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How To Write a Bibliography (Three Styles, Plus Examples)

Give credit where credit is due.

Text that says Bibliography Writing Guide with WeAreTeachers logo on dark gray background as a tool to help students understand how to write a bibliography

Writing a research paper involves a lot of work. Students need to consult a variety of sources to gather reliable information and ensure their points are well supported. Research papers include a bibliography, which can be a little tricky for students. Learn how to write a bibliography in multiple styles and find basic examples below.

IMPORTANT: Each style guide has its own very specific rules, and they often conflict with one another. Additionally, each type of reference material has many possible formats, depending on a variety of factors. The overviews shown here are meant to guide students in writing basic bibliographies, but this information is by no means complete. Students should always refer directly to the preferred style guide to ensure they’re using the most up-to-date formats and styles.

What is a bibliography?

When you’re researching a paper, you’ll likely consult a wide variety of sources. You may quote some of these directly in your work, summarize some of the points they make, or simply use them to further the knowledge you need to write your paper. Since these ideas are not your own, it’s vital to give credit to the authors who originally wrote them. This list of sources, organized alphabetically, is called a bibliography.

A bibliography should include all the materials you consulted in your research, even if you don’t quote directly from them in your paper. These resources could include (but aren’t limited to):

  • Books and e-books
  • Periodicals like magazines or newspapers
  • Online articles or websites
  • Primary source documents like letters or official records

Bibliography vs. References

These two terms are sometimes used interchangeably, but they actually have different meanings. As noted above, a bibliography includes all the materials you used while researching your paper, whether or not you quote from them or refer to them directly in your writing.

A list of references only includes the materials you cite throughout your work. You might use direct quotes or summarize the information for the reader. Either way, you must ensure you give credit to the original author or document. This section can be titled “List of Works Cited” or simply “References.”

Your teacher may specify whether you should include a bibliography or a reference list. If they don’t, consider choosing a bibliography, to show all the works you used in researching your paper. This can help the reader see that your points are well supported, and allow them to do further reading on their own if they’re interested.

Bibliography vs. Citations

Citations refer to direct quotations from a text, woven into your own writing. There are a variety of ways to write citations, including footnotes and endnotes. These are generally shorter than the entries in a reference list or bibliography. Learn more about writing citations here.

What does a bibliography entry include?

Depending on the reference material, bibliography entries include a variety of information intended to help a reader locate the material if they want to refer to it themselves. These entries are listed in alphabetical order, and may include:

  • Author/s or creator/s
  • Publication date
  • Volume and issue numbers
  • Publisher and publication city
  • Website URL

These entries don’t generally need to include specific page numbers or locations within the work (except for print magazine or journal articles). That type of information is usually only needed in a footnote or endnote citation.

What are the different bibliography styles?

In most cases, writers use one of three major style guides: APA (American Psychological Association), MLA (Modern Language Association), or The Chicago Manual of Style . There are many others as well, but these three are the most common choices for K–12 students.

Many teachers will state their preference for one style guide over another. If they don’t, you can choose your own preferred style. However, you should also use that guide for your entire paper, following their recommendations for punctuation, grammar, and more. This will ensure you are consistent throughout.

Below, you’ll learn how to write a simple bibliography using each of the three major style guides. We’ve included details for books and e-books, periodicals, and electronic sources like websites and videos. If the reference material type you need to include isn’t shown here, refer directly to the style guide you’re using.

APA Style Bibliography and Examples

APA style example of a References bibliography page

Source: Verywell Mind

Technically, APA style calls for a list of references instead of a bibliography. If your teacher requires you to use the APA style guide , you can limit your reference list only to items you cite throughout your work.

How To Write a Bibliography (References) Using APA Style

Here are some general notes on writing an APA reference list:

  • Title your bibliography section “References” and center the title on the top line of the page.
  • Do not center your references; they should be left-aligned. For longer items, subsequent lines should use a hanging indent of 1/2 inch.
  • Include all types of resources in the same list.
  • Alphabetize your list by author or creator, last name first.
  • Do not spell out the author/creator’s first or middle name; only use their initials.
  • If there are multiple authors/creators, use an ampersand (&) before the final author/creator.
  • Place the date in parentheses.
  • Capitalize only the first word of the title and subtitle, unless the word would otherwise be capitalized (proper names, etc.).
  • Italicize the titles of books, periodicals, or videos.
  • For websites, include the full site information, including the http:// or https:// at the beginning.

Books and E-Books APA Bibliography Examples

For books, APA reference list entries use this format (only include the publisher’s website for e-books).

Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Publication date). Title with only first word capitalized . Publisher. Publisher’s website

  • Wynn, S. (2020). City of London at war 1939–45 . Pen & Sword Military. https://www.pen-and-sword.co.uk/City-of-London-at-War-193945-Paperback/p/17299

Periodical APA Bibliography Examples

For journal or magazine articles, use this format. If you viewed the article online, include the URL at the end of the citation.

Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Publication date). Title of article. Magazine or Journal Title (Volume number) Issue number, page numbers. URL

  • Bell, A. (2009). Landscapes of fear: Wartime London, 1939–1945. Journal of British Studies (48) 1, 153–175. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25482966

Here’s the format for newspapers. For print editions, include the page number/s. For online articles, include the full URL.

Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Year, Month Date) Title of article. Newspaper title. Page number/s. URL

  • Blakemore, E. (2022, November 12) Researchers track down two copies of fossil destroyed by the Nazis.  The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/science/2022/11/12/ichthyosaur-fossil-images-discovered/

Electronic APA Bibliography Examples

For articles with a specific author on a website, use this format.

Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Year, Month Date). Title . Site name. URL

  • Wukovits, J. (2023, January 30). A World War II survivor recalls the London Blitz . British Heritage . https://britishheritage.com/history/world-war-ii-survivor-london-blitz

When an online article doesn’t include a specific author or date, list it like this:

Title . (Year, Month Date). Site name. Retrieved Month Date, Year, from URL

  • Growing up in the Second World War . (n.d.). Imperial War Museums. Retrieved May 12, 2023, from https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/growing-up-in-the-second-world-war

When you need to list a YouTube video, use the name of the account that uploaded the video, and format it like this:

Name of Account. (Upload year, month day). Title [Video]. YouTube. URL

  • War Stories. (2023, January 15). How did London survive the Blitz during WW2? | Cities at war: London | War stories [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/uwY6JlCvbxc

For more information on writing APA bibliographies, see the APA Style Guide website.

APA Bibliography (Reference List) Example Pages

An APA-style Reference List bibliography example page

Source: Simply Psychology

More APA example pages:

  • Western Australia Library Services APA References Example Page
  • Ancilla College APA References Page Example
  • Scribbr APA References Page Example

MLA Style Bibliography Examples

Diagram of MLA style bibliography entries

Source: PressBooks

MLA style calls for a Works Cited section, which includes all materials quoted or referred to in your paper. You may also include a Works Consulted section, including other reference sources you reviewed but didn’t directly cite. Together, these constitute a bibliography. If your teacher requests an MLA Style Guide bibliography, ask if you should include Works Consulted as well as Works Cited.

How To Write a Bibliography (Works Cited and Works Consulted) in MLA Style

For both MLA Works Cited and Works Consulted sections, use these general guidelines:

  • Start your Works Cited list on a new page. If you include a Works Consulted list, start that on its own new page after the Works Cited section.
  • Center the title (Works Cited or Works Consulted) in the middle of the line at the top of the page.
  • Align the start of each source to the left margin, and use a hanging indent (1/2 inch) for the following lines of each source.
  • Alphabetize your sources using the first word of the citation, usually the author’s last name.
  • Include the author’s full name as listed, last name first.
  • Capitalize titles using the standard MLA format.
  • Leave off the http:// or https:// at the beginning of a URL.

Books and E-Books MLA Bibliography Examples

For books, MLA reference list entries use this format. Add the URL at the end for e-books.

Last Name, First Name Middle Name. Title . Publisher, Date. URL

  • Wynn, Stephen. City of London at War 1939–45 . Pen & Sword Military, 2020. www.pen-and-sword.co.uk/City-of-London-at-War-193945-Paperback/p/17299

Periodical MLA Bibliography Examples

Here’s the style format for magazines, journals, and newspapers. For online articles, add the URL at the end of the listing.

For magazines and journals:

Last Name, First Name. “Title: Subtitle.” Name of Journal , volume number, issue number, Date of Publication, First Page Number–Last Page Number.

  • Bell, Amy. “Landscapes of Fear: Wartime London, 1939–1945.” Journal of British Studies , vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 153–175. www.jstor.org/stable/25482966

When citing newspapers, include the page number/s for print editions or the URL for online articles.

