands may be a response to national efforts to promote math and science deemed important by political leaders in response to relations with other countries at a particular time in history.

Figure 1.20 – Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory. 40

Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems model challenges us to go beyond the individual if we want to understand human development and promote improvements. 41

In this chapter we looked at:

underlying principles of development

the five periods of development

three issues in development

Various methods of research

important theories that help us understand development

Next, we are going to be examining where we all started with conception, heredity, and prenatal development.

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Published: 29 October 2021

Theories of Child Development and Their Impact on Early Childhood Education and Care

Olivia N. Saracho ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-4108-7790 1

Early Childhood Education Journal volume 51 , pages 15–30 ( 2023 ) Cite this article

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Developmental theorists use their research to generate philosophies on children’s development. They organize and interpret data based on a scheme to develop their theory. A theory refers to a systematic statement of principles related to observed phenomena and their relationship to each other. A theory of child development looks at the children's growth and behavior and interprets it. It suggests elements in the child's genetic makeup and the environmental conditions that influence development and behavior and how these elements are related. Many developmental theories offer insights about how the performance of individuals is stimulated, sustained, directed, and encouraged. Psychologists have established several developmental theories. Many different competing theories exist, some dealing with only limited domains of development, and are continuously revised. This article describes the developmental theories and their founders who have had the greatest influence on the fields of child development, early childhood education, and care. The following sections discuss some influences on the individuals’ development, such as theories, theorists, theoretical conceptions, and specific principles. It focuses on five theories that have had the most impact: maturationist, constructivist, behavioral, psychoanalytic, and ecological. Each theory offers interpretations on the meaning of children's development and behavior. Although the theories are clustered collectively into schools of thought, they differ within each school.

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Saracho, O.N. Theories of Child Development and Their Impact on Early Childhood Education and Care. Early Childhood Educ J 51 , 15–30 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-021-01271-5

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Child development is self-explanatory. It denotes the development process that a child undergoes over time. Some even refer to it as the course of a kid’s growth.

Field Experts explain child development as the sequence of dialectal, thinking, emotional and physical changes occurring within a kid from birth to adulthood.

In this crucial period, the child, completely dependent on their parents, becomes somewhat independent.

These experts further opine that child development is often influenced by the genes passed down by their parents along with prenatal life events. Of course, environmental factors also play an influential role in developing kids’ learning capabilities.

What Does Child Development Include?

During the child development stage, kids learn various useful life skills. In doing so, they lay the path for their righteous future and their vivid endeavours.

Some vital skills that kids master during their early learning and development stage include as follows –

Exciting Trivia on Child Development

For every child, the first 3-5 years of their life hold lots of importance. During this phase, their brain/cognitive functions create a neural pathway at increased rates. Hence, kids undergo rapid growth and Development.
When they’re 6 years old, their brains reach 90% of their adult size and can soak up an astonishing amount of information from their everyday experiences and surroundings.
According to UNICEF, approximately 200 million less fortunate kids can’t fully develop their key skills due to low income in their families.
Furthermore, the interrelationship between parents’ genetics and environmental factors is pivotal in early kids’ learning and development.

The Crucial Stages of Child Development

As children grow, their physical, emotional, and cognitive skills also develop. And once a child learns and masters a particular skill at a specific age, it is called the ‘ Development Milestone .’

Parents often watch such development milestone stages to determine whether their kid is growing and developing life skills at the right pace.

For A Better Understanding, Here Are the Crucial Stages of a Child’s Development

The First 2 Months (from birth)

Kids respond particularly to exterior inducements during the first couple of months from their birth. These new-borns observe their surroundings, react to sounds, and even move their heads from one side to another as their means of expression.

After they cross the 2 months phase, most kids start smiling at folks to show gestures.

3 to 6 Months (from birth)

During the span of 3-6 months, kids start becoming more adept at recognising faces and sounds! Plus, they move their heads often and make cute sounds.

6 Months (from birth)

After 6 months, the new-borns start communicating with cute gestures and even responding whenever called by their names. They even learn to stand upright and sit.

9 to 12 Months (from birth)

Kids 9-12 months old begin crawling on all fours and standing up without help or support. Moreover, these kids respond to sounds and gestures better.

Toddle Phase

The toddler phase begins when kids are 1-3 years old. Once kids reach this stage, they walk alone without relying on their parents or caregivers.

They may even be seen climbing stairs or running. Also, during this period, the kid begins uttering some words and understanding their parents’ instructions properly.

Pre-School Phase

This phase is when a child is 3-6 years old. During this period, the kid develops motor skills and leans to throw, hop, skip and even yank stuff.

Although not perfect, they can also speak full sentences without much issues. Also, by teaching them proper toilet etiquette, kids can go to the loo independently.

Schooling Phase

This phase is when the child is 6-7 years old. It is also the period when kid develops language, listening and cognitive skills. Moreover, they start understanding and differentiating various emotions like friendship, love, anger, sadness and respect towards superiors.

By the time they reach 8, kids start expressing themselves through proper gestures, language and meaningful action.

Why is Early Childhood Learning & Development So Vital?

Plenty of evidence reveals that kids learn best between 1-6 years old. So, it is imperative to help kids develop critical life skills and lay the foundation for their future.

Early child development helps parents/caregivers determine the strengths and weaknesses of a kid. By identifying those issues early on, they can formulate a treatment plan to end the issue before it becomes serious.
Early childhood learning and development manifest positive experiences within a child and helps boost their self-confidence. Kids learn to stay optimistic regardless of their circumstances. Moreover, with lots of confidence and positivity oozing out of them, kids dare to try new things and develop new interests/hobbies that give them joy.
Children, from their birth, experience things that shape their identity and personality. By complementing their efforts (instead of their personality) , early childhood educators help develop stronger personalities in these children, thus shaping them into the person their parents want them to become.
Proper childhood learning and development also teaches kids to forge healthy relationships with similar-aged kids around them. Through these meaningful interactions, kids learn about teamwork and working conjointly to accomplish a common task.
Furthermore, proper childhood development also positively impacts the child’s long-term physical health outcomes. And that augments their future prospects and inevitable earning potential.

How to Properly Write Child Development Research Topics?

Writing a quality research paper from scratch can often overwhelm the best of students. In fact, many suffer sleeplessness worrying about how to write their child development research paper topic properly .

Luckily, the following tips will ease your woes and miseries and educate you on the process.

You start by using the tips above to browse Child development research topics for Assignments and finalise one you’re confident writing in.

Prepare the research paper outline (featuring the introduction, thesis statement, body, and conclusion).
Once you have a proper outline, move over to the researching part. Dig up as much information and data as you can. But only refer to legitimate and quality web sources.
After accumulating sufficient information for your paper start writing it per the outline. In the introduction, introduce the topic tactfully and keep your explanations brief and direct. You can also include meaningful data on child development or incorporate an interrogative statement to hook your readers’ interests. Make sure your thesis statement serves as the summary for your whole paper. Do mention your topic coverage, your objective through research and your final verdict!
In the body section, you elaborate on those selected points. Use examples, quotations and relevant data to improve reader engagement. You can also incorporate some word art, tables or graphic representations to make your post a good read for your audience. While writing the body, cite all used sources correctly. Pay attention to the specified citation style and ensure you don’t make mistakes. In-text source references add more depth and credibility to your post. It also helps you bypass plagiarism nuisances when rephrasing information from various sources.
Of course, properly writing it won’t do. You must also arrange the information properly so everything doesn’t appear cluttered or incomprehensible. Use individual stanzas to elaborate on various points. Also, use proper transitions to maintain flow and uniformity throughout the research paper. It will simplify things for your readers ( and your paper reviewer ) to grasp everything in one read.
Finally, you write the conclusion ( which will surmise everything covered in the body section ). Rephrase the thesis statement. Avoid adding any new information. It may create confusion among your readers. Finally, prompt a call to action among your audience. You can do it with a compelling statement, thought-provoking question or strong quote.

After You Finish Writing:

Include a citation index/bibliography section.
Edit and proofread your paper thoroughly.
Scan the file using premium anti-plagiarism software.
Make corrections whenever necessary.
Download a report if there are no plagiarism traces.
Lastly, request someone to review your work and suggest room for improvement. Make the changes whenever applicable.

That’s it. Your research paper is now submission-ready!

100+ Interesting Child Development Research Topics for College Students

Excellent child development topics.

What is the impact of domestic violence on early childhood development?
What is the significance of preschool in early kids’ development – Elaborate through your assignment research
Explain the various moral development phases in child development.
Write a research paper on the important kid’s development theories or philosophies
Explain the relevance of Vygotsky’s kids’ development philosophy
How does divorce impact a child’s development early on?
Explain the role of music in a kid’s early development – Also, share relatable examples with your research
Explain in detail the value and importance of early kid’s development
An account of the best parenting style. Also, explain how they work through your assignment research paper
A detailed analysis of Kid’s Abuse Prevention Programs
What is the impact of obesity on early kid’s development
How does depression hinder a child’s positive development?
Does having an imaginary friend prove problematic for proper child development?
How does having siblings help in a kid’s early development?
A Comprehensive Account of Child Service and their role in optimum kids’ development

Developmental Psychology Research Topics

Environment and Kid’s Development – What’s the Connection?
An Account of Bilingualism’s Effect on early kid’s development
Sure-fire ways to educate communities and create awareness towards early childhood learning and education
How does good parenting influence positive child development?
Explain how negative parenting hinders proper kids’ development early on
How to develop proper language skills in children?
What are the factors that positively influence early kids’ development?
Does having good genetics guarantee positive child development early on?
What are the effects of poverty on early kids’ development?
How to boost cognitive development in kids? Explain through your assignment research
An account of the prevalent circular issues in early childhood development
What factors hinder a kid’s development early on?
A detailed account of Asperger’s Disorder and its Influence on Kid’s Development
How does child development gets hindered by toxic/abusive relationships?
How does technology help advance kids’ Development early on? – Write using real-time examples

Easy Child Development Research Topics

What role do video games play in kids’ development?
Why must kids attain proper computer literacy?
Classroom influence on early childhood development?
Why/How appropriate parenting style is pivotal in positive kid development?
The Influence of Genes on a Kid’s Early development
An Account of the 5 crucial stages of early kid’s development
How does outdoor playing help in early kids’ development?
Is technology a boon or bane for early kids’ development? Write using examples
How does aiming the Microbiome augments under-nutrition children?
How does physically hitting children hinder their early development and self-confidence?
How to prevent anxiety, depression and mental illness in kids?
Does family lifestyle play a role in a kid’s development – Elaborate through your research paper
Why must parents keep an eye on their kid’s mental development?
What amount of time must parents spend with their little ones?
Does digital media hamper kids’ development?

Thought-Provoking Research Topics in Early Childhood Education

A detailed account of Early kid’s educational policies and standards
The hallmarks of a competent early child educator
Improvement suggestions in the existing early kid’s education and development
The value of educational headship in early kid’s education
Tips for optimal early kid’s education – Does parent’s involvement make a difference? Explain with examples through your assignment research.
What entail the moral dilemmas in early childhood learning and development?
An Account of child learning stratagems
Why is social interaction crucial to early kids’ education and development?
Do parents take it easy when it comes to early childhood education?
A crucial facet of early childhood education and development is experiencing nature – Is this statement true?
COVID-19 impact on early childhood education and development – Explain comprehensively with examples and relevant data
The importance of encouragement and acknowledgement in early kid’s education and development
The Condition of early childhood education and development in India
The State of Early kid’s Education and Development in the USA
What is the condition of early kids’ education in the UK?

Unique Child Development Research Topics for College Students

10 benefits of early childhood education and development – write with examples
How does a good breakfast help improve a kid’s performance?
How to make your child understand ‘Sharing is Caring’? Write using relatable examples
Precisely when should a parent take their kid to visit a psychologist?
How to monitor your kid’s early learning and development?
Is child development given enough importance worldwide? Draw a comparison between 3 worldwide nations
What’s the best nutritional diet for little kids? Present 5 dietary suggestions with reasons in your research paper
Explain the contrast between Autism and Dyspraxia – How does either condition impact child development?
How to teach your child proper eating etiquette?
How to empower an introverted kid during early education and development?
How does story narration help improve dialectal development in young kids?
Ways for parents to deal with bedwetting children?
Tips for tackling a fussy child and teaching them good manners
Role of Kinder garden learning programs for early child development
Learning practices for kids with ADHD ( Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder)

Interesting Child Development Research Topics

An account of Mommy and Me classes – What’s the significance?
Explain the various phases of PLAY in early child development.
The Role of Health in positive early kids’ development
How to augment your child’s math skills early on? Write using examples
Tips to improve kid’s confidence during the early stages of learning and development
What are the various types of parenting? Explain each type with examples through your assignment research.
An Account of Kid’s Early Care Crisis in the US?
How proper sleep positively impacts a kid’s neurological development early on?
Compile an elaborate piece on various kid’s development theories – Explain each and include examples in your research paper.
Best learning games for kids to partake in during the early stages of learning and development
How does Peer interaction impact kids’ early learning and development?
Ways to address behavioural issues in young children
How financial instability hinders kids’ learning and development?
An account of sleeping disorders and how it impacts kid’s early learning and development
What are the primary causes of ADHD in kids? Also, explain the potential cure for ADHD in this 21st century.

Dominant Child Development Topics

Ways to maximise capabilities and potential in disabled kids
How to empower kids with Autism and develop meaningful habits and behaviours?
What does Extended Adolescence denote? Elaborate on this context using real-time examples
What can one do with an early child development course degree?
Write a research paper on the fundamentals of proper child development early on
At what age do kids learn the fastest and why – explain using examples
Various challenges kids encounter during their early stage
How does pollution hamper kids’ development?
How do various playing exercises contribute to optimal child development?
How does lack of play hinder proper development in kids?
An account of Play-centric learning and development – write using examples
How to enhance your kid’s listening skills? Write using relatable examples
How does early education trigger holistic development in kids?
An account of incorporating ART as a medium for kid’s early learning and development
Write a research paper on kid’s curriculum standards and early education

If you need help researching your human development research paper topics or require assistance crafting a top-quality paper, get in touch with us. Rest assured our experts will be by your side from start to finish. Get in touch today.

Most Important Frequently Asked Questions Searched By Students

What includes as prevalent child development research topics.

Some common childhood development research topics are as follows –

What role do video games play in kids’ Development?
How should parents improve their kid’s language skills?

Are you struggling to sortout what are good child development research topics? Refer to the above section for ideas or communicate with us immediately.

How do researchers study child development?

Researchers primarily study child development using quantitative methods. They include – Experimentation, Correlation, and Quasi-experimental methods.

Each method enables researchers to comprehend the relationship among various child development influential factors and come to concrete causes and explanations.

Get help with research topics for child development today through our diligent essay experts.

What are the key theories in child development?

The crucial theories in kids’ Development are Behaviourist , Ecological , Maturationis t, Constructivist, and Psychoanalytic. These theories interpret child’s Development and their overall behaviour in various ways.

If you need interesting child development research topics on all key theories, contact us ASAP!

How does child development differ across cultures?

Cultural influence plays a crucial role in a kid’s positive Development. It provides them with awareness of who they are and their beliefs regarding language, religion, food, and societal customs. Furthermore, cultures also influence a kid’s linguistic, physical and emotional development.

If you can’t find child development research paper topics in this context, let us help you.

What include the crucial factors influencing positive child development?

There are several influential factors.

Economics
Family
Physical ability

Each plays a crucial role in manifesting positive child development. Convey to us if you need help with child development essay topics in these genres.

In what way is technology impacting kids’ Development?

Technology can positively impact kids’ development by giving them easy access to information and augmenting their overall knowledge.

Both software and hardware assist in developing children’s social skills and familiarising them with study disciplines – Art, Science, Mathematics, English, etc.

Consult with us if your research paper pertains to this child development issue!

What denote the 5 milestones in child development?

The 5 crucial milestones in child development entail as follows –

Cognitive growth
Physical Development
Social and emotional growth
Motor and sensory development
Dialectal or Language Development

Speak to us if you require expert assistance writing a paper on this child psychology topic.

How do children develop language skills?

Although this phenomenon happens during early childhood ( 2-4 years ), some kids develop language skills between 5-6 years.

However, language skills develop for each child through gestures and sounds and eventually via phrases and sentences.

Parents must always respond to their kids to hone their interactive skills. Moreover, they can also recite storybooks to advance their dialectal skills.

Hire our experts to explore amazing child development research topics for assignments.

What entails the common parenting styles?

Typically, there are 4 main parenting styles – Authoritarian, Authoritative, Permissive and neglectful.

Speak to us if you require help sorting child development research questions in this context. We will happily offer you the help you seek.

How can research on child development inform parenting practices and policies?

Proper research on child development does help make parenting practices and policies simpler. Parents with more knowledge and awareness about their child’s development can better influence their kids’ mental well-being.

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100 Best Child Development Research Topics for 2023

If you need to write a research paper about child development, you probably already know that finding great child development research topics is a very difficult task. In fact, it can sometimes take you days to find a good topic to write an interesting essay on. Fortunately, we have a list of research topics in child development that will help you immensely. Remember, all our topics are free to use. You can use them as they are or reword them. To help as many students as possible, we are constantly updating the list. You can easily find fresh topics for 2022 right here.

Having Trouble Finding Topics in Child Development?

Of course, you can try to find topics in child development on various websites. The problem is that most of those topics are years old. Furthermore, most of those child development research paper topics have been used by students over and over again. Your professor is probably bored of reading the same essays every semester, don’t you think?

To make sure you get a top grade on your essay, you need to find original, highly interesting topics. You need research topics for child development that are relevant for the scientific community today. Just pick one of our topics and start writing your essay in minutes.

Easy Child Development Topics

If you are looking from some easy topics so that you don’t have to spend much time writing the essay, you might want to take a look at our awesome easy child development topics:

Describe 3 important child development theories
Define childhood development
Talk about the Vygotsky Theory.
What are childcare centers?
Are children more intelligent than adults?
Music and its benefits for child development.

Child Development Essay Topics for College

Of course, college students should pick topics that are more advanced than those picked by high school attendees. Take a look at some interesting child development essay topics for college students:

Child Abuse Prevention programs and how they work.
Discuss Children Services in relation to child development
How does a divorce affect the development of children?
Analyzing the moral development stages
Domestic violence effects on child development
Three best parenting styles and why they work
Special needs of differently-abled children

Controversial Topics Child Development

Child development is, of course, filled with controversial ideas, theories and practices. You may want to talk about some of them, so here are some controversial topics child development ideas:

The best parenting model.
Family conflict hinders proper child development.
Does obesity affect child development?
Does race affect child development?
Are siblings important at all?
Imaginary friends can be a problem.

Best Research Topics on Child Development

Nobody knows what your professor likes or dislikes better than you do. However, we believe the following list of ideas contains some of the best research topics on child development:

Coronavirus lockdown and its effects on children.
Peers’ influence on child development.
Children understand life through play.
A green environment and its effects on children.
Describe the 4 types of parenting.
Diet and its role on child development.
How important is his family for a small child?

ADHD Child Development Topics

ADHD is a disorder that affects a growing number of children worldwide. It goes without saying that picking one of our ADHD child development topics will surely surprise your professor:

What is Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?
Discuss the main causes of ADHD.
Incidence rate of ADHD in small children.
The challenges of ADHD for parents.
Special needs of children suffering from ADHD.
In-depth analysis of therapy methods.
Can ADHD be cured in the 21st century?

Interesting Topics Related to Child Development

Are you looking for the most interesting topics related to child development? Here is the list of what our ENL writers consider to be the most intriguing things to talk about in 2022:

Games that stimulate child development
Does poverty affect the development of children?
Tech and its effects of child development.
Do imaginary friends play a role?
Child development and its effects on the person’s entire life
Why are children often more creative than adults?

Child Development Psychology Topics

But what if you want to talk about psychology? The good news is that we have several original child development psychology topics that you can choose from right now for free:

What are the five stages of psychological development?
An in-depth look at the mental development of children.
Improving mental growth: best practices.
Lack of attention and its effects.
Behavioral psychology of autistic children.
Society is changing the psychology of our children.
The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Difficult Child Development Topics for Research

Are you looking for a challenge? Do you want to test your ability to write a complex academic paper on a difficult subject? Just pick one of these difficult child development topics for research and start writing:

The coronavirus pandemic and its effects on child development.
Eliminating dyslexia with novel child development techniques.
Best way to develop your child’s language skills.
Eliminating autism with novel child development techniques.
The minimum time that you should spend with your child.
3 best games for child mental growth.

Current Topics in Child Development

Of course, your professor is most interested in new and exciting research. This is why it is generally a great idea to pick a current topic to write about. Here are some of the best current topics in child development:

COVID-19 anxiety in small children.
Advancements in children cognitive development.
Latest social development techniques.
The link between psychical and physical development
What are developmental milestones?
Solving behavioral issues correctly.
Link between play and social skills.
Best methods to cure autism in 2022. Check out more autism research topics .

Child Mental Health Development Paper Ideas

Interested in writing about the mental health development of children of all ages? We have some very good news for you. We have a list of child mental health development paper ideas you will find most intriguing:

The effects of divorce on small children
The effects of the death of a parent on small children
The effects of family violence on child development
The effects of substance abuse on children
The effects of mono parental families on small children
The effects of financial insecurity on children
The effects of sleep disorders on the development of a child

Child Development Project Topics

Are you looking for an original project idea? Our team managed to create a list of 100% original child development project topics just for you:

Talking and its effects on child development.
Analyze the impact of sports on child development.
Poor dieting and its negative effects.
Technology effects on small children.
Are books important for small children?
Positive social relations and their effect on toddlers.
Is Internet exposure recommended?

Psychology Research Topics on Child Development

Researching the psychology of child development can be a very difficult thing to do. However, if you think you are up to the task, pick one of these great psychology research topics on child development:

Define the term “sociocultural theory”
The 4 stages of psychological development.
Analyzing the main psychological processes of children.
In-depth analysis of child psychology.
Does your children need to see a psychologist?
The science behind understanding child emotions.
Deviant behavior in small children.

Early Child Development Topics

Talking about infants and toddlers can be very interesting, especially if you manage to find a great topic. Choose one of these early child development topics and start writing your paper right away:

Stages of toddler mental development.
How much time should you spend with your small child?
The importance of socialization.
Games to play with your toddler.
Is play important for early child development?
Infant vs. toddler: the similarities.
When does the ego first appear?

Topics About the Stages of Childhood Development

Are you interested in talking about the various stages of childhood development? You are certainly in luck today. We have just added these topics about the stages of childhood development to our list:

What are the 5 stages of child development?
What defines a newborn?
Describe the transition between a newborn to an infant.
Child development stages: the toddler.
Preschool and school age children: key differences

Latest Child Development Paper Topics

It’s difficult to keep up with science, we know. Here are the latest child development paper topics you may want to write about:

Genetics effect on child development.
Social media effects on children.
Pollution effects on the development of children.
Social insecurity effects.
Good sleep and its benefits.
Preschool programs are improving emotional skills.
The science of childhood development.

Need More Child Development Topics for Papers?

But what if you want more than these interesting topics in child development? In case you need a list of original, well thought of topics, we have the perfect solution. Our experienced academic writers can put together a list of new child development topics for papers in no time. And the best part is that only you will get the new list. So, if you need dozens of child development research topics that nobody else thought of yet, you need our help. If you need a custom thesis , we can also help you. Don’t hesitate to get in touch, even during the night.

160 Best Child Development Research Topics and Ideas

Table of Contents

For writing a child development research paper, a good topic is needed the most. But do you think it is easy to search and spot the best child development research topics? Definitely not, the research topic selection is a tedious task that usually requires a lot of time and effort. Hence, to help you, here in this blog post, we have compiled a list of captivating child development research topics and ideas.

Child Development Research Paper Writing

The Child Development Research Paper is an academic paper that focuses on various topics that are related to the growth process of a child right from birth to adulthood. In general, the study of child development deals with the growth aspects of a child mentally, socially, and physically in each development stage such as newborn, infant, toddler, preschool, school-age, and teenager.

For the growth and development of children, a lot of factors like environment, people the child lives with, education, etc. play a major role. On the whole, very commonly, many external factors influence child development positively and negatively. For writing a child development research paper, you can pick the research topics that address any serious issues that affect the growth and development of a child.

After you have selected an ideal child development research paper topic, you can prepare a strong research paper outline and begin writing your research paper coherently by including the components such as introduction, body, and conclusion. When writing, you can approach the topic from different perspectives.

In a child development research paper, the introduction should be catchy and should have a bold thesis statement. The body should explain the thesis statement in two or three paragraphs with effective topic sentences and supporting evidence. Finally, the conclusion should wrap up the research paper with a good summary and a call to action. Remember, the research paper you craft should be well-structured, persuasive, and informative to your readers.

List of Child Development Research Paper Topics

Child Development is a broad subject with plenty of research topics to focus on. If you are asked to write a child development research paper, then you can consider selecting topics from any research areas such as child psychology, child mental health development , ADHD, or child development stages.

List of Child Development Research Paper Topic Ideas

Here, we have sorted different categories of child development and have listed some best child development research topics for you to consider. Go through the list and pick an ideal research topic that is comfortable for you to research and write about.

Simple Child Development Research Topics

What factors impact the development of a child?
Explain how the classroom environment affects child development.
Describe the role played by the surroundings in the development of a child.
How does playing with other children affect the development of a child?
Explain the role of movement in the development of a child.
Are children more intelligent than adults?
Explain the stimulation process of the early language.
Describe the growth and progress of youngsters.
Explain how literate communities influence child development.
Discuss the early child development stages as defined by Erik Erikson.
What is the most harmful parenting style?
The effect of genetics on child development.
The influence of peers on child development.
Why are children often more creative than adults?
Diet and its role on child development.
Characteristics of serious games.
Cultural influence on early childhood brain development.
Piaget’s Work and Legacy in Child Development.
Pretend Play Importance for the Child’s Development.
Piaget’s and Vygotsky’s Theories in Childhood Quantitative Cognitive Development.
Developmental Analysis: Personal Introduction of Childhood – Adolescence.
Personal and Social Development of the Children

Child Development Research Topics Related to Psychology

Explain the importance of developing child psychology.
What are the five stages of psychological development?
Society is changing the psychology of our children.
When should a child see a psychologist?
How does bullying affect a child psychologically?
Explain how to avoid the risk of psychological underdevelopment in children.
Why is it important to monitor the psychological development of a child?
How does birth order affect procrastination?
Behavioral psychology of autistic children.
The science behind understanding child emotions.
Developmental perspectives on self-perception in children.
Future development in technology and the impacts on early childhood education.
Enlist three important child development theories.
What is childhood development?
Moral development stages and their analysis.
What is the development in early childhood and Adulthood?
A review of family support on children’s mental health.
Barriers to children mental health services in your country
Children mental health: Challenges and future.
COVID-19 impact on children’s mental health.