Last Name, First Name. “Title of article.” Newspaper title. Page number/s. Year, month day. Page number or URL

  • Blakemore, Erin. “Researchers Track Down Two Copies of Fossil Destroyed by the Nazis.” The Washington Post. 2022, Nov. 12. www.washingtonpost.com/science/2022/11/12/ichthyosaur-fossil-images-discovered/

Electronic MLA Bibliography Examples

Last Name, First Name. Year. “Title.” Month Day, Year published. URL

  • Wukovits, John. 2023. “A World War II Survivor Recalls the London Blitz.” January 30,   2023. https://britishheritage.com/history/world-war-ii-survivor-london-blitz

Website. n.d. “Title.” Accessed Day Month Year. URL.

  • Imperial War Museum. n.d. “Growing Up in the Second World War.” Accessed May 9, 2023. https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/growing-up-in-the-second-world-war.

Here’s how to list YouTube and other online videos.

Creator, if available. “Title of Video.” Website. Uploaded by Username, Day Month Year. URL.

  • “How did London survive the Blitz during WW2? | Cities at war: London | War stories.” YouTube . Uploaded by War Stories, 15 Jan. 2023. youtu.be/uwY6JlCvbxc.

For more information on writing MLA style bibliographies, see the MLA Style website.

MLA Bibliography (Works Cited) Example Pages

A bibliography example page with notes, written in MLA style

Source: The Visual Communication Guy

More MLA example pages:

  • Writing Commons Sample Works Cited Page
  • Scribbr MLA Works Cited Sample Page
  • Montana State University MLA Works Cited Page

Chicago Manual of Style Bibliography Examples

The Chicago Manual of Style (sometimes called “Turabian”) actually has two options for citing reference material : Notes and Bibliography and Author-Date. Regardless of which you use, you’ll need a complete detailed list of reference items at the end of your paper. The examples below demonstrate how to write that list.

How To Write a Bibliography Using The Chicago Manual of Style

A diagram of a book bibliography entry for the Chicago Manual of Style

Source: South Texas College

Here are some general notes on writing a Chicago -style bibliography:

  • You may title it “Bibliography” or “References.” Center this title at the top of the page and add two blank lines before the first entry.
  • Left-align each entry, with a hanging half-inch indent for subsequent lines of each entry.
  • Single-space each entry, with a blank line between entries.
  • Include the “http://” or “https://” at the beginning of URLs.

Books and E-Books Chicago Manual of Style Bibliography Examples

For books, Chicago -style reference list entries use this format. (For print books, leave off the information about how the book was accessed.)

Last Name, First Name Middle Name. Title . City of Publication: Publisher, Date. How e-book was accessed.

  • Wynn, Stephen. City of London at War 1939–45 . Yorkshire: Pen & Sword Military, 2020. Kindle edition.

Periodical Chicago Manual of Style Bibliography Examples

For journal and magazine articles, use this format.

Last Name, First Name. Year of Publication. “Title: Subtitle.” Name of Journal , Volume Number, issue number, First Page Number–Last Page Number. URL.

  • Bell, Amy. 2009. “Landscapes of Fear: Wartime London, 1939–1945.” Journal of British Studies, 48 no. 1, 153–175. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25482966.

When citing newspapers, include the URL for online articles.

Last Name, First Name. Year of Publication. “Title: Subtitle.” Name of Newspaper , Month day, year. URL.

  • Blakemore, Erin. 2022. “Researchers Track Down Two Copies of Fossil Destroyed by the Nazis.” The Washington Post , November 12, 2022. https://www.washingtonpost.com/science/2022/11/12/ichthyosaur-fossil-images-discovered/.

Electronic Chicago Manual of Style Bibliography Examples

Last Name, First Name Middle Name. “Title.” Site Name . Year, Month Day. URL.

  • Wukovits, John. “A World War II Survivor Recalls the London Blitz.” British Heritage. 2023, Jan. 30. britishheritage.com/history/world-war-ii-survivor-london-blitz.

“Title.” Site Name . URL. Accessed Day Month Year.

  • “Growing Up in the Second World War.” Imperial War Museums . www.iwm.org.uk/history/growing-up-in-the-second-world-war. Accessed May 9, 2023.

Creator or Username. “Title of Video.” Website video, length. Month Day, Year. URL.

  • War Stories. “How Did London Survive the Blitz During WW2? | Cities at War: London | War Stories.” YouTube video, 51:25. January 15, 2023. https://youtu.be/uwY6JlCvbxc.

For more information on writing Chicago -style bibliographies, see the Chicago Manual of Style website.

Chicago Manual of Style Bibliography Example Pages

A page showing an example of a bibliography using the Chicago Manual of Style

Source: Chicago Manual of Style

More Chicago example pages:

  • Scribbr Chicago Style Bibliography Example
  • Purdue Online Writing Lab CMOS Bibliography Page
  • Bibcitation Sample Chicago Bibliography

Now that you know how to write a bibliography, take a look at the Best Websites for Teaching & Learning Writing .

Plus, get all the latest teaching tips and ideas when you sign up for our free newsletters .

Learn how to write a bibliography using MLA, ALA, and Chicago Manual of Style, plus see examples for each style and more.

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  • Write an equation or formula Article
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how to write bibliography for computer project

Create a bibliography, citations, and references

Your browser does not support video. Install Microsoft Silverlight, Adobe Flash Player, or Internet Explorer 9.

Put your cursor at the end of the text you want to cite.

Go to References  >   Style , and choose a citation style.

On the References tab choose a citation style from the Style list

Select Insert Citation .

Point to Insert Citation, and choose Add New Source

Choose  Add New Source  and fill out the information about your source.

Once you've added a source to your list, you can cite it again:

Go to References  >  Insert Citation , and choose the source you are citing.

Insert Citation dropdown

To add details, like page numbers if you're citing a book, select Citation Options , and then Edit Citation .

Select Citation Options, and then Edit Citation

Create a bibliography

With cited sources in your document, you're ready to create a bibliography.

Put your cursor where you want the bibliography.

Go to References > Bibliography , and choose a format.

Tip:  If you cite a new source, add it to the bibliography by clicking anywhere in the bibliography and selecting Update Citations and Bibliography .

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How to Write a Bibliography

Last Updated: September 14, 2023 Fact Checked

This article was co-authored by Diane Stubbs . Diane Stubbs is a Secondary English Teacher with over 22 years of experience teaching all high school grade levels and AP courses. She specializes in secondary education, classroom management, and educational technology. Diane earned a Bachelor of Arts in English from the University of Delaware and a Master of Education from Wesley College. There are 15 references cited in this article, which can be found at the bottom of the page. This article has been fact-checked, ensuring the accuracy of any cited facts and confirming the authority of its sources. This article has been viewed 646,869 times.

When you write a paper or a book, it's important to include a bibliography. A bibliography tells your reader what sources you've used. It lists all the books, articles, and other references you cited in or used to inform your work. Bibliographies are typically formatted according to one of three styles: American Psychological Association (APA) for scientific papers, Modern Language Association (MLA) for humanities papers, and Chicago Manual of Style (CMS) for the social sciences. Make sure you always check with your superior - whether a professor or boss - about which style they prefer.

Sample Bibliographies

how to write bibliography for computer project

Writing an APA Bibliography

Step 1 Create a reference list.

  • For example, if the author's name for a source is "John Adams Smith," you would list him as "Smith, J.A.," before listing the title of his piece.

Step 3 Use ellipses if there are more than seven authors.

  • For example, if one source has twelve authors, and the seventh author is "Smith, J.A." and the twelfth is "Timothy, S.J.," you would list the first six authors, then write "Smith, J.A. ...Timothy, S.J."

Step 4 List sources by the same author is chronological order.

  • For example, if you have a World Health Organization Report without an author as one of your sources, you would write, "World Health Organization, "Report on Development Strategies in Developing Nations," July 1996."

Step 6 Indent each line after the first line of each source.

  • For example, an article citation might look like this: Jensen, O. E. (2012). "African Elephants." Savannah Quarterly , 2(1), 88.
  • If the periodical the article comes from always begins with page number 1 (these types of periodicals are called “paginated by issue” periodicals, you should include the full page range of the article.
  • If the article was retrieved online, end the citation with the words "Retrieved from" followed by the web address.

Step 8 Cite books.

  • Example: Worden, B. L. (1999). Echoing Eden. New York, New York: One Two Press.
  • If the title is more than one word long and doesn’t contain any proper nouns, only the first word should be capitalized. Only the first letter of any subtitle should be capitalized as well.

Step 9 [9]...

  • For example, a cited website might look like this: Quarry, R. R. (May 23, 2010). Wild Skies. Retrieved from http://wildskies.com.
  • If no author is available, just start with the title. If no date is available, write "n.d."

Step 10 Check a reliable source for other citation rules.

Writing a MLA Bibliography

Step 1 Create a works cited page.

  • You shouldn’t use an author’s title or degrees when listing their names in your bibliography. This is true even if they are listed that way on the source.

Step 6 Cite books.

  • For example, a book citation might look like this: Butler, Olivia. Parable of the Flower. Sacramento: Seed Press, 1996.

Step 7 Cite articles.