Stages of Child Development Research Paper Topics

Describe the transition between a newborn to an infant.
How does education affect the development of a child in the early stages?
How can parents deal with reading and dyslexia problems?
Describe the major developmental milestones in children.
Explain how parents can address anxiety in children and teenagers.
How can a parent identify a problem in their child’s development through the four basic stages?
How does caffeine affect teens?
How can a parent identify bad habits in their children?
How can a parent deal with bedwetting?
Explain how parents can address the issue of contraception for teenagers.
What Kind of Child Development Takes Place During the Prenatal Stage?
Elaborate on Children Services about child development.
Role of environment in child development.
How do literate communities create an impact on child development?

Early Child Development Research Ideas

Stages of toddler mental development.
Games to play with your toddler.
How does proper nutrition impact early childhood development?
The importance of socialization.
How much time should you spend with your small child?
How authentic are different developmental theories?
Should differently-abled children be included in regular classrooms?
Does storytelling help in child development?
Explain emotional development during early childhood.
How do the media affect early childhood development?

Interesting Child Development Essay Topics

Analyzing the moral development stages
Special needs of differently-abled children
The effect of domestic violence on child development
How does a divorce affect the development of children?
Imaginary friends can be a problem.
Discuss Children Services in relation to child development
Child Abuse Prevention programs and how they work.
Does obesity affect child development?
The best parenting model.
Music and its benefits for child development.

Best Research Topics on Child Development

Describe the 4 types of parenting.
How important is family for a small child?
A green environment and its effects on children.
The best way to develop a child’s language skills.
The best games for child mental growth.
The effects of social media on children.

ADHD Child Development Research Paper Topics

What is Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?
Explain the main causes of ADHD.
Can ADHD be cured in the 21st century?
The challenges of ADHD for parents.
In-depth analysis of ADHD therapy methods.
The incidence rate of ADHD in small children.
Special needs of children suffering from ADHD.
How to improve ADHD behavioral care quality in community-based pediatric settings?
Behavioral and pharmacological treatment of children with ADHD
The educational implications of ADHD on school-aged children

Child Mental Health Development Research Ideas

The effects of sleep disorders on the development of a child.
The effects of mono-parental families on small children.
The effects of substance abuse on children.
The effects of financial insecurity on children.
The effects of the death of a parent on small children.

Child Development Project Topics

Analyze the impact of sports on child development.
Positive social relations and their effect on toddlers
Are books important for small children?
Technology effects on small children.
Poor dieting and its negative effects

Latest Child Development Research Topics

Teens in LGBTQ
Latest social development techniques
How does grief affect child development?
How can an abusive environment affect child development?
Causes of aggression in children
Addiction among the youth
What is extended adolescence?
Teenage substance abuse
Advancements in children’s cognitive development.
The effects of social insecurity.
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: What is it?
Talk about the primary causes of ADHD.
Describe the danger of psychological underdevelopment in children and how to prevent it.
Why is it crucial to keep track of a child’s psychological growth?
using cutting-edge child development methods to eradicate autism.

Read more: Interesting Satirical Essay Topics For Students To Consider

Outstanding Child Development Research Topics

How to manage a fussy baby.
Explain the importance of siblings and their relevance.
Write about Positive Parenting and Children’s Cognitive Development.
Analyze the benefits of children’s much-needed exposure to nature
Compare dyspraxia and autism.
What are the stages of play in childhood?
How do US states measure up on child rights?
How people could use child development research to change public policy?
Explain how to solve behavioral issues
Why do children need emotional support in early childhood?

Final Words

To write a high-quality child development research paper, pick any topic from the list of excellent topics suggested in this blog post. In case you need any professional online assignment help to complete your child development research paper, then contact us immediately. We have a team of well-experienced assignment helpers to assist you in writing a plagiarism-free child development research paper as per your requirements without missing the deadline.

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150+ Best Child Development Research Topics

Table of Contents

If you enroll for a course in child development, then during your period of study, you will definitely be asked to compose a detailed thesis on child development research topics. Usually, for research paper writing, your professors will either suggest some ideas or ask you to choose any relevant topic on your own. As it is a vast subject, you may experience difficulties with topic selection. In case, you are confused about what topic to choose for your child development research paper, take a look at this blog post. Here, we have suggested some outstanding child development research paper topics and ideas for your convenience.

Before moving to the list of ideas, first, let us see how to pick an ideal topic for child development research paper writing.

Tips for Choosing a Good Child Development Research Topic

The following are some key tips that would help you in identifying a good child development research topic.

Ensure to choose topics in which you might feel comfortable doing your research.
Consider choosing topics from a credible website and avoid choosing outdated topics.
Make sure to choose unique child development research topics and not the ones repeatedly used by the students. Perhaps, your professor will not like reading the same topic again and again.
Lastly, choose topics that seem real, interesting, and relevant to a specific scientific community in the current time.

See Also – Outstanding Research Paper Topics for Students of All Spheres

Child Development Research Paper Writing

Most importantly, consider choosing topics that aren’t too broad or too narrow. Also, if you choose a very broad topic, you might confuse the audience. Moreover, if you choose very narrow topics, perhaps you will not have any research scope.
Besides, you need to select topics that you might find interesting because you ought to do comprehensive research on them.
Meanwhile, ensure to insert correct citations, otherwise, you might experience plagiarism issues in your work.
Finally, after you complete your assignment, you ought to proofread of work. Simply, you may use online grammar check tools to proofread your work.

List of Child Development Research Topics

Listed below are some engaging topics and ideas that you can give importance to while drafting your child development research paper or thesis.

Basic Child Development Research Topics

Enlist three important child development theories.
What is childhood development?
Moral development stages and their analysis.
Childcare centers and their importance.
Vygotsky’s theory and its relevance.
Significance of music in childhood development.
Discuss the impact of domestic violence on child development.
The influence of divorce on childhood development.
Enlist the three best parenting styles and how they function.
Elaborate on the Child Abuse Prevention program and how it works.
Discuss the best parenting model.
Siblings and their relevance.
The impact of obesity on child development.
Imaginary friends as an issue.
Elaborate on Children Services about child development.

Simple Research Topics on Child Development

Role of environment in child development.
How do literate communities create an impact on child development?
Early language and the stimulation process.
Discuss factors that impact child development.
Impact of Asperger’s Syndrome on a Child’s Development
How does bilingualism affect a child’s language development
Discuss the risk factors responsible for affecting cognitive development in children
Factors that influence growth and development in children
Impact of good parenting and bad parenting on a Child’s Development
Effect of Genetics on Child Development
Impact of Music and Art on a Child’s psychological development at an early age
Importance of parenting style on child development
Impact of Poverty on the Physical Development of Children
Discuss the influence of abusive relationships between parents on a child’s emotional development
Describe some of the common curricular issues in early childhood education

Excellent Child Development Research Paper Topics

Analyze the impact of the classroom environment on child development.
Discuss the impact of Covid-19 anxiety among the children.
Relevance of child psychology topic development.
When should a child visit a psychologist?
Discuss the impact of birth order on procrastination.
How does eating breakfast might help a child to perform better?
Describe the influence of bullying on a child’s achievement.
Discuss the psychological impact of bullying.
Discuss the influence of sports on child development.
Bedwetting- How parents deal with bedwetting?
Technology and its impact on child development.
How to manage a fussy baby?
Role of storytelling in child development.
Discuss the influence of playing on child development.
How media influences early childhood development.

Top Child Development Research Ideas

Covid-19 lockdown and its impact on children.
Discuss the impact of peers on child development.
Explain the stages of psychological development in children
Discuss the types of parenting style
Discuss the developmental milestones.
Why does a child’s cognitive and social development play a vital role in shaping a person’s personal and professional life?
Compare and contrast early childhood education standards and practices in Canada and Australia
Family conflicts hinder child development: Explain
Importance of socialization on the development of a child
Pros and Cons of the Internet and online games on a Child’s psychological development
Importance of outdoor games and social events on child development
Significance of diet in child development.
The influence of a green environment on children.
Relevance of family for small children.
Elaborate on the four types of parenting.
Barriers to children’s mental health services in your country.
Impact of financial insecurity on children.
Analyze the impact of sleep disorders on child development.
Social skills and play skills- How does it relate?
Child mental growth- Discuss the three best games.

ADHD Child Development Research Topics

What is Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?
Discuss the primary cause of ADHD.
Behavioral and pharmacological treatment of Children with ADHD
Is there a cure for ADHD in the 21st century?
Discuss ADHD challenges for parents.
The educational implications of ADHD on school-aged children
Analyze ADHD therapy methods.
Needs of children suffering from ADHD.
The incidence rate of ADHD in small children.
How to improve ADHD behavioral care quality in community-based pediatric settings?

Outstanding Child Development Research Topics

Discuss the importance of indoor and outdoor games in a child’s learning and understanding of life
Why attention, visual, motor, and mathematical skills are significant in child development?
How frequent social interaction can help babies learn and develop faster?
Discuss the key factors contributing to a child’s brain development
Behavioral development in children
Internet exposure and its benefits.
Significance of books for children.
Discuss the influence of positive social relations on toddlers.
Analyze the impact of substance abuse on children.
List of games to play with the toddlers.
How do preschool programs enhance emotional skills?
Discuss the benefits of having a good sleep.
Elaborate on the impact of social insecurities.
Childhood development and the science behind it.
The impact of pollution on child development.

Influential Child Development Research Topics

Analyze the genetic effect on child development.
How to move children away from underdeveloped psychology?
Teenage pregnancy and its causes.
Youth and addiction.
Aggression and its causes among children.
Discuss the impact of grief on child development.
Prenatal stage and child development discussion.
The influence of caregivers on child development.
Extended adolescence- Explain the concept.
Factors influencing speech and motor development in Children
The influence of an abusive environment on children.
How to maximize the potential of disabled children?
Developmental theories and their analysis.
How does proper child development help to deal with autism?
Role of child development in diminishing dyslexia.
Compare and contrast Jean Piaget’s cognitive-developmental theory and Freud’s psychosexual developmental theory
How does Autism affect the emotional development of children?
Analyze the impact of children’s early childhood experience on their personality development
Analyze the impact of Dyslexia on the cognitive development of a Child
Analyze the connection between child development and screen time

Interesting Child Development Research Paper Topics

Significance of parents for proper child development.
Child cognitive development advancement.
Recent social development techniques.
Discuss the influence of family violence on children.
Elaborate on the influence of positive social relationships on toddlers.
Analyze the negative impact of poor diet.
What is the sociocultural theory?
What is deviant behavior in small children?
Mental development stages for toddlers.
Discuss the emergence of ego for the first time.
Toddler versus infants- Discuss the similarities.
Socialization and its relevance.
Child psychology and its in-depth analysis.
Analyze the popularity of depression among children.
When a child fails to get proper development during the basic four stages of his life- Discuss the consequences.
Development of child psychology during the three trimesters of pregnancy
Noble’s talk on the connection between income and cognitive development is scientifically accurate and proven: Discuss
Peculiarities in child psychology and Erickson’s Perspective of a Child’s psychosocial development
Analyze the impact of maternal employment on the physical and psychosocial development of a child
Comparative analysis between John B. Watson’s Behavioral Child Development Theory and John Bowlby’s Attachment Theory

Popular Child Development Research Ideas

LGBTQ and teenagers.
Elaborate on the key challenges faced by most teenagers.
Development criteria of children- Analysis.
Who is a newborn?
Discuss the impact of mono-parental families on small children.
Analyze the benefits of internet exposure.
Discuss the fine motor skill and gross motor skill development in children
Discuss the factors contributing to emotional development in children
Impact of social media on child development
What kind of challenges do children encounter during adolescence?
The significance of children’s books
Examine the impact of positive social relationships on toddlers.
Investigate the effects of substance abuse on children.
How is society transforming the psychology of children?
How does a preschool program improve emotional skills?

Latest Child Development Research Topics

Childhood development and the science that underpins it
Pollution’s Effect on Child Development
Examine the genetic influence on child development.
How can we weasel children away from their underdeveloped psychology?
Pregnancy in Adolescence and its causes
The development of child psychology is important.
When is it appropriate for a child to see a psychologist?
Examine the effect of birth order on procrastination.
How can eating breakfast help a child perform better?
Describe how bullying affects a child’s achievement.
Discuss the psychological consequences of bullying.
Relevance for parents in identifying their child’s distinct behavior.
How to solve behavioral issues correctly?
Caffeine’s effect on teenagers.
How do you deal with a fussy baby?

Final Thoughts

From the list of ideas shared in this blog, without any hesitation, choose any topic and draft a top-score-fetching child development research paper. In case, you need an expert to offer help with writing your child development research paper, then reach out to us quickly. We have numerous well-qualified homework helpers online to assist you in composing a plagiarism-free assignment on child development topics as per your university guidelines. Especially, with the support of our subject professional, you can complete your research paper in advance of the deadline and achieve good scores.

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40 creative child development research paper topics.

Child development research topics are not so common as compared to others types of writing ideas. As such, students seeking such prompts have to dig deeper to find one or two that would match their specifications. However, this task is not easy, and most students would give up way before they start. That is why we have developed a professional list of child development topics for high school and college students.

What Is A Child Development Research Paper?

It is a field that specializes in exploring how children grow and change in the course of childhood. It uses theories that center on child development, such as emotional, social, and cognitive growth. Child development is considered one of the wealthiest areas of study, with quite a low number of research papers done on it.

Studying child development is necessary as it has direct implications on the long-term state of the child in the end. Some of the aspects that child development will handle include school attainment, future opportunities, and the child’s earning potential. Therefore, it would be improper to avoid taking such a subject.

How To Write Child Development Papers

Before we delve into the nitty-gritty of such a paper, it is essential to understand the importance. A child development paper will help set the foundation for the children’s lifelong health, learning, and behavior. In other words, it will help shape our understanding of early childhood stages that will impact the child in the future.

Some of the areas of development in a child will include:

Social, personal and emotional development Physical development Literacy skills Understanding the world around them Communication and language

Therefore, if you want a top-rated child development research paper, start with these simple steps:

Conduct thorough research on various aspects of child development
Brainstorm with your friends, teachers, or experts
Understand the audience you are writing for
Make sure that the writing ideas are meaningful

You can identify world-class topics for a child development paper through:

Reputable online sources,
The UNICEF website
TV shows that involve children
Talks and symposiums on child development

Through these, you will come up with unique and researchable child development topics for papers.

Are you stuck right now on where to start? Below is a list of reputable writing ideas that will offset your paper. Give them a try and see the results!

Interesting Early Childhood Education Research Paper Topics

Stages that children pass through in their early years of development
Diseases that are common to children under five years old
Key cognitive aspects of early childhood development
The impact of the environmental factors in the development of a child
How television, videos, and games shape a child during his developmental years
How children develop ego and self-centeredness in their early years of growth
Why parents should always be by the side of their children during early years
The role of caregivers in child development at early stages

Early Childhood Education Research Paper Topics For College Students

How often should a mother be close to their children in their early years?
Factors that facilitate mental development for children
How noise-induced hearing loss affects children
Essential nutrients for premature children
The impact of social interaction during early years of a child
Discuss the various development aspects during the prenatal stage
The role of early childhood life in shaping their adult life
Why play is essential during the early stages of child development

Accessible Child Psychology Research Paper Topics

The implications of a child growing in a technology environment
How the coronavirus pandemic has shaped child psychology
The role of a psychologist in the early stages of child development
The implication of the COVID-19 lockdowns and quarantine on child psychology
Why attention is necessary for children in their early development stages
Effective monitors for the psychological development of children
The role of music in child psychology development
The effects of birth disorders in child psychological development

Hot Research Topics On Child Development

The impact of bullying on child development
How to analyze behavioral child development aspects
The significant role of proper nutrition in child development
How to identify genius children from birth
How to explain the connection between a mother and a child
The impact of genes in the development of a child
How a particular community will affect a child’s development
The implication of celebrating birthdays on child development

First-Class Research Topics On Children

How to deal with childhood trauma
The effects of single families on child development
At what stage should parents start teaching core skills to their children?
The role of family doctors in child development
Toxic events that may impact a child’s development
Implications of divorce on children
How low income affects children development
Effects of graphic violence through animations on child development

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Exploring Child Development Research Topics: Insights into Growth, Learning, and Well-being

Child development is quite an intriguing and ever-changing field that examines how children grow, learn, and change physically, mentally, emotionally, and socially. Researchers in this area want to learn more about the things that affect how a child grows up. It will help improve the lives and outcomes of children worldwide. In this blog, we’ll examine some intriguing child development research topics.

Table of Contents

What are Child Development Research Topics?

If you’ve taken a course on child development, you might know how typical child development tasks can be. Also, how hard is it to choose research themes on child development? Choosing study topics on child development can take some time, especially if you want to write an engaging essay about them. So, let’s take a quick look at how children grow and change. Only then can we choose great research ideas about it.

Child development is how a child grows and changes when born until adulthood. Also, child development could be split into mental, emotional, and social growth. As a child grows, they change mentally, physically, and socially. In short, a child’s growth and development depend on his environment, the people around him, and what he learns in school.

How to Use Research Topics on Child Development?

Let’s look at some things that might help you choose good research ideas on child development.

First, make sure you choose study topics that you feel comfortable doing.
Second, consider picking topics from a reputable website and avoid old ones.
Third, choose a unique topic for your study on child development, not one that students have used before. Your professor might prefer to read about different things over and over again.
Last, pick things that seem real, and vital to a scientific community.

How to Choose Good Child Development Research Topics?

Everyone knows that the Internet has a lot of information about how children grow and learn. Yes, you will benefit from it. But people who want to study need help to develop good topics. It would help if you did a lot of studies on this. Here are three ways to help you find the right ideas for your research paper on child development.-

Step 1: Come up with ideas

If you want to do a study on child development that still needs to be added to the Internet, you must find something that is not done before. Talk to the research paper writer and parenting groups for help with this. They will give you thoughts on what to write about.

Step 2: Pick a subject and narrow it down

Studying in the school library is another way to find child development research topics. Look at some magazines and the work of well-known authors. From this, you see that some areas need to be well-researched.

Step 3: Go over the subject again

If you want to come up with great ideas, you can talk to people with kids. Their experience can help you come up with study ideas.

Some Impactful Child Development Research Topics

1. how early childhood education helps:.

By looking at the long-term results, early childhood education is known for a long time– to be an integral aspect of a child’s growth. This study looks at the long-term effects of early education programs on academic achievement, social skills, and emotional well-being, among other things. By looking at different methods of education and interventions, researchers hope to find the most effective ones that can help a child’s development.

2. Role of Parent-Child Interaction in Language Acquisition:

Language development is one of the most essential aspects of a child’s intellectual and social growth. This study examines how parent-child interactions affect a child’s language development. Researchers examine how different parenting styles, communication methods, and environmental factors affect a child’s language skills, vocabulary growth, and verbal abilities.

3. Technology and how children grow and Learn:

Looking at the pros and cons In today’s digital age, technology is a vital aspect of a child’s life. This study topic is about how technology affects the development of children, including their cognitive skills, ability to pay attention, and ability to get along with others. Researchers look into technology’s possible pros and cons, like how screen time affects language development, problem-solving skills, and general health.

4. Understanding How Socioeconomic Status Affects the Development of the Mind:

Researchers have found that a child’s socioeconomic background affects many parts of their growth. This study examines how socioeconomic factors like income, education, and resource access affects cognitive skills, academic performance, and educational outcomes. Researchers want to figure out how differences in socioeconomic status affect a child’s growth and devise ways to lessen the drastic effects.

5. Trying to figure out how genes affect a child’s behavior and personality:

Genes are a big part of what makes a person act and think the way they do. This study’s subject is finding out how genes affect temperament, intelligence, and mental health. Researchers use different methods, like twin studies and genetic mapping, to determine how genes and the environment work together to shape a child’s growth.

6. Getting kids to have more emotional intelligence:

Emotional intelligence is a key skill that helps a child get along with others, be happy, and do well in life. This study looks at strategies and interventions to help children develop emotional intelligence. Researchers study how well programs improve self-control, empathy, and social skills to develop evidence-based ways to help children grow emotional intelligence.

7. How cultural factors affect social growth in different communities:

Culture and cultural customs impact how a child grows up socially. This study topic looks at how cultural factors, like values, traditions, and social norms, affect how people interact with each other, how they relate to their peers, and how they see themselves. Researchers want to learn more about the cultural factors that lead to good social growth and find ways to help kids from different cultures.

8. Examining how nutrition affects the growth and function of the brain:

Children need to eat well for their brains and minds to grow and work at their best. This study looks at how nutrition affects a child’s development, such as brain structure, cognitive skills, and how well they do in school. Researchers look at the links between certain nutrients, eating habits, and children’s development. It helps them make interventions and policies that help kids eat well.

9. Take a look at how physical activity affects motor skills and overall growth:

Physical exercise is a vital aspect of how a child’s motor skills grow and how well their bodies are. This study topic shows how different kinds of physical activity, like sports, active play, and exercise, affect motor skills, coordination, and physical fitness. Researchers are eager to explore how much and what kind of physical exercise is best for a child’s health and development.

10. Trying to figure out what role play has in cognitive and social growth:

Play is a significant part of a child’s growth because it helps with mental, physical, and emotional aspects. The goal of this topic is to find out how play helps develop creativity, problem-solving skills, and social skills. Researchers look at different kinds of play, like pretend play, rough-and-tumble play, and social play, to learn how different types of play affect a child’s growth and development.

List of Child Development Research Topics

Simple and basic child development research topics.

How do kids grow and change?
The stages of moral growth and how to look at them.
How important childcare places are.
The idea of Vygotsky and why it is important?
How music helps children grow and learn.

Child Development Research Topics for Exam

The role of the surroundings in how a child grows up.
How do places where people can read and write affect how children grow and learn?
Early language and the process of making it grow.
Talk about things that affect how a child grows up.
How a child grows and develops is affected by Asperger’s syndrome
How does being bilingual affect how a child learns to speak?
Talk about things that can go wrong with a child’s brain growth.
The things that affect a child’s growth and development
The effects of good and bad parenting on a child’s growth
How genes affect how a child grows and develops

Exclusive Child Development Research Topics

Look at how the classroom setting affects a child’s growth.
Talk about how the kids’ nervousness is affected by Covid-19.
The importance of the topic development for child psychology homework help.
When should a kid see a therapist?
Talk about how birth order affects putting things off.
How might a child do better in school if he /she eats breakfast?
How does bullying affect how well a child does in school?
Talk about how bullying affects people’s minds.
Relevant for parents to understand how their child acts uniquely.
How do parents deal with kids who wet the bed?

Child Development Research Topics for University

Covid-19’s lockdown and what it means for kids.
Talk about how children grow and change because of their friends.
Explain the different steps of a child’s mental growth.
Talk about the different ways to raise children.
What are the most successful ways to raise a child?
How the Internet and online games affect a Child’s mental growth: pros and Cons
Compare and contrast the norms and ways of teaching young children in Canada and Australia
How do family problems affect a child’s growth?
How important socializing is to a child’s growth
Why is it important for a person’s personal and work life that a child learns to think and act in society?

High-Scoring Child Development Research Topics

ADHD is a problem with small children, and it happens often.
Talk about the main reasons for ADHD.
Methods of therapy and an in-depth look at them.
Does the 21st century have a treatment for ADHD?
Technology and how it affects a child’s growth.
Parents have trouble with ADHD.
What’s the point of fictional friends?
How does culture change the way children think?
Talk about the three best games for a child’s brain growth.
Talk about the key growth strategies.

Child Development Research Topics for Study

Discuss how indoor and outdoor games can help a child learn and understand life.
Why are attention, vision, motor, and math skills vital for a child’s growth?
How do babies learn and grow faster if they connect with other people often?
Talk about the most important things that affect a child’s brain growth.
How children’s actions change over time
Having access to the Internet and its perks.
How books are important for kids?
Talk about how kids are affected by good relationships.
Think about how kids are affected by drug use.
List of games to play with babies and young children

Influential Child Development Research Topics

Look at how genes affect how a child grows up.
How to get kids to stop having weak minds?
Teen pregnancy and what makes it happen.
Teenagers and drug use.
Why do kids act mean, and what makes them do it?
Talk about how sadness affects a child’s growth.
Talk about the prenatal time and how a child grows up.
How caretakers affect how children grow and learn.
Explain the idea of extended childhood.
Things that affect how children learn to talk and move.

Summing Up:

Child development is a broad field that looks at a child’s growth and development from many angles. This blog looks at various interesting study topics in child development and explains what they mean and how they might affect things. If you are a student looking for a child development research topic, you can connect to assignment help online services . These services will generate extensive topics, and help you write assignments and papers. So, it’s time to feel free from your hustle and complete assignment within a deadline.

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Item of Interest: NICHD and CDC Partner on Healthy Native Babies Project

Collaboration will promote safe infant sleep practices in american indian and alaska native communities.

Swaddled baby within a Native American Medicine Wheel, Health Native Babies.

The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), part of the National Institutes of Health, is partnering with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) on the Healthy Native Babies Project, an effort to reduce the risks of sleep-related death among infants in American Indian and Alaska Native (AI AN) communities. NICHD initiated the project in 2002 as part of the Safe to Sleep ® campaign, a national effort to educate caregivers and providers about ways to reduce the risk of sudden infant death syndrome and other sleep-related infant deaths, such as accidental suffocation. The project had been on hiatus since 2022 after a restructuring of NICHD’s campaign activities. In partnership with NICHD, CDC will lead efforts to update and disseminate Healthy Native Babies Project materials and information going forward.

“We are thrilled to add this important initiative to our Maternal and Infant Health portfolio,” said Wanda D. Barfield, M.D., M.P.H., FAAP, RADM USPHS (Ret.), director of the Division of Reproductive Health in the CDC National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. “We look forward to expanding efforts to help get life-saving information into AI AN communities, where risk for sleep-related infant death remains higher than in other communities.”

CDC is a collaborator in the NICHD-led Safe to Sleep ® campaign. In the coming months, CDC will work closely with NICHD, other Safe to Sleep ® collaborators, and AI AN-focused organizations to evaluate and update the activities and materials of the Healthy Native Babies Project, as needed.

“We are thankful that Dr. Barfield and the CDC will help continue this vital, on-the-ground outreach and support to ensure that AI AN caregivers and providers help babies sleep safely,” said Diana W. Bianchi, M.D., director of NICHD.

Current materials and background on the Healthy Native Babies Project are available through NICHD’s Safe to Sleep ® website at https://safetosleep.nichd.nih.gov/training/native-communities .

Study record managers: refer to the Data Element Definitions if submitting registration or results information.

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An Open Comparative Study of the Effectiveness and Incomparable Study of the Immunogenicity and Safety of the Vaccine (CoviVac) for Adults Aged 60 Years and Older

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• Healthy volunteers or volunteers with a history of stable diseases that do not meet any of the criteria for non-inclusion in the study.

Other inclusion criteria

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Volunteers who are able to fulfill the Protocol requirements (i.e., fill out a self-observation Diary, come to control visits).