  • For example, an article published in a scholarly journal might look like this: Green, Marsha. "Life in Costa Rica." Science Magazine vol. 1, no. 4, Mar 2013: 1-2.
  • If you’re citing an article in a newspaper, you only need the name of the newspaper, followed by the date it was published, and the page number. A citation for that might look like this: Smith, Jennifer. “Tiny Tim Wins Award.” New York Times, 24 Dec 2017, p. A7.

Step 8 Cite websites.

  • For example, a website citation might look like this: Jong, June. "How to Write an Essay." Writing Portal. 2 Aug. 2012. University of California. 23 Feb. 2013. <http://writingportal.com>
  • Some websites, particularly academic ones, will have what’s called a DOI (digital object identifier). Write “doi:” in front of this number in place of the website’s url if a DOI is available.

Step 9 Use reliable sources to look for the citations rules for other types of sources.

Writing a CMS Bibliography

Step 1 Create a bibliography page.

  • Example: Skylar Marsh. "Walking on Water." Earth Magazine 4(2001): 23.

Step 6 Cite books.

  • For example, a book entry might look like this: Walter White. Space and Time . New York: London Press, 1982

Step 7 Cite websites.

  • Example: University of California. "History of University of California." Last modified April 3, 2013. http://universityofcalifornia.com.
  • Unless there is a publication date for the website you’re citing, you don’t need to include an access date. If you do have an access date, it goes at the end of the citation.

Expert Q&A

Diane Stubbs

  • Ask your teacher or professor which style they prefer you to use in your paper. Thanks Helpful 6 Not Helpful 2
  • Be sure to include each and every source you reference in your work. Thanks Helpful 7 Not Helpful 5
  • When writing a bibliography or a reference page, it really comes down to looking at an example and applying it to your own information. Thanks Helpful 0 Not Helpful 0

how to write bibliography for computer project

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Write an APA Style References Page

  • ↑ https://libguides.reading.ac.uk/citing-references/compilingbibliography
  • ↑ https://morningside.libguides.com/APA7/references
  • ↑ https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/03/
  • ↑ https://libraryguides.vu.edu.au/harvard/sample-reference-list
  • ↑ Cite articles
  • ↑ https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/08/
  • ↑ https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/10/
  • ↑ https://www.scribbr.com/mla/works-cited/
  • ↑ https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/05/
  • ↑ https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/mla_style/mla_formatting_and_style_guide/mla_works_cited_page_basic_format.html
  • ↑ https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/06/
  • ↑ https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/07/
  • ↑ https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/717/02/
  • ↑ https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/717/03/
  • ↑ https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/717/05/

About This Article

Diane Stubbs

To create an APA bibliography, title a separate page at the end of your paper "References." Then, use the authors' last names to organize your list alphabetically, for example by writing the author John Adam Smith as "Smith, J. A." If a source has more than 7 authors, list the first 7 before adding an ellipses. To cite an article, include the author's name, year of publication, article title, publication title, and page numbers. When citing a book, begin with the author's name, then the date of publication, title in Italics, location of the publisher, and publisher's name. For tips on how to write an MLA or CMS bibliography, keep reading! Did this summary help you? Yes No

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  • Harvard Style Bibliography | Format & Examples

Harvard Style Bibliography | Format & Examples

Published on 1 May 2020 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on 7 November 2022.

In Harvard style , the bibliography or reference list provides full references for the sources you used in your writing.

  • A reference list consists of entries corresponding to your in-text citations .
  • A bibliography sometimes also lists sources that you consulted for background research, but did not cite in your text.

The two terms are sometimes used interchangeably. If in doubt about which to include, check with your instructor or department.

The information you include in a reference varies depending on the type of source, but it usually includes the author, date, and title of the work, followed by details of where it was published. You can automatically generate accurate references using our free reference generator:

Harvard Reference Generator

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Table of contents

Formatting a harvard style bibliography, harvard reference examples, referencing sources with multiple authors, referencing sources with missing information, frequently asked questions about harvard bibliographies.

Sources are alphabetised by author last name. The heading ‘Reference list’ or ‘Bibliography’ appears at the top.

Each new source appears on a new line, and when an entry for a single source extends onto a second line, a hanging indent is used:

Harvard bibliography

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Reference list or bibliography entries always start with the author’s last name and initial, the publication date and the title of the source. The other information required varies depending on the source type. Formats and examples for the most common source types are given below.

  • Entire book
  • Book chapter
  • Translated book
  • Edition of a book

Journal articles

  • Print journal
  • Online-only journal with DOI
  • Online-only journal without DOI
  • General web page
  • Online article or blog
  • Social media post

Newspapers and magazines

  • Newspaper article
  • Magazine article

When a source has up to three authors, list all of them in the order their names appear on the source. If there are four or more, give only the first name followed by ‘ et al. ’:

Sometimes a source won’t list all the information you need for your reference. Here’s what to do when you don’t know the publication date or author of a source.

Some online sources, as well as historical documents, may lack a clear publication date. In these cases, you can replace the date in the reference list entry with the words ‘no date’. With online sources, you still include an access date at the end:

When a source doesn’t list an author, you can often list a corporate source as an author instead, as with ‘Scribbr’ in the above example. When that’s not possible, begin the entry with the title instead of the author:

Though the terms are sometimes used interchangeably, there is a difference in meaning:

  • A reference list only includes sources cited in the text – every entry corresponds to an in-text citation .
  • A bibliography also includes other sources which were consulted during the research but not cited.

In Harvard referencing, up to three author names are included in an in-text citation or reference list entry. When there are four or more authors, include only the first, followed by ‘ et al. ’

In Harvard style referencing , to distinguish between two sources by the same author that were published in the same year, you add a different letter after the year for each source:

  • (Smith, 2019a)
  • (Smith, 2019b)

Add ‘a’ to the first one you cite, ‘b’ to the second, and so on. Do the same in your bibliography or reference list .

To create a hanging indent for your bibliography or reference list :

  • Highlight all the entries
  • Click on the arrow in the bottom-right corner of the ‘Paragraph’ tab in the top menu.
  • In the pop-up window, under ‘Special’ in the ‘Indentation’ section, use the drop-down menu to select ‘Hanging’.
  • Then close the window with ‘OK’.

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How to Write a Bibliography (MLA, APA Examples)

TeacherVision Staff

Learn how to easily write a bibliography by following the format outlined in this article.

This resource will help your students properly cite different resources in the bibliography of a research paper, and how to format those citations, for books, encyclopedias, films, websites, and people.

What is a bibliography?

According to Infoplease.com, A bibliography is a list of the types of sources you used to get information for your report. It is included at the end of your report, on the last page (or last few pages).

What are the types of bibliography styles (MLA, APA, etc.)?

The 3 most common bibliography/citation styles are:

  • MLA Style: The Modern Language Association works cited page style
  • APA Style: The American Psychological Association style
  • Chicago Style: The bibliography style defined by the Chicago Manual of Style

We’ll give examples of how to create bibliography entries in various styles further down in this article. 

What sources do you put in a bibliography?

An annotated bibliography should include a reference list of any sources you use in writing a research paper. Any printed sources from which you use a text citation, including books, websites, newspaper articles, journal articles, academic writing, online sources (such as PDFs), and magazines should be included in a reference list. In some cases, you may need or want to cite conversations or interviews, works of art, visual works such as movies, television shows, or documentaries - these (and many others) can also be included in a reference list.

How to get started writing your bibliography

You will find it easier to prepare your MLA, APA, or Chicago annotated bibliography if you keep track of each book, encyclopedia, journal article, webpage or online source you use as you are reading and taking notes. Start a preliminary, or draft, bibliography by listing on a separate sheet of paper all your sources. Note down the full title, author’s last name, place of publication, web address, publisher, and date of publication for each source.

Haven't started your paper yet and need an outline? These sample essay outlines include a research paper outline from an actual student paper.

How to write a bibliography step-by-step (with examples)

General Format: Author (last name first). Title of the book. Publisher, Date of publication.

MLA Style: Sibley, David Allen. What It’s Like to Be a Bird. From Flying to Nesting, Eating to Singing, What Birds Are Doing, and Why. Alfred A. Knopf, 2020.

APA Style: Sibley, D.A. (2020). What It’s Like to Be a Bird. From Flying to Nesting, Eating to Singing, What Birds Are Doing, and Why . Alfred A. Knopf.

Notes: Use periods, not commas, to separate the data in the entry. Use a hanging indent if the entry is longer than one line. For APA style, do not use the full author’s first name.

Websites or webpages:

  MLA Style: The SB Nation Family of Sites. Pension Plan Puppets: A Toronto Maple Leafs Blog, 2022, www.pensionplanpuppets.com. Accessed 15 Feb. 2022.

APA Style: American Heart Association. (2022, April 11). How to keep your dog’s heart healthy. https://www.heart.org/en/news/2022/04/11/how-to-keep-your-dogs-heart-healthy

Online news article from a newspaper site:

APA Style: Duehren, A. (2022, April 9). Janet Yellen faces challenge to keep pressure on Russia. Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/janet-yellen-faces-challenge-to-keep-pressure-on-russia-while-addressing-global-consequences-11650366000

Print journal articles:

MLA Style: Booch, Grady. "Patterns in Object-Oriented Design." IEEE Software Engineering, vol. 6, no. 6, 2006, pp. 31-50.

APA Style: Booch, G. (2006). Patterns in object-oriented design. IEEE Software Engineering, 6(6), 31–50.

Note: It is suggested that you include a DOI and a webpage address when referencing either a printed journal article, and electronic journal article, or an journal article that appears in both formats. 

MLA Style: Gamma, Eric, and Peter A. Coad. “Exceptions to the Unified Modeling Language in Python Patterns.” IEEE Software Engineering, vol. 2, no. 6, 8 Mar. 2006, pp. 190-194. O’Reilly Software Engineering Library, https://doi.org/10.1006/se.20061. Accessed 26 May 2009.

APA Style: Masters, H., Barron, J., & Chanda, L. (2017). Motivational interviewing techniques for adolescent populations in substance abuse counseling. NAADAC Notes, 7(8), 7–13. https://www.naadac.com/notes/adolescent-techniques

ML:A Style: @Grady_Booch. “That’s a bold leap over plain old battery power cars.” Twitter, 13 Mar. 2013, 12:06 p.m., https://twitter.com/Grady_Booch/status/1516379006727188483.

APA Style: Westborough Library [@WestboroughLib]. (2022, April 12). Calling all 3rd through 5th grade kids! Join us for the Epic Writing Showdown! Winner receives a prize! Space is limited so register, today. loom.ly/ypaTG9Q [Tweet; thumbnail link to article]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/WestboroughLib/status/1516373550415896588.

Print magazine articles:

General format: Author (last name first), "Article Title." Name of magazine. Volume number, (Date): page numbers.

MLA Style: Stiteler, Sharon. "Tracking Red-Breasted Grosbeak Migration." Minnesota Bird Journal, 7 Sept. 2019, pp. 7-11.

APA Style: Jordan, Jennifer, "Filming at the Top of the World." Museum of Science Magazine. Volume 47, No. 1, (Winter 1998): p. 11.

Print newspaper articles:

General format: Author (last name first), "Article Title." Name of newspaper, city, state of publication. (date): edition if available, section, page number(s).

MLA Style: Adelman, Martin. "Augustus Announces Departure from City Manager Post." New York Times, late ed., 15 February 2020, p. A1

APA Style: Adelman, M. (2020, February 15). Augustus announced departure from city manager post. New York Times, A1.

Encyclopedias:

General Format: Encyclopedia Title, Edition Date. Volume Number, "Article Title," page numbers.

MLA Style: “Gorillas.” The Encyclopedia Brittanica. 15th ed. 2010.

APA Style: Encyclopedia Brittanica, Inc. (1997.) Gorillas. In The Encyclopedia Brittanica (15th ed., pp. 50-51). Encyclopedia Brittanica, Inc.

Personal interviews:

General format: Full name (last name first). Personal Interview. (Occupation.) Date of interview.

MLA Style: Smithfield, Joseph. Personal interview. 19 May 2014.

APA Style: APA does not require a formal citation for a personal interview. Published interviews from other sources should be cited accordingly.

Films and movies:

General format: Title, Director, Distributor, Year.

MLA Style: Fury. Directed by David Ayer, performances by Brad Pitt, Shia LaBeouf, Jon Bernthal, Sony Pictures, 2014.

APA Style: Ayer, D. (Director). (2014). Fury [Film]. Sony Pictures.

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Citing & publishing software: How to cite software

  • Publishing research software
  • How to cite software

Citing software

When should you cite software?

Cite the software that was used in your research, including all software that was used to generate and analyze data. The Force11 recommendations: "citation is partly a record of software important to a research outcome". "Software should be cited on the same basis as any other research product such as a paper or a book; that is, authors should cite the appropriate set of software products just as they cite the appropriate set of papers."

Where to put software citations?

Where software and data citations should go may vary from publisher to publisher; check with the author guidelines if writing for publication. Where no more specific guidance exists, consider following the Force11 recommendations to put software citations in the reference list: "Software citations should be accorded the same importance in the scholarly record as citations of other research products, such as publications and data, they should be included in the metadata of the citing work, for example in the reference list of a journal article, and should not be omitted or separated."

How to cite software?

If guidelines from your publisher or citation style exist, follow them, or if writing for publication check with your editor.  Some guidelines on citing software from publishers and manuals of style are included here. Many software packages also give guidance on how they want to be cited. If no guidance exists, best practices for software citation elements are below.

Guidelines from style guides and publishers

  • AAS journals (American Astronomical Society) As described in the AAS Journal's software policy, software can be cited in two ways: Citing the paper describing the software (e.g. "galpy: A python Library for Galactic Dynamics", Bovy 2015, ApJ, 216, 29); Citing a DOI for the software, for example, obtained via Zenodo or FigShare (e.g. Foreman-Mackey et al. 2014, corner.py, v0.1.1, Zenodo, doi:10.5281/zenodo.11020, as developed on GitHub). Ideally, both forms of citation should be included; alongside these formal references, authors may also want to include footnote URLs to appropriate code repositories, such as GitHub, or metadata indices, such as the Astrophysics Source Code Library.
  • IEEE Example citations for manuals/software: [1] L. Breimann. (2003). Manual on Setting Up, Using, and Understanding Random Forests v4.0. [Online]. Available: http://oz.berkeley.edu/users/breiman/Using_random_forests_v4.0.pdf, Accessed on: Apr. 16, 2014. [2] M. Kuhn. The Caret Package. (2012) [Online]. Available: http://cranr-project.org/web/packages/caret /caret.pdf [3] Antcom, Torrance, CA, USA. Antenna Products.(2011) [Online]. Available: http://www.antcom.com /documents/catalogs /L1L2GPSAntennas.pdf, Accessed on: Feb. 12, 2014.

Further reading

  • How to cite and describe software A guide to citing software, including publisher recommendations, by Mike Jackson and the Software Sustainability Institute
  • Force11 Software Citation Principles
  • Citations for Software: Providing Identification, Access, and Recognition for Research Software Laura Soito & Lorraine Hwang

Manage your references

Use these tools to help you organize and cite your references:

  • Citation Management and Writing Tools
  • << Previous: Publishing research software
  • Last Updated: Dec 12, 2018 11:43 PM
  • URL: https://libguides.mit.edu/software

How to Write a Bibliography for a Research Paper

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Do not try to “wow” your instructor with a long bibliography when your instructor requests only a works cited page. It is tempting, after doing a lot of work to research a paper, to try to include summaries on each source as you write your paper so that your instructor appreciates how much work you did. That is a trap you want to avoid. MLA style, the one that is most commonly followed in high schools and university writing courses, dictates that you include only the works you actually cited in your paper—not all those that you used.

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Get 10% off with 24start discount code, assembling bibliographies and works cited.

  • If your assignment calls for a bibliography, list all the sources you consulted in your research.
  • If your assignment calls for a works cited or references page, include only the sources you quote, summarize, paraphrase, or mention in your paper.
  • If your works cited page includes a source that you did not cite in your paper, delete it.
  • All in-text citations that you used at the end of quotations, summaries, and paraphrases to credit others for their ideas,words, and work must be accompanied by a cited reference in the bibliography or works cited. These references must include specific information about the source so that your readers can identify precisely where the information came from.The citation entries on a works cited page typically include the author’s name, the name of the article, the name of the publication, the name of the publisher (for books), where it was published (for books), and when it was published.

The good news is that you do not have to memorize all the many ways the works cited entries should be written. Numerous helpful style guides are available to show you the information that should be included, in what order it should appear, and how to format it. The format often differs according to the style guide you are using. The Modern Language Association (MLA) follows a particular style that is a bit different from APA (American Psychological Association) style, and both are somewhat different from the Chicago Manual of Style (CMS). Always ask your teacher which style you should use.

A bibliography usually appears at the end of a paper on its own separate page. All bibliography entries—books, periodicals, Web sites, and nontext sources such radio broadcasts—are listed together in alphabetical order. Books and articles are alphabetized by the author’s last name.

Most teachers suggest that you follow a standard style for listing different types of sources. If your teacher asks you to use a different form, however, follow his or her instructions. Take pride in your bibliography. It represents some of the most important work you’ve done for your research paper—and using proper form shows that you are a serious and careful researcher.

Bibliography Entry for a Book

A bibliography entry for a book begins with the author’s name, which is written in this order: last name, comma, first name, period. After the author’s name comes the title of the book. If you are handwriting your bibliography, underline each title. If you are working on a computer, put the book title in italicized type. Be sure to capitalize the words in the title correctly, exactly as they are written in the book itself. Following the title is the city where the book was published, followed by a colon, the name of the publisher, a comma, the date published, and a period. Here is an example:

Format : Author’s last name, first name. Book Title. Place of publication: publisher, date of publication.