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SARS-CoV-2 infection • A case of established COVID-19 disease confirmed by PCR and/or ELISA in the last 6 months.

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Serious post-vaccination reaction (temperature above 40 C, hyperemia or edema more than 8 cm in diameter) or complication (collapse or shock-like condition that developed within 48 hours after vaccination; convulsions, accompanied or not accompanied by a feverish state) to any previous vaccination.
Burdened allergic history (anaphylactic shock, Quincke's edema, polymorphic exudative eczema, serum sickness in the anamnesis, hypersensitivity or allergic reactions to the introduction of any vaccines in the anamnesis, known allergic reactions to vaccine components, etc.).
Guillain-Barre syndrome (acute polyradiculitis) in the anamnesis.
The axillary temperature at the time of vaccination is more than 37.0 ° C.
Acute infectious diseases (recovery earlier than 4 weeks before vaccination) according to anamnesis.
Donation of blood or plasma (in the amount of 450 ml or more) less than 2 months before inclusion in the study.
Severe and/or uncontrolled diseases of the cardiovascular, bronchopulmonary, neuroendocrine systems, gastrointestinal tract, liver, kidneys, hematopoietic, immune systems.
Is registered at the dispensary for tuberculosis, leukemia, oncological diseases, autoimmune diseases.
Any confirmed or suspected immunosuppressive or immunodeficiency condition in the anamnesis.
Splenectomy in the anamnesis.
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Anorexia according to anamnesis.

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Vaccination with any vaccine carried out within 30 days before vaccination / the first dose of the studied vaccine or planned administration within 30 days after vaccination / the last dose of the studied vaccine.
Prior vaccination with an experimental or registered vaccine that may affect the interpretation of the study data (any coronavirus or SARS vaccines).
Long-term use (more than 14 days) of immunosuppressants or other immunomodulatory drugs (immunoregulatory peptides, cytokines, interferons, immune system effector proteins (immunoglobulins), interferon inducers (cycloferon) during the six months preceding the study, according to anamnesis.
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What the Next Generation of Project Management Will Look Like

Rachel Longhurst
Woojin Choi

Research identifies 10 skills that will have a disproportionate impact on performance.

Traditional project management skills, such as project governance or project management methodology, aren’t sufficient to meet changing organizational needs. Gartner recently surveyed 373 project management leaders to identify the “next generation” skills — from organizational awareness to financial acumen — that have a disproportionate impact on performance. They also identified three future-focused project manager roles: the teacher, the fixer, and the orchestrator — all of which highlight the uniquely human aspects of project management that go beyond performing discrete, repetitive tasks.

The future of the project manager role has been hotly debated as a number of trends shift organizational dynamics:

RL Rachel Longhurst is a director within the Gartner IT Leaders and Tech Professionals research practice advising clients on strategic portfolio management, including project and portfolio management and application portfolio management.
WC Woojin Choi is a senior principal within the Gartner IT Leaders and Tech Professionals research practice advising clients on strategic portfolio management.

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This is a mass-produced replica of a famous miracle-working icon of the Virgin and Child, brought to Russia from Byzatium in the 12th century, known as the "Virgin of Vladimir", and currently kept in Moscow (State Tretyakov Gallery). The Virgin and Child are each identified by abbreviated inscriptions.

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Ocean Energy Safety Institute

Texas A&M Engineering Experiment Station

OESI Announces Funding for Research Projects to Improve Safety of Offshore Wind Energy Operations

November 16, 2023

The Ocean Energy Safety Institute (OESI) is pleased to announce it will fund six proposals for research to improve the safety and environmental sustainability of Wind Energy development. The OESI received 45 project proposals for four distinct research pathways in response to the Wind Energy Request for Proposals (RFP) . Total funding for the six research projects selected will reach $2,689,928 pending successful contract negotiations.

Organized under an agreement between the Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement (BSEE), Department of Energy (DOE), and Texas A&M Engineering Experiment Station (TEES), the OESI is a consortium of industry, national labs, NGOs, and academia created to support the development of critical safety and environmental improvements for all offshore energy activities, including renewable and traditional energy. In June this year, the OESI announced ten awards in the Oil and Gas application area, with a project start date of October 1 and a total value of $3,885,057. Four awards in the Marine Energy application area were announced in September, which are currently in the contracting phase and have a total value of $1,099,672.

Funding will be awarded to the following project titles and lead research organizations:

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Russia-Ukraine war – live: Putin to give shock G20 speech as Moscow troops desert Donetsk frontline

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Vladimir Putin will set out Russia ’s view of the “deeply unstable world situation” in a shock G20 speech this week, the Kremlin has said, as Ukraine claimed growing numbers of Moscow’s troops were deserting the frontline in Donetsk .

Ukraine’s military has been bracing for a “third wave” of Russian assaults on the key city of Avdiivka – but a spokesperson claimed Moscow was being forced to rely increasingly on penal recruits and reservists due to its soldiers refusing to take part in casualty-heavy assaults.

Further south, Kyiv ’s forces claimed to have pushed Mr Putin’s forces three to eight kilometres back on the banks of the Dnipro River , in what would mark the first significant advance by Kyiv’s forces months into a grindingly slow counteroffensive.

Ukrainian and Russian forces have been entrenched on opposite sides of the vast waterway in Kherson for more than a year, until Kyiv claimed last week to have finally established multiple footholds on the river’s eastern bank.

Ukrainian army pushing Russian forces back at Dnipro river

Russia launches waves of drone strikes on Kyiv for second night

Cluster bombs in battle for Avdiivka fuelling stalemate on frontline, says UK

Ukraine establishes 'several bridgeheads' on eastern bank of Dnipro

Russia lodges protest against Finnish ambassador as country threatens more borders will close

04:00 , Alexander Butler

Russia’s foreign ministry has said it has lodged a formal protest with the Finnish ambassador in Moscow over the closure of four busy border crossings between Russia and Finland.

On Saturday, Finland closed crossings on the shared border in a bid to halt the flow of asylum seekers that it says was instigated by Moscow.

Only four crossing points remain open, which the Russian foreign ministry said has impacted tens of thousands of people in both countries.

Russian drones target Kyiv as UK Defense Ministry says little chance of front-line change

03:00 , Alexander Butler

Russian drones targeted Kyiv on Sunday as the British Defense Ministry said there were “few immediate prospects” for major change along the Ukrainian front line as the war enters its second winter.

Russia launched 20 Iranian-made Shahed drones overnight, targeting the Ukrainian capital and the Cherkasy and Poltava regions, according to a military statement. Ukrainian anti-aircraft systems shot down 15 of the drones.

The overnight strike on Kyiv is the second attack on the Ukrainian capital in 48 hours, said the city’s Military Administration spokesperson, Serhii Popko.

NATO committed to Bosnia's territorial integrity condemns 'malign' Russian influence

01:00 , Alexander Butler

NATO supports Bosnia‘s territorial integrity and is concerned by “malign foreign interference,” including by Russia, in the volatile Balkans region that went through a devastating war in the 1990s, NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg said Monday.

Sarajevo is the first stop on Stoltenberg’s tour of Western Balkan countries that will also include Kosovo, Serbia and North Macedonia.

“The Allies strongly support the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Bosnia-Herzegovina,” Stoltenberg told reporters. “We are concerned by the secessionist and divisive rhetoric as well as malign foreign interference, including Russia.”

At least 11,000 children in ‘re-education’ camps in Russia, UK ministry of defence says

00:01 , Alexander Butler

Russia is holding at least 11,000 Ukrainian children across 43 “re-education” camps, the UK ministry of defence said.

“At least 11,000 Ukrainian children are reportedly being detained at 43 re-education camps across Russia, thousands of miles from home. Their simple right to life and liberty is being impacted,” the ministry said on X.

At least 11,000 Ukrainian children are reportedly being detained at 43 re-education camps across Russia, thousands of miles from home. Their simple right to life and liberty is being impacted. #StandWithUkraine pic.twitter.com/Dk7Lh9E935 — Ministry of Defence 🇬🇧 (@DefenceHQ) November 20, 2023

Russia bars Moldovan nationals, summoning ambassador

Monday 20 November 2023 22:00 , Alexander Butler

Russia barred entry to a number of officials from Moldova on Monday and complained about moves by its pro-European government to block Russian media outlets ahead of local elections earlier this month.

The moves were the latest in a series of acerbic exchanges between the two sides and allegations by Moldova that Russia has been exerting pressure on the ex-Soviet state’s affairs and President Maia Sandu’s drive to join the European Union.

A Russian foreign ministry statement said Moldovan Ambassador Lilian Darie was summoned to be told of the decision.

“The Moldovan side was presented with a decisive protest in connection with the continuing politically motivated persecution of Russian media in Moldova, including the blocking of access to their Internet sites,” a ministry statement said.

The US is with Ukraine ‘for the long haul’, defence secretary tells Zelensky

Monday 20 November 2023 20:13 , Alexander Butler

US defence secretary Lloyd Austin said the country remains behind Ukraine as it continues its war with Russia. It comes after announcing a further package of defensive aid worth $100m.

“The message that I bring you today is that the United States of America is with you. We will remain with you for the long haul,” Mr Austin said.

He added: “I think they are prepared for combat in the winter. They did a great job last year. This year we expect them to be, just based on what President Zelensky has said, them to be even more aggressive.”

Ukrainian sniper ‘breaks world record after killing Russian solider nearly 2.5 miles away’

Monday 20 November 2023 18:12 , Alexander Butler

A Ukrainian sniper claims to have broken the world record by killing a Russian soldier almost 2.5 miles away, with a custom rifle called ‘Lord of the Horizon’, Holly Evans reports.

The previous record was held by a Canadian special operations sniper at a distance of 2.2 miles in Iraq in 2017.

In a press statement, the Security Service of Ukraine (SBU) said: “The SBU sniper set a world record for a successful shot.

“He hit a Russian soldier from an incredible distance.

“SBU snipers are changing the rules of world sniping, demonstrating the ability to work effectively at fantastic distances.”

Ukrainian sniper ‘breaks world record after killing solider nearly 2.5 miles away’

Full report: Russia puts Ukrainian winner of Eurovision Song Contest on wanted list

Monday 20 November 2023 17:14 , Andy Gregory

Russia has placed a Ukrainian singer who won the 2016 Eurovision Song Contest on its wanted list, state news agencies reported Monday.

The independent news site Mediazona said singer Susana Jamaladinova was charged under a Russian law adopted last year which outlaws spreading so-called fake information about the war in Ukraine.

Russia puts Ukrainian winner of Eurovision Song Contest on wanted list

Volodymyr Zelensky meets with Lachlan Murdoch in Kyiv

Monday 20 November 2023 16:46 , Andy Gregory

Volodymyr Zelensky has met Fox Corp chief executive Lachlan Murdoch in the Ukrainian capital, in what Kyiv described as a “very important signal” of support at a time when global media attention has shifted from the war in Ukraine.

“The Head of State thanked Lachlan Murdoch for his visit and emphasised that it is a very important signal of support at the time when the world’s attention is blurred by other events,” the Ukrainian president’s office said.

Mr Zelensky was quoted by his office as saying it was vital to keep the world’s attention focused on the war in Ukraine, adding: “For us, for our warriors, this is not a movie. These are our lives. This is daily hard work. And it will not be over as quickly as we would like, but we have no right to give up and we will not.”

Fox News journalist Benjamin Hall, who was badly wounded covering the war in Ukraine last year, and Sun journalist Jerome Starkey were also invited to the meeting with Rupert Murdoch’s eldest son, who was named the sole chair of News Corp in September.

ICYMI: Zelensky invites Trump to Ukraine after claims he could stop war in 24 hours

Monday 20 November 2023 16:24 , Andy Gregory

Opinion | Ukrainian victory is all but certain – so long as its allies do not seek a ‘way out'

Monday 20 November 2023 16:03 , Andy Gregory

In this Independent Voices piece, James Nixey of Chatham House writes:

Calling the war a stalemate is an obvious example of self-defeat: if it is believed that Ukraine cannot win the war, then Ukraine will not be given weapons to win the war which, in turn, means … they will not win the war. It takes rare political courage to imagine Ukraine’s victory, although EU officials Ursula von der Leyen and Josep Borrell have managed this.

Ukraine’s EU accession, likely and in progress, and Nato accession, less likely in times of war and very dependent on US backing, will be a hollow victory if its resources dry up. Russia has had a poor war – its Black Sea fleet has retreated from Crimea, meaning it will have problems defending the peninsula, and Ukraine’s counter-offensive at Avdiivka has been costly for Russia.

But Russia can absorb costs like no other. Its industry is war-mobilised and its soldiers are dispensable, replaceable commodities. Depopulation and brain drain are problems for another day and arguably affect Ukraine more. Nor should a bad plan be mistaken for a bad army that does not learn from its mistakes. Russia does. And it may have been forced to turn to North Korea to fill a “munitions gap”, but that too has worked.

Vladimir Putin’s ideology is delusional of course, but he remains deeply committed to seeing his war through to a successful conclusion: “all in” and long since recovered from the Prigozhin affair, he surely believes he can win.

But it also remains the case that a Ukrainian victory is possible – more than possible. In fact, it is all but certain; but only if Western countries do not “get tired”, do not look for a “way out”, and if Ukraine is given the tools to finish the job.

Russia’s plan B in Ukraine is working – the West must not turn away now

‘Double standards’ in Israel-Hamas conflict have ‘undermined fight' for Ukraine, says Varadkar

Monday 20 November 2023 15:38 , Andy Gregory

Irish premier Leo Varadkar has said there is “double standards” from the EU and some Western powers in relation to Israel and Palestine.