  • A book with one author : Hartz, Paula.  Abortion: A Doctor’s Perspective, a Woman’s Dilemma . New York: Donald I. Fine, Inc., 1992.
  • A book with two or more authors : Landis, Jean M. and Rita J. Simon.  Intelligence: Nature or Nurture?  New York: HarperCollins, 1998.

Bibliography Entry for a Periodical

A bibliography entry for a periodical differs slightly in form from a bibliography entry for a book. For a magazine article, start with the author’s last name first, followed by a comma, then the first name and a period. Next, write the title of the article in quotation marks, and include a period (or other closing punctuation) inside the closing quotation mark. The title of the magazine is next, underlined or in italic type, depending on whether you are handwriting or using a computer, followed by a period. The date and year, followed by a colon and the pages on which the article appeared, come last. Here is an example:

Format:  Author’s last name, first name. “Title of the Article.” Magazine. Month and year of publication: page numbers.

  • Article in a monthly magazine : Crowley, J.E.,T.E. Levitan and R.P. Quinn.“Seven Deadly Half-Truths About Women.”  Psychology Today  March 1978: 94–106.
  • Article in a weekly magazine : Schwartz, Felice N.“Management,Women, and the New Facts of Life.”  Newsweek  20 July 2006: 21–22.
  • Signed newspaper article : Ferraro, Susan. “In-law and Order: Finding Relative Calm.”  The Daily News  30 June 1998: 73.
  • Unsigned newspaper article : “Beanie Babies May Be a Rotten Nest Egg.”  Chicago Tribune  21 June 2004: 12.

Bibliography Entry for a Web Site

For sources such as Web sites include the information a reader needs to find the source or to know where and when you found it. Always begin with the last name of the author, broadcaster, person you interviewed, and so on. Here is an example of a bibliography for a Web site:

Format : Author.“Document Title.” Publication or Web site title. Date of publication. Date of access.

Example : Dodman, Dr. Nicholas. “Dog-Human Communication.”  Pet Place . 10 November 2006.  23 January 2014 < http://www.petplace.com/dogs/dog-human-communication-2/page1.aspx >

After completing the bibliography you can breathe a huge sigh of relief and pat yourself on the back. You probably plan to turn in your work in printed or handwritten form, but you also may be making an oral presentation. However you plan to present your paper, do your best to show it in its best light. You’ve put a great deal of work and thought into this assignment, so you want your paper to look and sound its best. You’ve completed your research paper!

Back to  How To Write A Research Paper .

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How to Write a Bibliography For a Project From Any Sources

How to Write a Bibliography For a Project From Any Sources

How to Write a Bibliography For a Project – Bibliography is an indispensable part of writing a paper, essay, school project, journal article, book, and other forms of writing.

The bibliography contains many sources that you use as references when you make your writing. These sources could be books, journal articles, articles in newspapers or magazines, articles on the websites and blogs, visual illustrations (photos, diagrams, or tables), and many more.

It’s writing rules also vary by source. And now, we will be discussing a complete guide on how to write a bibliography for a project from any sources.

Table of Contents

Tips on Writing a Bibliography for Your Project

Before you start writing a bibliography, you need to know a few useful tips below:

  • You should use reference sources for your project which published no more than 5 years.
  • The list of reference sources in the bibliography should be sorted in alphabetical order.
  • You are allowed to write references from journal articles that have been sent to you and have been approved for publication by the author

How to Write a Bibliography From Any Sources

The following are examples of a bibliography from many sources, each source has its own formula to write.

1. Author’s Name 2. Blog Title 3. Post Title (Italicized) 4. Weblog 5. [Online] 6. URL 7. [Accessed on (date)]
Adam S. Bad Science. Trivial Disputes . Weblog. [Online] http://www.badscience.net/2019/02/trivial-disputes-2/ [Accessed May 21, 2019].

Journal Article

1. Author’s Name 2. Journal Title 3. Article Title (Italicized) 4. Volume and Issue 5. [Date published] 6. URL 7. Pages
Graham, Elspeth and Boyle, Paul. Editorial introduction: (re)theorising population geography: mapping the unfamiliar.  International Journal of Population Geography  7, no. 6 (2001): 389-394. Oxford, R., & Shearin, J. (1994). Language learning motivation: Expanding the theoretical framework.  The Modern Language Journal,   78 (1), 12-28. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/329249 doi:1 on November 2016.

Newspaper or Magazine

1. Author’s Name 2. Article Title 3. The Name of Newspaper/Magazine (Italicized) 4. Date published
Jowit, Juliette. Corporate lobbying is blocking food reforms.  Guardians . 10-09-22.

Book (Chapter & Page)

1. Author’s Name 2. Chapter Title 3. In 4. Book title (Italicized) 5. Editor’s Name (ed. / eds.) 6. Edition (optional) 7. Page Numbers 8. Publisher’s City 9. Publisher’s Name 10. The Year of Publication
Ellet, Elixabeth F.L. By rail and stage to Galena. In  Prairie state: impressions of Illinois, 167301967, by travelers and other observers , Paul M. Angle (ed.), 271-279. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968.

Book (with Editor’s Name)

1. Name of Author 1, 2, and so on (if there’s more than 1 author) 2. Editor’s Name (Ed. / Eds.) 3. Book Title (Italicized) 4. Edition (optional) 5. Publisher’s City 6. Publisher’s Name 7. The Year of Publication
Allen, Jefffner and Young, Iris Marion (eds.).  The thinking muse: feminism and modern French philosophy . Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989.

Book (Single Author)

1. Author’s Name 2. Book Title (Italicized) 3. Edition (optional) 4. Publisher’s City 5. Publisher’s Name 6. The Year of Publication
Bryman, Alan.  Social research methods . 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.

Book (Multiple Authors)

1. Name of Author 1, 2, and so on 2. Book Title (Italicized) 3. Edition (optional) 4. Publisher’s City 5. Publisher’s Name 6. The Year of Publication
Modigliani, Franco and Jones, Frank J.  Foundations of financial markets and institutions . 4th ed. Boston: Prentice Hall, 2010.

Dissertation

1. Author’s Name 2. Dissertation Title (Italicized) 3. Title of Degree 4. The University’s Name 5. The Year of Publication
Eckerberg, Katarina.  Environmental protection in Swedish foresty: a study of the implementation process.  PhD diss., Umeå University, 1987.
1. Author’s Name 2. E-book Title (Italicized) 3. Edition (optional) 4. Publisher’s City 5. Publisher’s Name 6. The Year of Publication 7. “E-book”
Bowen, Natasha K. & Guo, Shenyang.  Structural equation modeling . New York: Oxford University Press, 2012. E-book.

Note: If the date of the book’s copyright has expired, you must include the website address and date of access. For example:

Strindberg, August.  Three plays: countess Julie; the Outlaw; the Stronger.  Boston: International pocket library, 1912. https://books.google.com/ (Accessed on May 30, 2019)

Online Encyclopedia

Writer’s Name Article Title Encyclopedia’s Name The Year of Publication URL Address (http: // …) Date Accessed

Visual Illustration (Photos, Diagram, Table, etc)

Hazel, Edward. Prague by day [Photography]. In  Czech photography in the twenty-first century , S. Johnson (ed.), 32. Prague: Autumn Publishing, 2015.
Lennver, Anders.  Night against procrastination  [Photography]. 2012. http://www.ub.umu.se/nightagainstprocrastion/ (Accessed May 4, 2019).

Annual Report

1. Author’s name or Organization’s name 2. Report’s Title (Italicized) 3. City / Place of Publication 4. Publisher’s Name 5. The Year of Publication
Chevron Corporation.  Annual Report . San Ramon, CA: Chevron Corporation 2006.

Online Annual Report

1. Author’s name or Organization’s name 2. Report’s Title (Italicized) 3. [Online] 4. The Year of Publication 5. URL address 6. [Accessed on (date)]
Chevron Corporation.  Annual Report . [Online] 2006. http://www.chevron.com/documents/ Annualreport/Chevron2006AnnualReport_full.pdf [Accessed on May 6, 2019].

That’s it! Our explanation on how to write a bibliography for your project from any source, such as blog post, journal article, newspaper / magazine, book, dissertation, e-book, online encyclopedia, visual illustration, and annual report.

We hope this is helpful and thanks for reading!

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Harvard Guide to Using Sources 

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  • Sample Bibliography

Below you’ll find a Bibliography adapted from a research paper written by Aishani Aatresh for her Technology, Environment, and Society course.

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  • Bibliography
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How to Write Bibliography for Assignment: Tips on Working with Your Sources

The most tedious and time-consuming part of any school or college written assignment is the bibliography. Sometimes, it can even be challenging! For example, if you’re confused by the variety of citation styles. This is probably when the most students wonder “Is there someone who could complete my assignment ?” That is why Custom-Writing experts prepared a brief guide about creating a perfect bibliography for a project. Some tips regarding the formatting are also included!

Our specialists will write a custom essay specially for you!

A bibliography is a list of all of the sources used in your project: books, magazines, and web pages.

First of all, you shouldn’t be worried about how to write this dreadful part of your assignment. A bibliography is just a list of all the sources, such as books and articles, that you have used for creating your project. No matter how short your writing task is, you will most likely need to add a list of references.

📍 What Is a Bibliography?

  • 👣 Writing Steps
  • 📑 Referring to Different Sources

🔨 Reference Generators

🔗 references.

Every time you use a book, magazine, or a webpage for your essay , you need to mention it in a special list called a bibliography. Even if you are not quoting the source but just using it for the general understanding of the topic, you should still include it there. For citing the source in the text , you would only need to write the author’s name and the publication date. Then, the reference about it goes into your bibliography, and that’s where extra information is needed. However, it would depend on the type of source and the citation style. In case you’re not familiar with the variety of the citation styles and the requirements, have a look at our guide , which can save you some time!

Most of the time, your teacher would request to collect at least three printed sources, so try not to rely on the Internet solely.

👣 How to Write a Bibliography Step by Step

Now you know what a bibliography is. It is time to learn how to write it! We assure you: there is nothing complicated. Follow the steps below.

Select the Sources

The first thing you need to do is find the proper sources for your research assignment. When selecting the sources, you should consider the questions below.

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Evaluate Each Source

The next step in writing a bibliography is a brief assessment of each source’s importance.

In case you need a bibliography as part of an assignment, you should identify the reason why and the way how you want to use the source. If you’re assigned to write an annotated bibliography as an independent project, examine the source’s contribution to the research area.

By the way, you may want to use the following questions for sources assessment.

Assess the Author’s Background and Credentials

When writing a bibliography for a project, you may need to examine the author’s credentials and experience. Here are some questions to help you.

Write a Summary for Each Source

Look through the following questions that will guide you. And don’t forget to search for the summarizing paragraphs. You may find them at the beginning or conclusion of each section. If there is none or you aren’t satisfied with its contents, you can take the role of a summary typer yourself and create your own custom summary.

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Make a Proper Bibliography

Well, you’re almost there. You’ve evaluated your sources, took short notes, wrote an outline for each reference.

Use your notes and write your bibliography. How?

📑 How to Refer to Different Sources

You will have to use different writing patterns for different sources. Check these guidelines for bibliography writing:

  • Book with one author: Author’s last name, first name. Title of the book. City: Publisher, Date of Publication.

Jones, Edward. The Toy. New York: Random House, 1987.

  • Book with two authors: Author’s last name, first name, and second author’s full name. Title of the book. Place of publication: Publisher, date of publication.

Jones, Edward and Amelia Smith. Strangers. New York: Random House, 1987.

  • Book without an author: Title of the book. City: Publisher, Date of Publication.

Old Lake. New York: Random House, 1987.

  • Article in a book without an author: Name of the article. Title of the book. City: Publisher, Date of Publication.

Swans. Flora and Fauna. New York: Random House, 1987.

  • Book with an editor: Editor’s last name, first name, ed. Title of the book. Place of publication: Publisher, date of publication.

Jones, Edward. 100 Recipes for You. New York: Random House, 1987.

  • Short story or chapter of a book: Author’s last name, first name. “Title.” Title of the book that the source comes from. Editor (ed.) of the book’s full name. Place of publication: Publisher, date of publication. Pages of the source.

Jones, Edward. “Learning to communicate.” The Toy. Ed. Helen Stevenson. New York: Random House, 1987.

  • Encyclopedia article with an author/a signed article: Author’s last name, first name. “Title”. Encyclopedia Title. Volume Number. Place of publication: Publisher, date of publication.

Jones, Edward. “The Wild Swans.” World Book Encyclopedia. Volume 13. New York: Random House, 1987.

  • Encyclopedia article without an author/an unsigned article: “Title”. Encyclopedia Title. Volume number. Place of publication: Publisher, date of publication.

“The Wild Swans.” World Book Encyclopedia. Volume 13. New York: Random House, 1987.

  • Journal article: Author’s last name, first name “Article Title.” Name volume number:issue number (year of publication): page numbers.

Jones, Edward, “The Wild Swans.” Flora and Fauna 15:1, (2007): 8-11.

  • Magazine article: Author’s last name, first name. “Article title.” Magazine title date of publication: page numbers.

Jones, Edward. “Never been kissed” Us Sept 23, 2002: 221-2.

  • Newspaper article: Author’s last name, first name. “Article title.” Newspaper title [city of publication, if not in title] date of publication, edition if necessary: section if necessary: page numbers.

Jones, Edward. “Handbags are Health Hazard.” Daily News [New York] Oct 31 2002: 26.

  • Interview: Full name (last name first). Occupation. Date of interview.

Jones, Edward. Writer. February 10, 2006.

  • Film: Title, Director, Distributor, Year.

Titanic, Dir. James Cameron, 20th Century Fox, 1998

  • Email message: Author of message, (Date). Subject of message. Electronic conference or bulletin board (Online). Available email: LISTSERV@ email address.

Edward Jones, (May 23, 2006). New Winners. Teen Booklist (Online). Edward [email protected]

  • Web page: URL (Uniform Resource Locator or WWW address). Author (or item’s name, if mentioned), date.

(Boston Globe’s www address) https://www.boston.com/. Today’s News, May 23, 2006.

Nobody wants to do routine work. So you may want to use a citation builder for your assignment. Try one of the source-generating apps or websites below!

By the way,

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✏️ Bibliography FAQ

A preliminary bibliography is basically the draft of all the sources you think might help your research. You create it when you are still not too familiar with the topic and scanning all the sources available. It’s not the final version of your bibliography since you might find some of the books not as useful as you thought and never use them.

A bibliography card is used to make the process of gathering and categorizing the sources easier. It’s a small piece of paper the size of a standard sticky note. You would take a new one every time you find a useful source. There you need to mention all the information for later referencing. On the back, you can write a brief summary.

Writing a bibliography for a science project is usually no different from creating one for other assignments. It’s a list of the sources the student uses for completing their task. Every source mentioned in the bibliography needs to have some specific publication information as well.

First of all, you need to make sure that your bibliography follows the citation style you are required to use. Otherwise, it will not be alphabetized correctly. Then, if you’re using the MS word program or a similar one, it’s easy to alphabetize your list by choosing the option “Sort.”

  • Bibliography Definition by Cambridge English Dictionary
  • American Psychological Association Style
  • The Chicago Manual of Style Online
  • Information on DOI (digital object identifier)
  • Free DOI Lookup at Crossref
  • Writing a Bibliography as a Part of Research Paper
  • Evaluating Bibliographic Citations // Purdue Writing Lab
  • The Annotated Bibliography – Cornell
  • Bibliography – National Library of Medicine – NIH
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How to Write Bibliography for Project Work: Tips

What is the meaning of bibliography in the project:.

The bibliography is a summary that lists the sources utilized for completing a book, article or project guide. Generally, a bibliography is mentioned at the end of the content.

While planning a project, it is essential to take notes of sources/references, so that it will be easy to mention when preparing a project guide. It facilitates the reader to utilize your sources so it should be precise and in the standard format.

The following mentioned is a complete bibliography guide on how to write a bibliography for the project:

writing bibliography for project

Complete Guide for Writing a Bibliography for Project:

The bibliography should briefly reflect the content:.

Do not exaggerate the context, it should be short and simple. Do not add up extra information, list out the major highlights of the project and note it, this will help the head of the project to outline the references or sources that helped to complete the project. Focus on standard words with simple and identifiable words

Firstly Mention the author name, the title of project, date:

The foremost line comes with the author of the project. Specify the author who is preparing the guide, mention project name and date initiated the guide.

Example: ‘sony’, ‘mechanism of engine’, ‘1/11/2016’

Always remember to list only the reference that can be identified easily by the reader:

Do not confuse the reader with deep information just precise with information which is identified. Sometimes readers may not be aware of certain articles or books so just try to mention the famous and simple words. Readers may not try to copy the same reference, but this will help to produce an idea in his/her upcoming project

Example :”www.mechorg.com”

In case there are two or more authors mention them by their last names:

For example, there is a topic about Internal combustion engines . One person might explain rotating engines in the project guide and others might have explained about reciprocating engines. Then the author will get confused to mention the name in that case, the below example will clarify the doubts

Example: (Rinky, Pinky, and Soni 45)

Also, list in alphabetic order all the sources:

The bibliography writing should be in proper standard so it should be listed out alphabetically so that the reader can just quickly look at the reference which he wanted to go through. It is always catchy to search by alphabet.