The Taoiseach said the stance of some Western countries in response to the Israel-Hamas war had “undermined the fight” to garner support for Ukraine as it battles against the ongoing Russian invasion.

Here is the full report:

Varadkar raises concerns about EU ‘double standards’ on Israel and Palestine

Kyiv hoping for Poland talks over lorry driver protests

Monday 20 November 2023 15:09 , Andy Gregory

Kyiv hopes to hold a new round of talks with Poland and the European Union this week to resolve an issue with Polish lorry drivers holding protests to block border crossings, a Ukrainian trade representative has said.

“This week we hope to have negotiations in a trilateral format,” Taras Kachka told broadcasters.

Yesterday, some 3,000 mostly Ukrainian lorries – including those carrying fuel and humanitarian aid – were caught on the Polish side of the border due to a more than 10-day blockade by Polish hauliers, Ukrainian officials said.

The hauliers are protesting against what they see as government inaction over a loss of business to foreign competitors since Russia's invasion of Ukraine.

US defence secretary meets with Zelensky in Kyiv

Monday 20 November 2023 14:32 , Andy Gregory

US defence secretary Lloyd Austin has said he was “honoured” to meet Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelensky during a surprise visit to Kyiv today – his second since April 2022.

Washington will “continue to support Ukraine’s urgent battlefield needs and long-term defence requirements”, Mr Austin said.

I was honored to meet with President @ZelenskyyUa in Kyiv today to reaffirm the United States’ steadfast support for Ukraine. We, along with our allies and partners, will continue to support Ukraine’s urgent battlefield needs and long-term defense requirements. pic.twitter.com/Odv6ClgcrP — Secretary of Defense Lloyd J. Austin III (@SecDef) November 20, 2023

Russia places Eurovision winner on its wanted list

Monday 20 November 2023 14:03 , Andy Gregory

Russia has placed the 2016 winner of the Eurovision Song Contest on its wanted list.

An Interior Ministry database lists Ukrainian singer Susana Jamaladinova – who uses the stage name Jamala, and is of Crimean Tatar descent – as being sought for violating a criminal law, Russian state news agencies reported.

She won the Eurovision contest with the song “1944,” whose title refers to the year the Soviet Union deported Crimean Tatars en masse. Russia protested the song being allowed in the competition, saying it violated rules against political speech. But the song made no specific criticism of Russia or the Soviet Union.

The independent news site Mediazona said Ms Jamaladinova was charged under a Russian law adopted last year to outlaw the spread of so-called fake information about the Ukraine war.

Watch: Lazarus Project star says series predicted Russia-Ukraine war

Monday 20 November 2023 13:35 , Andy Gregory

Top Ukrainian cyber defence officials sacked amid corruption probe

Monday 20 November 2023 13:22 , Andy Gregory

Ukraine has sacked two high-ranking cyber defence officials amid a probe into alleged embezzlement, a senior government official said.

Yurii Shchyhol, head of the State Service of Special Communications and Information Protection of Ukraine (SSSCIP), and his deputy, Viktor Zhora, were dismissed by the government, cabinet chief Taras Melnychuk said on Monday.

The firings coincided with an announcement by anti-corruption prosecutors that they were investigating officials in cyber defence positions over their alleged roles in a six-person plot to embezzle 62 million Ukrainian hryvnia (£1.38m) in 2021.

Prosecutors did not identify either official by name, and the SSSCIP did not immediately respond to a written request for comment.

Jailed Russian nationalist Girkin hopes to challenge Putin in presidential elections

Monday 20 November 2023 12:56 , Andy Gregory

Pro-war Russian nationalist Igor Girkin has announced that he wants to run for president – despite understanding the upcoming March election will be “sham” with the winner already clear.

Mr Girkin – who is in custody awaiting trial for inciting extremism – has repeatedly said Russia faces revolution and even civil war unless Vladimir Putin’s military top brass fight the war in Ukraine more effectively.

A former FSB officer who helped annex Crimea in 2014 and organise pro-Russian militias in eastern Ukraine, Mr Girkin said before his arrest that he and his supporters were entering politics.

“I understand perfectly well that in the current situation in Russia, participating in the presidential campaign is like sitting down at a table to play with card sharps,” he said in a letter published on Telegram entitled: “I am going to run.”

Mr Girkin said that he did not think that he would be allowed to take part in the election, but hoped that his attempt to unite patriotic forces would disrupt the Kremlin’s plan for a “sham election” in which “the only winner is known in advance”.

Analysis | Russia’s plan B in Ukraine is working – now is not the moment for the West to turn away

Monday 20 November 2023 12:27 , Andy Gregory

In this Independent Voices piece, James Nixey – director of Chatham House’s Russia and Eurasia Programme – writes:

When Italy’s prime minister, Giorgia Meloni, was fooled recently by two well-known Russian “comics” – surely paid-up Kremlin agents – into saying she was “tired” of the war in Ukraine and that everyone would soon be looking for a “way out”, too many of her counterparts in the West would have tacitly agreed (and perhaps sympathised: she is hardly the first to be pranked by these two).

But Ms Meloni deserves no sympathy. She thought she was talking to the head of the African Union Commission so this should have been a chance to exercise statecraft and reason with the supposed representative from the Global South and argue that Russia’s war in Ukraine is nothing if not colonialist itself – a desperate attempt to maintain its empire.

But Ms Meloni’s admission was worse than just not showing moral leadership. She was also playing into Russia’s hands by parroting its narrative: being tired and looking for a way out of the war is precisely what Vladimir Putin now wants from the Western world.

Nato concerned by secessionist rhetoric and Russian influence in Bosnia

Monday 20 November 2023 11:58 , Andy Gregory

Jens Stoltenberg has said Nato is concerned by secessionist rhetoric and Russian influence in Bosnia, after months of Serb leaders increasingly saying they want to split and join Serbia.

Bosnia emerged from civil war in 1995 with a federal structure uniting a Serb-dominated republic and a federation of Croats and Bosniak Muslims. But the leader of Serbian entity, Milorad Dodik, has increasingly said in recent months that he aims to secede and join neighbouring Serbia.

“We are concerned by secessionist and divisive rhetoric as well as ... foreign interference including Russia,” the Nato chief told reporters in Sarajevo, during a tour of the western Balkans region.

“This undermines the stability and hampers reform,” Mr Stoltenberg said, adding that all political leaders must work to preserve unity, build national institutions and achieve reconciliation.

Nato had deployed about 60,000 troops in Bosnia after the war, which were replaced by an EU peacekeeping force in 2004. Last year, the EU almost doubled its size to 1,100 troops, amid fears that instability from the Ukraine war could spill over to the western Balkans.

Putin to address G20 summit this week, Kremlin says

Monday 20 November 2023 11:15 , Andy Gregory

Vladimir Putin will set out Russia’s view of what it sees as the “deeply unstable world situation” when he addresses an upcoming virtual G20 summit, the Kremlin has said.

Russian state TV presenter Pavel Zarubin said on his Telegram channel on Sunday that it would be the “first event in a long time” including both the Russian president and Western leaders.

According to the state RIA news agency, the G20 virtual summit will be held on Wednesday.

Russia relying on penal recruits to stem increase in deserters on Donetsk frontline, Ukraine claims

Monday 20 November 2023 11:06 , Andy Gregory

Growing numbers of Russian soldiers are deserting the frontline in Donetsk, Ukraine’s military has claimed as it braces for a long-awaited “third wave” of attacks by Moscow’s forces in Avdiivka.

The Institute for Study of War think-tank cited Ukrainian Colonel Oleksandr Shtupun as saying that Russia may soon intensify artillery preparations for the new wave of assaults on the strategically key city.

Moscow’s forces have not actively used heavy military equipment Avdiivka in recent days, have decreased aviation use in the area, and are increasingly using infantry, he said, claiming that Russia’s significant losses mean only 10 to 15 percent of some detachments’ original personnel remain.

In remarks on Sunday, Mr Shtupun claimed there were growing numbers of Russian deserters and personnel who refuse to conduct offensive operations, leading Russian commanders to use physical force and barrier troops to push Russian forces to fight, with an increased reliance on mobilised reservists and penal recruits.

EU sanctions tend to have ‘boomerang effect’, Russia claims

Monday 20 November 2023 10:54 , Andy Gregory

The Kremlin has claimed that European Union sanctions tend to have a “boomerang effect”, as Moscow faces the prospect of an EU ban on imports of Russian diamonds.

Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov told reporters on Monday that such a move had been anticipated for a long time, but was likely to backfire.

“As a rule, it turns out that a boomerang effect is partially triggered: the interests of the Europeans themselves suffer. So far, we have been able to find ways to minimise the negative consequences of sanctions,” he claimed.

EU diplomatic sources told Reuters last week that the proposal under discussion was to ban direct diamond imports from Russia from 1 January, and to implement a traceability mechanism by March which would prevent imports of Russian gems processed in third countries.

Exclusive: Andriy Shevchenko urges the world not to forget Ukraine

Monday 20 November 2023 10:29 , Andy Gregory

On the morning of 24 February 2022 – a date etched in every Ukrainian’s mind – Andriy Shevchenko was woken by a phone call from his mother. She told him through tears that Russia was invading. Shevchenko was in London, where he lives with his wife and four sons; his mother and wider family were in Ukraine, under attack.

Shevchenko has barely slept since. “It’s almost impossible,” he says. “It’s going to be almost two years since the full war started, and every day I wake up, check the phone – what’s the news? Are we going to be attacked in Kyiv? Are we going to be attacked in a different city? How many drones? How many rockets? Where have the rockets hit? And then, talking to my friends – who’s dead? It’s a normal day for us.”

Shevchenko is using his platform as one of Europe’s greatest footballers, a Ballon d’Or winner and a Chelsea cult hero to keep the spotlight on Ukraine at a time when the world’s attention has turned to the Middle East. In the West, the initial shock caused by Russia’s invasion has subsided, and a sense of normalisation has crept in. He is understandably worried that Ukraine’s cause might be forgotten.

“I hope not,” he says. “Because for us, it’s everything. For us, it’s exist or not exist.”

Our senior sports writer Lawrence Ostlere has the full exclusive interview here:

Andriy Shevchenko on Ukraine: ‘Every day I wake up, check the phone. Who’s dead?’

Kremlin ‘deeply regrets’ Finland’s border closures

Monday 20 November 2023 10:08 , Andy Gregory

The Kremlin has said it deeply regrets Finland’s decision to close crossings along the two countries’ vast border on Saturday.

Finland closed four crossings on Saturday in a bid to halt the flow of asylum-seekers, having accused Moscow of funnelling migrants to the frontier in retaliation for Helsinki’s ascension to Nato and increased Western military cooperation since the invasion of Ukraine.

Kremlin spokesperson Dmitry Peskov denied Finland’s accusation on Monday and insisted that Russian border guards were carrying out their duties in line with the rules.

Asked about the closure of the four crossings, Mr Peskov told reporters: “This causes nothing but deep regret, because we had long-standing, very good relations with Finland, pragmatic, based on mutual respect.

“And of course, we regret that these relations were replaced by such an exclusively Russophobic position, which the leaders of this country began to espouse,” he said.

Moscow protest shows lengthy Russian deployments to frontline ‘unsustainable’, says UK

Monday 20 November 2023 09:44 , Andy Gregory

Protests in Moscow by the wives of Russian soldiers show that their lengthy deployments to the front line are increasingly viewed as unsustainable, Britain’s Ministry of Defence suggested.

Russian wives and mothers have been making daily online appeals protesting against the conditions of their loved ones’ service since the invasion of Ukraine last February.

“However, Russia’s draconian legislation has so far prevented troops’ relatives from coalescing into an influential lobbying force, as soldiers’ mothers did during the Afghan-Soviet War of the 1980s,” said the ministry”.

But on 7 November, they held a rare street protest in Moscow’s central Teatralnya Square, unfurling banners demanding the rotation of their partners away from the frontline.

Police broke up the protest within minutes, according to the ministry, which added: “However, the protestors’ immediate demand is notable.

“The apparently indefinitely extended combat deployments of personnel without rotation is increasingly seen as unsustainable by both the troops themselves and by their relatives.”

US defence secretary’s visit to Kyiv is his first since early months of war

Monday 20 November 2023 09:21 , Andy Gregory

US defence secretary Lloyd Austin has made an unannounced visit to Kyiv today, as he pushes to keep money and weapons flowing to Ukraine.

Mr Austin travelled by train from Poland, and is scheduled to meet with senior Ukrainian officials.

It marks his second trip to Kyiv – with his first having taken place in April 2022, just two months after Russia’s invasion.

Two killed in Kherson after Russia shells parking lot, officials say

Monday 20 November 2023 08:55 , Andy Gregory

Two people have been killed this morning after Russian forces shelled a parking lot in the southern Ukrainian city of Kherson, according to officials.

Regional prosecutors said they had opened a war-crimes investigation into the artillery strike, which occurred at around 9am and injured one other person.

Kherson governor Oleksandr Prokudin said the two dead were drivers for “a private transport business”.

Images posted on Telegram showed firefighters dousing cars that had been blasted apart, one day after a separate strike on the city wounded five people, including a 3-year-old girl.

Russian forces have regularly shelled Kherson from across the Dnipro River since the city was liberated last November by Ukrainian troops – who are now seeking to push Moscow’s troops away from the river after establishing a foothold on the opposite bank.

Second drone in as many days shot down near Moscow as Russia and Ukraine exchange attacks on capitals

Monday 20 November 2023 08:29 , Andy Gregory

Russia and Ukraine sent drones targeting each other’s capital cities over the weekend in signs of renewed intensity for their aerial warfare, my colleague Arpan Rai reports.