Example: ‘A machine’,27

A resource may be a website, book, articles, newspaper, internet:

A project may be assembled by different resources so do not forget to mention the outmost sources and quickly mention day today while preparing the project, so that you do not end up with no information. Different type of sources helps to complete a project, follow the below format for each source

Example: ‘Times of India’, 1/09/2016 https://ic engines/256667 ‘Machine work’, ‘times’

Separate each source with a comma or a full stop:

When two authors along with the date or article along with the reference page number can be mentioned in one line in the below format. For proper understanding, the sources must identify between two different references separately using punctuation marks or a semi column or inverted quotations. This provides a clear understanding of two sources in one line Example: ‘How to start the Internal combustion engine’, ‘engine working principle’

Do not add too many things just mention the main resources useful for the project:

The major concept that carries the project, only that content with references should be mentioned. Each topic collected from different sources, an author need not mention the full details, it’s important to give only the project main points

Collect all the references at the beginning of a project like a website name or books or newspapers or persons who helped to complete it:

Sometimes a resource might be a different person who is not involved in a project you wanted to be thankful then mention the names with a related matter. While starting a project the leader may have few ideas to deal with, at that time author should collect data from all the team members of the project. Brief out the reference links and archive the data

Example: Books Nandita, Ian, ‘Engineering materials’, ‘Design & manufacturing’ Website: https://www.materials.co.us/

While preparing the project, update the bibliography daily:

In case failed to update daily, the information used to collect data may be lost. So it is important to note every point. The members of the team can’t remember all the data that used for completing so keep track of sources and at the end of the project simply write the details in the guide, this helps a lot to the author

Specify the page no’s at the end of each line, this will indicate the reference used for particular topics:

This is the main part of the bibliography of the content in the project mention by a page number so that the reader while referring to the content should understand that this reference relates to the particular topic mentioned on the page number. This is the best idea to easily go through the topic and find its reference.

Example: ‘Strength of materials’, ‘pg no. 26’.

In case the page number cannot identify mention the topic name:

Sometimes page number cannot give to a particular topic and the author wanted to indicate reference, in that case, a topic name can be mentioned. As the topic will be already mentioned in the index the reader finds it easy to find matching the reference. This opts only when an author does not find the page number

Example: ‘www.mechanical.com’, ‘IC engine disadvantages’.

If the reference is indirect, indicate as quoted:

If the project member does not get direct resource data there is another way to mention the reference. In that case, the author can simply mention as quoted in. This will define the reader that it is an indirect resource. Make sure the indirect resource is very clear and precise

Example: (qtd.in seminar 24)

Finally, impress the reader by following the above steps, do not write a bibliography just for the sake of mentioning. A project should be brief with content also with bibliographic references, detail and summarize. These steps help to provide information for beginners. Lastly, coordinate with team members , it will reflect the best results.

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  • How to Cite a Book | APA, MLA, & Chicago Examples

How to Cite a Book | APA, MLA, & Chicago Examples

Published on February 26, 2021 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on January 17, 2024.

To cite a book, you need a brief in-text citation and a corresponding reference listing the author’s name, the title, the year of publication, and the publisher. The order and format of information depends on the citation style you’re using. The most common styles are APA , MLA , and Chicago style .

Use the interactive example generator to explore the format of book citations in MLA and APA.

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Table of contents

Citing a book in mla style, citing a book in apa style, citing a book in chicago style, where to find source information in a book, frequently asked questions about citations.

An MLA book citation includes the author’s name , the book title (in italics, capitalized headline-style), the edition (if specified), the publisher, and the year of publication. If it’s an e-book , write “e-book” (or a more specific description, e.g. “Kindle ed.”) before the publisher name.

The corresponding in-text citation lists the author’s last name and the page number of the passage cited.

You can also use our free MLA Citation Generator to create your book citations.

Generate accurate MLA citations with Scribbr

Citing a book chapter in mla.

To cite a book chapter , first give the author and title (in quotation marks) of the chapter cited, then information about the book as a whole and the page range of the specific chapter.

The in-text citation lists the author of the chapter and the page number of the relevant passage.

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An APA Style book citation lists the author’s last name and initials, the year of publication, the title and any subtitle (in italics, capitalizing only the first word), the edition (if specified), and the publisher. Add a DOI or URL to the end of the entry if available (e.g. for e-books or books accessed online ).

In an in-text citation, state the author’s last name and the publication year, and a page number if you need to show the location of a specific quote or paraphrase .

You can also use our free APA Citation Generator to automatically generate your book citations. Search for a title, DOI, or ISBN to retrieve the details.

Generate accurate APA citations with Scribbr

Citing a book chapter in apa.

To cite a book chapter , list information about the chapter first, followed by information about the book, including the book’s editor(s) and the chapter’s page range within the book.

The author of the chapter, not the editor of the book, is listed in the in-text citation.

Chicago notes and bibliography style uses footnotes to cite sources instead of parenthetical citations. These notes refer to a bibliography at the end giving full source details.

A Chicago bibliography entry for a book includes the author’s name, the book title and subtitle, the edition (if stated), the location and name of the publisher, and the year of publication. For an e-book , add the e-book format (e.g. “Kindle”) at the end.

Chicago also has an alternative style, Chicago author-date . You can see examples of book citations in this style here .

Citing a book chapter in Chicago

To cite a book chapter , start with the author and the title of the chapter (in quotation marks), then give the title (in italics) and editor of the book, the page range of the chapter, the location and name of the publisher, and the year of publication.

All the information you need for a book citation can usually be found on the book’s title page and copyright page. The main things you’re looking for are:

  • the title (and subtitle if present)
  • name(s) of the author(s)
  • year of publication
  • place of publication

You should also check if the book specifies an edition (e.g. 2nd edition, revised edition) and if any other contributors are named (e.g. editor, translator).

The image below shows where to find the relevant information on the title and copyright pages of a typical book.

APA book source info

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The main elements included in all book citations across APA , MLA , and Chicago style are the author, the title, the year of publication, and the name of the publisher. A page number is also included in in-text citations to highlight the specific passage cited.

In Chicago style and in the 6th edition of APA Style , the location of the publisher is also included, e.g. London: Penguin.

When a book’s chapters are written by different authors, you should cite the specific chapter you are referring to.

When all the chapters are written by the same author (or group of authors), you should usually cite the entire book, but some styles include exceptions to this.

  • In APA Style , single-author books should always be cited as a whole, even if you only quote or paraphrase from one chapter.
  • In MLA Style , if a single-author book is a collection of stand-alone works (e.g. short stories ), you should cite the individual work.
  • In Chicago Style , you may choose to cite a single chapter of a single-author book if you feel it is more appropriate than citing the whole book.

Check if your university or course guidelines specify which citation style to use. If the choice is left up to you, consider which style is most commonly used in your field.

  • APA Style is the most popular citation style, widely used in the social and behavioral sciences.
  • MLA style is the second most popular, used mainly in the humanities.
  • Chicago notes and bibliography style is also popular in the humanities, especially history.
  • Chicago author-date style tends to be used in the sciences.

Other more specialized styles exist for certain fields, such as Bluebook and OSCOLA for law.

The most important thing is to choose one style and use it consistently throughout your text.

The abbreviation “ et al. ” (Latin for “and others”) is used to shorten citations of sources with multiple authors.

“Et al.” is used in APA in-text citations of sources with 3+ authors, e.g. (Smith et al., 2019). It is not used in APA reference entries .

Use “et al.” for 3+ authors in MLA in-text citations and Works Cited entries.

Use “et al.” for 4+ authors in a Chicago in-text citation , and for 10+ authors in a Chicago bibliography entry.

When you want to cite a specific passage in a source without page numbers (e.g. an e-book or website ), all the main citation styles recommend using an alternate locator in your in-text citation . You might use a heading or chapter number, e.g. (Smith, 2016, ch. 1)

In APA Style , you can count the paragraph numbers in a text to identify a location by paragraph number. MLA and Chicago recommend that you only use paragraph numbers if they’re explicitly marked in the text.

For audiovisual sources (e.g. videos ), all styles recommend using a timestamp to show a specific point in the video when relevant.

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.

Caulfield, J. (2024, January 17). How to Cite a Book | APA, MLA, & Chicago Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved February 22, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/citing-sources/cite-a-book/

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how to write bibliography for computer project

How to Write a Bibliography For a Science Fair Project

  • Cell Biology
  • Weather & Climate
  • B.A., Biology, Emory University
  • A.S., Nursing, Chattahoochee Technical College

When conducting a science fair project , it is important that you keep track of all the sources you use in your research. This includes books, magazines, journals, and Web sites. You will need to list these source materials in a bibliography . Bibliographic information is typically written in either Modern Language Association ( MLA ) or American Psychological Association (APA) format. Be sure to check with your science project instruction sheet in order to find out which method is required by your instructor. Use the format advised by your instructor.

Key Takeaways

  • Keeping track of the sources used for your research is very important when completing a science fair project bibliography.
  • The Modern Language Association (MLA) format is one common format used for bibliographies for science fair projects.
  • The American Psychological Association (APA) format is a second common format used for science fair project bibliographies.
  • Both the MLA format as well as the APA format have specified formats to use for resources like books, magazines, and websites.
  • Always make sure to use the correct format, whether MLA or APA, specified in the instructions that you receive for completing your science fair project.