Drones were shot down on both Saturday and Sunday in areas around Kyiv and Moscow. Air defence systems for both sides intercepted attacks and no casualties were reported.

Multiple drones that were heading for Moscow and Russia’s border areas on Sunday were downed by Russian air defence systems over the weekend, officials said.

Kyiv has promised to wage a major drone campaign against Russia this winter, as bad weather conditions make it difficult to conduct operations on the ground.

Russia under Ukraine’s drone attack for two nights in row as Moscow remains on target

Zelensky dismisses Ukraine’s military medical chief

Monday 20 November 2023 08:11 , Andy Gregory

Volodymyr Zelensky has dismissed Major General Tetiana Ostashchenko as the commander of Ukraine’s medical forces, as he demanded rapid changes in the operations of the country’s military medical system.

“In today’s meeting with defence minister [Rustem] Umerov, priorities were set,” the Ukrainian president said in his nightly address on Sunday. “There is little time left to wait for results. Quick action is needed for forthcoming changes.”

He added: “The task is clear, as has been repeatedly stressed in society, particularly among combat medics, we need a fundamentally new level of medical support for our soldiers.”

A wide range of improvements are needed, Mr Zelensky said – from better tourniquets, to improvements in digitalisation and communication.

Ms Ostashchenko was replaced by Major General Anatoliy Kazmirchuk, head of a military clinic in Kyiv.

US defence secretary arrives in Kyiv

Monday 20 November 2023 07:45 , Andy Gregory

US secretary of defence Lloyd Austin has arrived for a visit in Kyiv.

I just arrived in Kyiv to meet with Ukrainian leaders. I’m here today to deliver an important message – the United States will continue to stand with Ukraine in their fight for freedom against Russia’s aggression, both now and into the future. pic.twitter.com/1D96aeeACl — Secretary of Defense Lloyd J. Austin III (@SecDef) November 20, 2023

Two killed as grenade explodes in Kyiv apartment

Monday 20 November 2023 07:26 , Andy Gregory

A Ukrainian soldier and a woman died when a grenade exploded in an apartment in Kyiv, injuring a second man, police said.

Explosives technicians and investigators were working at the scene of Sunday’s explosion in the Dniprovskiy district, Kyiv police said in a statement.

“A citizen contacted the police with a report that an explosion rang out in a neighbouring apartment,” they added.

Earlier this month, an aide to Ukraine’s commander-in-chief, General Valery Zaluzhnyi, died when a grenade given to him as a birthday gift blew up.

An orphaned teenager who was taken to Russia early in the Ukraine war is back home with relatives

Monday 20 November 2023 07:00 , Holly Evans

An orphaned Ukrainian teenager who was taken to Russia last year during the war in his country returned home after being reunited with relatives in Belarus on his 18th birthday Sunday.

Bohdan Yermokhin was pictured embracing family members in Minsk in photographs shared on social media by Russia’s children’s rights ombudswoman, Maria Lvova-Belova.

Andrii Yermak, the head of the Ukrainian president’s office, confirmed that Yermokhin had arrived back in Ukraine and shared a photo of him with a Ukrainian flag. Yermak thanked UNICEF and Qatari negotiators for facilitating Yermokhin’s return.

Read the full article here

Putin could face new war crime case as evidence suggests starvation of Ukraine was pre-planned

Monday 20 November 2023 05:30 , Holly Evans

Russia was actively preparing to steal grain supplies and starve the Ukrainian population of food for months before Vladimir Putin ordered last year’s invasion, according to new evidence compiled by human rights experts.

When Russian tanks did roll across the border on 24 February 2022 they deliberately targeted grain-rich areas and food production infrastructure first, the new report by international human rights law firm Global Rights Compliance found.

GRC found that Russia’s defence contractor began purchasing trucks to transport grain, as well as three new 170-metre bulk carrier cargo ships, as early as December 2021, evidence of advance planning for the pillage of Ukrainian food resources “on an unprecedented scale”.

Putin could face new war crime case over ‘planned’ starvation of Ukraine

Wife of twice-poisoned Briton held in Kremlin prison fears ‘time is running out’

Monday 20 November 2023 04:30 , Holly Evans

The wife of a British-Russian national held in a Krelimn prison says she fears time is running out, and has called for the UK to take more urgent action to free him.

Vladimir Kara-Murza survived two near-fatal poisonings, in 2015 and 2017, which resulted in organ failure and polyneuropathy, a condition that causes nerve damage.

The Vladimir Putin critic was jailed for 25 years in April this year on charges of treason and spreading “false information” about Russia’s war in Ukraine .

Zelensky calls for rapid operation changes and sacks commander

Monday 20 November 2023 03:30 , Holly Evans

Ukraine’s President Volodymyr Zelensky on Sunday demanded rapid changes in the operations of Ukraine’s military and announced the dismissal of the commander of the military’s medical forces.

Zelensky’s move was announced as he met Defence Minister Rustem Umerov, and coincided with debate over the conduct of the 20-month-old war against Russia, with questions over how quickly a counteroffensive in the east and south is proceeding.

“In today’s meeting with Defence Minister Umerov, priorities were set,” Zelensky said in his nightly video address. “There is little time left to wait for results. Quick action is needed for forthcoming changes.”

Zelensky said he had replaced Major-General Tetiana Ostashchenko as commander of the Armed Forces Medical Forces.

“The task is clear, as has been repeatedly stressed in society, particularly among combat medics, we need a fundamentally new level of medical support for our soldiers,” he said.

This, he said, included a range of issues -- better tourniquets, digitalisation and better communication.

Umerov acknowledged the change on the Telegram messaging app and set as top priorities digitalisation, “tactical medicine” and rotation of servicemen.

Plight of one Ukraine village illustrates toll of Russia’s invasion

Monday 20 November 2023 02:30 , Holly Evans

Kamianka lies in a charming valley of bright flowers and lush trees. It used to be portrayed as a model village for a contented life in rural idyll. It was also a place of archaeological and geological lure, with its rare bronze age and Scythian sites and Jurassic limestone cliffs attracting visitors from afar.

The settlement , set in a sleepy hollow, was established in the 18th century by a count from the Tsar of Russia ’s court who had returned from Britain with new methods of farming and an English bride. Keen to put his new knowledge into practice, he allocated land, built a mill, constructed roads and funded a church and a school.

But Kamianka, in eastern Ukraine , also has a dark history of violence.

Read the full article from Kim Sengupta here

Russia’s plan B in Ukraine is working – now is not the moment for the West to turn away

Monday 20 November 2023 01:30 , Holly Evans

hen Italy ’s prime minister, Giorgia Meloni , was fooled recently by two well-known Russian “comics” – surely paid-up Kremlin agents – into saying she was “tired” of the war in Ukraine and that everyone would soon be looking for a “way out”, too many of her counterparts in the West would have tacitly agreed (and perhaps sympathised: she is hardly the first to be pranked by these two).

But Ms Meloni deserves no sympathy. She thought she was talking to the head of the African Union Commission so this should have been a chance to exercise statecraft and reason with the supposed representative from the Global South and argue that Russia ’s war in Ukraine is nothing if not colonialist itself – a desperate attempt to maintain its empire.

Russia, with an abundance of chutzpah and an absence of shame, claims that it is the West that is being colonialist in forcing its designs on Kyiv (even supposedly “Nazi-ruled Kyiv”). You have to apply to join Nato and the EU, of course, but facts like these are irrelevant.

Read the full article from James Nixey here

Moscow mayor says air defence units intercept drone targeting city

Monday 20 November 2023 00:30 , Holly Evans

Air defence units in Moscow intercepted a drone targeting the city on Sunday, Mayor Sergei Sobyanin said.

Sobyanin, writing on the Telegram messaging app, said units in the Elektrostal district in the capital’s east had intercepted the drone.

According to preliminary information, falling debris resulting from the operation had caused no casualties or damage, Sobyanin said.

UK defence ministry say ‘few immediate prospects’ for change along front line

Sunday 19 November 2023 23:30 , Holly Evans

Russian drones have targeted Kyiv as the British Defence Ministry said there were “few immediate prospects” for major change along the Ukrainian front line as the war enters its second winter.

Russia launched 20 Iranian-made Shahed drones overnight, targeting the Ukrainian capital and the Cherkasy and Poltava regions, according to a military statement.

Ukrainian anti-aircraft systems shot down 15 of the drones.

He said that the drones attacked Kyiv from different directions in waves that were “constantly changing vectors”.

Preliminary reports indicated no casualties or critical damage, he said.

Around 3,000 trucks stuck at Ukrainian border due to Polish drivers' blockade

Sunday 19 November 2023 22:30 , Holly Evans

bout 3,000 mostly Ukrainian trucks were stuck on the Polish side of the border as of Sunday morning due to a more than 10-day blockade by Polish truckers, Ukrainian authorities said.

Polish truckers earlier this month blocked roads to three border crossings with Ukraine to protest against what they see as government inaction over a loss of business to foreign competitors since Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in February 2022.

Ukrainian officials said last week Kyiv and Warsaw had again failed to reach an agreement to stop the protest.

For over 10 days, Ukrainian drivers have been blocked at the Polish border. Thousands of people are forced to live in difficult conditions with limited food, water, and fuel. Ukraine cares about its people wherever they are. Our team has already gone to the border and is… pic.twitter.com/kzn1KGLrug — Oleksandr Kubrakov (@OlKubrakov) November 19, 2023

“For over 10 days, Ukrainian drivers have been blocked at the Polish border. Thousands of people are forced to live in difficult conditions with limited food, water and fuel,” Oleksandr Kubrakov, Deputy Ukraine’s Prime Minister, said on X, formerly Twitter.

He said trucks were backed up more than 30 kms (18.6 miles)towards the Yahodyn crossing, more than 10 kms towards Rava-Ruska, and more than 16 kms towards the Krakivets crossing.

Russia and Iran call for ceasefire in Gaza

Sunday 19 November 2023 21:30 , Holly Evans

Russia and Iran’s foreign ministers on Sunday called for a ceasefire in Gaza and said that urgent assistance must be given to the civilian population there.

Russia said Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov spoke to Iranian Foreign Minister Hossein Amirabdollahian at the request of Tehran.

“During the conversation, main attention was focused on the current situation in the zone of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict,” Russia’s foreign ministry said.

Ukrainian teen returns to Ukraine after being taken to Russia from occupied Mariupol

Sunday 19 November 2023 20:39 , Holly Evans

Ukrainian teenager who was taken to Russia from the occupied city of Mariupol during the war and prevented from leaving the country earlier this year returned to Ukraine on Sunday.

Bohdan Yermokhin, who turned 18 on Sunday, appealed to President Volodymyr Zelenskiy this month to help bring him back to Ukraine. In March, he tried to leave Russia for Ukraine via Belarus, but was stopped and sent back.

“I believed I would be in Ukraine, but not on this day,” Yermokhin told Reuters while eating at a petrol station after crossing into Ukraine.

“This is a very pleasant gift, to put it in the right way. The emotions are overwhelming, all good, with the notion that Ukraine needs me.”

Zelenskiy welcomed Yermokhin’s return in his nightly video address.

“Many attempts were made to help him. I am happy everything worked out,” he said, expressing thanks to Ukrainian officials, international organisations, and particularly the U.N. Children’s Fund, UNICEF, and authorities in Qatar for help in mediation.

Hungary’s Orban says Ukraine ‘light years away’ from joining EU

Sunday 19 November 2023 19:30 , Athena Stavrou

Hungary’s prime minister has said Ukraine is “light years away” from joining the European Union, further signalling that his government is likely to present a roadblock to Kyiv’s ambitions to join the bloc.

Speaking at a biannual congress of his nationalist Fidesz party, Prime Minister Viktor Orban said he and his government would “resist” talks scheduled for mid-December on whether to formally invite Ukraine to start membership negotiations.

Admitting a new country requires unanimous approval from all existing member countries, giving Mr Orban a powerful veto.

Mr Orban said afterwards that standing in the way of Ukraine joining the EU would be one of his government’s top priorities in the coming months.

“Our task will be to correct the mistaken promise to start negotiations with Ukraine, since Ukraine is now light years away from the European Union,” Mr Orban said.

ICYMI: In Russia, more Kremlin critics are being imprisoned as intolerance of dissent grows

Sunday 19 November 2023 18:45 , Athena Stavrou

Russia under President Vladimir Putin has been closing in on those who challenge the Kremlin. Protesters and activists have been arrested or imprisoned, independent news outlets have been silenced, and various groups have been added to registers of “foreign agents” and “undesirable organizations.”

The crackdown has been going on for years.

Full report:

In Russia, more Kremlin critics are being imprisoned as intolerance of dissent grows

Ukraine ‘preparing for winter attacks'

Sunday 19 November 2023 18:00 , Athena Stavrou

Ukraine is preparing for further attacks on their energy grid this winter.

In his nightly address on Saturday, Ukrainian president Zelensky said that the “closer we are to winter, the more Russians will try to make the strikes more powerful.”

Zelenksy has previously raised concerns over Russian attacks on Ukraines energy grid - which became a prime target last year.

Volodymyr Kudrytskiy, the head of energy firm Ukrenergo, told local media: “All of us energy workers and defence forces are preparing to repel possible Russian attacks on the energy infrastructure this winter.”

Thousands of Ukrainian children forcefully taken to Belarus via Russia, study finds

Sunday 19 November 2023 17:15 , Athena Stavrou

Thousands of children from Ukraine aged between six and 17 years old have been forcefully transferred to 13 facilities across Belarus since Russia ‘s invasion last year , a study by Yale University has found.

The Humanitarian Research Lab at Yale School of Public Health found that the transfer of 2,442 children was “directly overseen” by Belarusian president Aleksandr Lukashenko – a key ally of Russian president Vladimir Putin .

Ukrainian teen who was taken to Russia from occupied Mariupol returns to Ukraine

Sunday 19 November 2023 16:30 , Athena Stavrou

A Ukrainian teenager who was taken to Russia from the occupied city of Mariupol during the war and prevented from leaving the country earlier this year returned to Ukraine on Sunday.

Ukraine says 20,000 children have been illegally transferred to Russia since the full-scale invasion on Feb. 24, 2022, with some being put up for adoption. Kyiv says this is a war crime, an allegation denied by Russia, which says it was protecting children in a war zone.

Yermokhin, an orphan from the Ukrainian city of Mariupol that was captured by Moscow’s troops during the first year of the war, was taken to Russia and placed in a foster family in the Moscow region.

On Sunday, Reuters correspondents at Kortelisy, a Ukrainian village near the border with Belarus, saw Yermokhin driven into Ukraine from the border in a van. Asked if he was glad to be back in Ukraine, Yermokhin said “yes”.

🇺🇦Bohdan Yermokhin is in Ukraine! Together with other state authorities, the team of the Office of the Ombudsman worked out a way to return the boy within the framework of the implementation of the approved @bkb_ua action plan of the President of Ukraine @ZelenskyyUa pic.twitter.com/0wGh9fQtI4 — Dmytro Lubinets (@lubinetzs) November 19, 2023

Putin to take part in G20 summit

Sunday 19 November 2023 15:45 , Athena Stavrou

Russian president Vladimir Putin is expected to take part in a virtual G20 summit next week, according to local media.

The conference is set to be hosted by India and happen on Wednesday, as reported by Russian news agency TASS, citing the TV channel ‘Russia-1’.

Putin did not attend the last two G20 meetings in India in September and Indonesia last year. He has taken few trips outside Russia since the International Criminal Court (ICC) issued an arrest warrant for the Russian leader over the unlawful deportation of Ukrainian children.

Latest pictures from Ukraine

Sunday 19 November 2023 15:03 , Athena Stavrou

Sunday 19 November 2023 14:20 , Athena Stavrou

Despite slow progress, the War in Ukraine has not reached a stalemate.

Ukraine’s forces can only win if the West shows a renewed commitment to forcing Russia out, James Nixey writes:

Around 3,000 trucks stuck at Ukrainian border

Sunday 19 November 2023 13:19 , Athena Stavrou

About 3,000 mostly Ukrainian trucks were stuck on the Polish side of the border as of Sunday morning due to a more than 10-day blockade by Polish truckers, Ukrainian authorities said.

Ukrainian grain brokers said last week Ukraine‘s shipments of food by road decreased 2.7% in the first 13 days of November due to difficulties on the Polish border caused by a drivers’ strike.

Sunday 19 November 2023 12:05 , Athena Stavrou

The Ukrainian army said on Sunday that it has pushed Russian forces back “three to eight kilometres” from the banks of Dnipro river.

If confirmed, it would be the first meaningful advance by Kyiv’s forces months into a disappointing counteroffensive.

“Preliminary figures vary from three to eight kilometres, depending on the specifics, geography and landscape design of the left bank,” army spokeswoman Natalia Gumenyuk told Ukrainian television Sunday, without specifying whether Ukraine’s military had complete control of the area or if the Russians had retreated.

Ukrainian and Russian forces have been entrenched on opposite sides of the vast waterway in the southern Kherson region for more than a year, after Russia withdrew its troops from the western bank last November.

Ukrainian forces have staged multiple attempts to cross and hold positions on the Russian-controlled side -- with officials in Kyiv finally reporting a “successful” breakthrough last week.

‘Greater fighting capacity' of Ukrainian recruits trained by UK

Sunday 19 November 2023 11:54 , Athena Stavrou

A Ukrainian military spokesperson has said recruits trained in the UK’s Interflex training course have a “greater fighting capacity”.

Operation Interflex was launched by the UK Armed Forces in June 2022 to develop and better prepare Ukrainian soldiers. Recruits spend five weeks in the UK receiving intense training.

The UK’s Ministry of Defence posted on X, formerly known as Twitter, that 30,000 Ukrainians have been trained through Op Interflex.

They shared a comment from a Ukrainian armed forces spokesperson that said: “We notice the greater fighting capacity of the servicemen and women of the Armed Forces of Ukraine who completed the Interflex training course.”

"We notice the greater fighting capacity of the servicemen and women of the Armed Forces of Ukraine who completed the Interflex training course."- Maj Gen Oleksii Taran, Armed Forces of Ukraine. 30,000 Ukrainians have been trained through Op Interflex. 🇺🇦 #StandWithUkraine pic.twitter.com/S2Z3nvUe4L — Ministry of Defence 🇬🇧 (@DefenceHQ) November 19, 2023

Five hurt in Russian shelling in Kherson, Ukraine says

Sunday 19 November 2023 10:56 , Athena Stavrou

Five people including a 3-year-old girl were injured in Russian artillery shelling of Kherson on Sunday morning, Ukrainian interior minister Ihor Klymenko said.

“All of them sustained shrapnel wounds. The child and the grandmother were walking in the yard. Enemy artillery hit them near the entrance,” Klymenko said on the Telegram messaging app.

Russian troops abandoned Kherson and the western bank of the Dnipro River in the region late last year, but now regularly shell those areas from positions on the eastern bank.

Reuters could not independently confirm the report.

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Doug and Susan Williams Honored as Entrepreneurs of Year by USM College of Business and Economic Development

Mon, 11/20/2023 - 10:12am | By: Van Arnold

University of Southern Mississippi (USM) alumni Doug and Susan (Fasano) Williams have been recognized as the 2023 Boardman Distinguished Entrepreneurs of the Year by the University’s College of Business and Economic Development. The couple were honored during a luncheon on Friday, Nov. 17 at the Trent Lott National Center on the Hattiesburg campus.

The Williams are owners of Kalalou, Inc., a home furnishings and décor wholesale company located in Jackson, Miss. With a catalog of 1,500 products and counting, Kalalou sells to more than 10,000 retail stores and mail order companies nationwide.

“Forty-nine years ago when we graduated, we had no idea where our great education from USM would take us. With our two Bachelor of Arts degrees, we developed a very creative business spanning the globe,” said Susan Williams. “To be honored by the College of Business and Economic Development is the icing on the cake for our journey.”

Nearly four decades ago, while vacationing in Ocho Rios, Jamaica, the Williamses became inspired by items they found at the local, vibrant market square. Their ideas of creating a thriving business flourished into an international wholesale company with a reach that spans nine countries. The couple continue to travel the globe in search of new additions to their product line.

Added Susan Williams, “As art majors, it is very special for us to also be recognized for our business acumen. We grew our business one step at a time by merging our art degrees with “by the seat of your pants” business techniques…And, here we are today. “Thank you USM for our great foundation and thank you College of Business and Economic Development for this great recognition.”

Additionally, the Williams have established charitable projects in several of the countries where they conduct business, including the Doug and Susan’s Kids Foundation serving children in Haiti, Honduras, Colombia, and the Philippines. Additionally, one hundred percent of the proceeds from the sale of certain products go directly to medical care, childcare, and other modern amenities for developing nations and their communities.

"With unwavering dedication and a shared vision, Doug and Susan Williams exemplify the epitome of the entrepreneurial mindset as they are honored as our Entrepreneurs of the Year,” said Dr. Bret Becton, Dean of USM’s College of Business and Economic Development. “Their steadfast commitment to transforming a humble idea into a flourishing home furnishings and decor empire showcases not only their business acumen but also their ability to turn dreams into reality. Beyond the boardroom, this dynamic duo's philanthropic endeavors underscore their commitment to making a positive impact, weaving compassion and kindness into the fabric of their success story."

The annual event is sponsored by the late Joseph Boardman Jr., a 1953 graduate of Southern Miss, where he majored in marketing. A past president of the Southern Miss Alumni Association and former member of the USM Foundation Board, Boardman also served 18 years on the Harrison County Development Commission. In 1972, he was elected to the Hancock Bank Advisory Board and served as a member of the Hancock Bank Holding Company Board until 2007, including chairman of the board from 1987 to 2007. From 2008 to 2009, Boardman served as Hancock Holding Company Board member emeritus.

To learn more about the College of Business and Economic Development , call 601.266.4659.

Categories: Business and Economic Development

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About the POWER Project

NASA's goal in Earth science is to observe, understand, and model the Earth system to discover how it is changing, to better predict change, and to understand the consequences for life on Earth. The Applied Sciences Program, within the Science Mission Directorate (which replaced both the Office of Earth Science and the Office of Space Science), serves NASA and Society by expanding and accelerating the realization of societal and economic benefits from Earth science, information, and technology research and development.

The Prediction Of Worldwide Energy Resources (POWER) project was initiated to improve upon the current renewable energy data set and to create new data sets from new satellite systems. The POWER project targets three user communities: (1) Renewable Energy, (2) Sustainable Buildings, and (3) Agroclimatology.

Renewable Energy

The Renewable Energy Archive is designed to provide access to parameters specifically tailored to assist in the design of solar and wind powered renewable energy systems.

Sustainable Buildings

The Sustainable Buildings Archive is designed to provide industry-friendly parameters for the buildings community, to include parameters in multi-year monthly averages.

Agroclimatology

The Agroclimatology Archive is designed to provide web-based access to industry-friendly parameters formatted for input to crop models contained within agricultural DSS.

Strategic Initiatives and Investments

The following 8 investment areas represent the highest-value opportunities for NASA to expand our capabilities and offerings to inform society’s transition to NetZero 2050 and a more sustainable future through use of Earth Observations.

Update with latest versions of source data products from research projects; provide new value-added quantities according to needs Partner with DOE/NREL and ASHRAE to provide benchmark information

Transition data archiving to cloud system to increase system reliability and throughput Provide metadata file to inform users of dataset updates, etc.

Collaborate to develop high quality, higher resolution global products Support rapid growth in renewable and energy efficiency in selected regions at Near-Real Time

Expand communities & decisions served to increase societal benefit of NASA data Use existing data platform to support new applications across NASA

Demand for climate-informed decision making exists across all sectors Partner with users making climate risk decisions to provide global leadership in making user-friendly projections available for public use

Demand exists to inform operational decisions in energy and agriculture sectors seasonal risk and planning Partner with key users at this month to to provide user-friendly access and risk information

Support existing needs in renewable and Ag sectors Add value to other applications, i.e., public health & wildfire risk assessment

Cost-effective solution to improving data offerings through partnerships Users seek datasets with best available accuracy & high resolution

You are a part of our community!

Contact information.

NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) Hampton, VA (USA) [email protected]

Stay Up To Date

Please email us at [email protected] to be included on our mailing list to be updated with the latest information regarding our data and services.

The Prediction of Worldwide Energy Resources (POWER) project was initiated to improve upon the current SSE data set and to create new data sets from new satellite systems and forecast modeling data.

Acknowledgments

Use of POWER Data: When POWER data products are used in a publication, we request the following acknowledgment be included: "These data were obtained from the NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) POWER Project funded through the NASA Earth Science/Applied Science Program."

Reprints Please: The POWER Project kindly requests a reference, web link and/or a reprint of any published papers or reports or a brief description of other uses (e.g., posters, oral presentations, etc.) of data products that we have distributed. This will help us determine the use of data that we distribute, which is helpful in optimizing product development. It also helps us to assess our value to the community. Please contact us at POWER Project Team for additional information on sending reference material.

Redistribution of Data: To assist the POWER Project in providing the best service to the scientific community, we request notification if you transmit POWER data to other researchers.

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InBrief: The Science of Early Childhood Development

Content in This Guide

Step 2: How Does Early Child Development Happen?

Step 3: What Can We Do to Support Child Development?

Brains are built over time, from the bottom up.

The interactive influences of genes and experience shape the developing brain.

The brain’s capacity for change decreases with age.

Cognitive, emotional, and social capacities are inextricably intertwined throughout the life course.

Toxic stress damages developing brain architecture, which can lead to lifelong problems in learning, behavior, and physical and mental health.

Policy Implications

Related Topics: toxic stress , brain architecture , serve and return

1 Chapter 1: Introduction to Child Development

Introduction

Principles of Development

Periods of Development

Prenatal Development

Infancy and Toddlerhood

Early Childhood

Middle Childhood

Adolescence

Issues in Development

Continuity versus Discontinuity

Active versus Passive

Research Methods

Scientific Methods

Observational Studies

Experiments

Case Studies

Developmental Designs

Longitudinal Research

Cross-sectional Research

Sequential Research

Consent and Ethics in Research

Developmental Theories

Sigmund Freud’s Psychosexual Theory

Strengths and Weaknesses of Freud’s Theory

Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory

Behaviorism

Ivan Pavlov

John B. Watson

B.F. Skinner and Operant Conditioning

Social Learning Theory

Jean Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development

Criticisms of Piaget’s Theory

Lev Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory

Comparing Piaget and Vygotsky

Urie Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Model

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Theories of Child Development and Their Impact on Early Childhood Education and Care

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100+ Child Development Research Topics for Assignments

What Does Child Development Include?

Exciting Trivia on Child Development

The Crucial Stages of Child Development

The First 2 Months (from birth)

3 to 6 Months (from birth)

6 Months (from birth)

9 to 12 Months (from birth)

Toddle Phase

Pre-School Phase

Schooling Phase