Here's How:

  • Write the author's last name, first name and middle name or initial. End with a period.
  • Write the title of the book in italics followed by a period.
  • Write the place where your book was published (city) followed by a comma. The city of publication is only used when the book is published before 1900, if the publisher has offices in multiple countries or is otherwise unknown in North America.
  • Write the publisher name followed by a comma.
  • Write the publication date (year) followed by a period.

MLA: Magazine

  • Write the author's last name, first name followed by a period.
  • Write the title of the article in quotation marks. End the title with a period inside the quotation marks.
  • Write the title of the magazine in italics followed by a comma.
  • Write the publication date (abbreviating the month) followed by a comma and the page numbers preceded by pp. and followed by a period.

MLA: Website

  • Write the name of the article or page title in quotation marks. End the title with a period inside the quotation marks.
  • Write the title of the website in italics followed by a comma.
  • If the name of the publisher differs from the name of the website, write the name of the sponsoring institution or publisher (if any) followed by a comma.
  • Write the date published followed by a comma.
  • Write the URL (website address) followed by a period.

MLA Examples:

  • Here is an example for a book -- Smith, John B. Science Fair Fun . Sterling Publishing Company, 1990.
  • Here is an example for a magazine -- Carter, M. "The Magnificent Ant." Nature, 4 Feb. 2014, pp. 10-40.
  • Here is an example for a Web site -- Bailey, Regina. "How to Write a Bibliography For a Science Fair Project." ThoughtCo, 8 Jun. 2019, www.thoughtco.com/write-bibliography-for-science-fair-project-4056999 .
  • Here is an example for a conversation -- Martin, Clara. Telephone conversation. 12 Jan. 2016.
  • Write the author's last name, first initial.
  • Write the year of publication in parenthesis.
  • Write the title of the book or source.
  • Write the place where your source was published (city, state) followed by a colon.

APA: Magazine

  • Write the author's last name, first initial.
  • Write the year of publication, month of publication in parenthesis .
  • Write the title of the article.
  • Write the title of the magazine in italics , volume, issue in parenthesis, and page numbers.

APA: Web site

  • Write the year, month, and day of publication in parenthesis.
  • Write Retrieved from followed by the URL.

APA Examples:

  • Here is an example for a book -- Smith, J. (1990). Experiment Time. New York, NY: Sterling Pub. Company.
  • Here is an example for a magazine -- Adams, F. (2012, May). House of the carnivorous plants. Time , 123(12), 23-34.
  • Here is an example for a Web site -- Bailey, R. (2019, June 8). How to Write a Bibliography For a Science Fair Project. Retrieved from www.thoughtco.com/write-bibliography-for-science-fair-project-4056999.
  • Here is an example for a conversation -- Martin, C. (2016, January 12). Personal Conversation.

The bibliography formats used in this listing are based on the MLA 8th Edition and APA 6th Edition.

Science Fair Projects

For additional information about science fair projects, see:

  • Scientific Method
  • Animal Project Ideas
  • Human Body Project Ideas
  • Plant Project Ideas
  • Purdue Writing Lab. "APA Formatting and Style Guide." Purdue Writing Lab , owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/general_format.html. 
  • Purdue Writing Lab. "MLA Formatting and Style Guide." Purdue Writing Lab , owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/mla_style/mla_formatting_and_style_guide/mla_formatting_and_style_guide.html. 
  • What Is a Citation?
  • What Is a Bibliography?
  • MLA Bibliography or Works Cited
  • How to Write a Science Fair Project Report
  • Biology Science Fair Project Ideas
  • How to Organize Your Science Fair Poster
  • How to Format a Biology Lab Report
  • APA In-Text Citations
  • Bibliography: Definition and Examples
  • Science Fair Project Help
  • MLA Sample Pages
  • How to Select a Science Fair Project Topic
  • What Judges Look for in a Science Fair Project
  • Make a Science Fair Poster or Display
  • How to Write a Research Paper That Earns an A
  • Sports Science Fair Project Ideas

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Bibliography For School Project

Bibliography For School Project Class 10 | Easy Concept

When working on school projects, whether it’s a research paper, presentation, or any academic assignment, it’s important to cite reliable sources and create a bibliography. Through Bibliography For School Project , you will be able to explore the importance of a bibliography, the key components of a bibliography, how to build one accurately, and some helpful tips for managing your sources effectively.

Table of Contents

What is Bibliography?

A bibliography is a list of all the sources you consulted while writing your paper. Every book, article, and even video you use to gather information for your paper should be cited in your bibliography so that your instructor can trace facts, figures, and insights back to their original sources.

The purpose of a bibliography is to provide a list of sources used in a research project, paper, or publication. It credits the original authors, adds credibility to the work, and allows readers to verify the information presented.

What Is A Bibliography With Examples?

The bibliography is a list of works written on a particular subject or by a particular author.

Students are taught that a bibliography with properly formatted in-text citations is important for properly citing one’s research and avoiding accusations of plagiarism. In formal research, all sources used, whether directly cited or summarized, should be included in the bibliography. , An annotated bibliography includes a brief descriptive and evaluative paragraph for each item in the list.

Examples: From the Greek, “writing about books” (Biblio, “book”, graph, “write”) Pronunciation: bib-li-oz-rah-fee

What is the easiest bibliography style?

There are three main styles of bibliographies:

Descriptive Bibliography : This type provides a detailed description of each source, such as the author’s background, publication history, and physical characteristics of the book.

Analytical Bibliography: It analyzes the sources in terms of their content, historical context, and importance of the subject.

Annotated Bibliography: It includes brief summaries of the relevance and quality of each source.

How to write Bibliography for project?

There are the following steps to write a bibliography for a school project:

  • Choose the citation style specified by your school or professor, such as APA, MLA, Chicago, or Harvard.
  • Gather all the necessary details for each source you have used, such as the author’s name, title, publication date, etc.
  • Alphabetize the sources by author’s last name or title if there is no author.
  • Follow the guidelines for the chosen citation style to format each source entry correctly.
  • Verify all information to make sure your bibliography is error-free and consistent.

Bibliography For School Project

Bibliography For School Project Sample

Before writing your research paper reference list for that science fair or research project, you need to know the style you will use. This will be determined not only by your teacher or professor but also by the type of research project paper you are creating.

Bibliography For School Project Class 10

In class 10, your school project will be in MLA style. Because this style eases the sourcing of websites, audio-visual material, and advertisements. However, APA and Turabian can also be used in the mix. Use this MLA sample bibliography to see how to create a works cited page.

bibliography for school project

Best Bibliography For School Project

When it comes to bibliography examples, it can be confusing. Because the word “bibliography” can have a double meaning.

“Bibliography” may be an all-encompassing term for all source lists in all writing styles. This is also the title of the Chicago/Turabian end quote.

A bibliography lists all the references used to create a piece of writing. This includes everything that you used in the creation of the work. This may include background sources. A bibliography includes directly cited sources in the body of the paper or essay. These are actual quotes and thoughts that were used by other authors or materials. Now it’s time to explore a sample bibliography, reference lists, and works cited lists.

MLA Works Cited Example

bibliography for school project

APA Reference List Example

bibliography for school project

Chicago or Turabian Bibliography Example

It is a multiple style that can work well for fiction and nonfiction sources. You might use it in arts, history, philosophy, religion, or other subjects. 

bibliography for school project

Annotated Bibliography Example

It provides information for the reader about the sources, used to write a paper.

bibliography for school project

How do you write a good bibliography for a project?

To write a good bibliography for a project: Choose a Citation Style Gather Complete Information Organize Alphabetically Use Proper Formatting Check for Accuracy Include Relevant Sources Consistency is Key Proofread

How do you write a simple bibliography for a school project?

To write a simple bibliography for a school project: Collect information about each source (author, title, publication date, etc.). Arrange sources alphabetically. Format each entry based on the citation style (APA, MLA, etc.). Double-check for accuracy and completeness.

What are the 5 types of bibliography?

The five types of bibliography are: Descriptive Bibliography Analytical Bibliography Annotated Bibliography Systematic Bibliography Enumerative Bibliography

What is a bibliography for a project?

A bibliography is a list of all the sources you consulted while writing your paper like essays, research papers, and reports

What is the bibliography format?

The bibliography format is based on the citation style (e.g., APA, MLA, Chicago).

What is a good bibliography?

A good bibliography is accurate, complete, and follows the specified citation style like title, author’s name, date, etc.

What comes first in the bibliography?

The author’s last name comes first in the bibliography.

What is the best bibliography style?

The best bibliography style is APA Style . 

What is the bibliography for the school project?

A bibliography for a school project is a list of sources used, which gives credit and credibility to the research.

Why write a bibliography?

The purpose of a bibliography is to provide a list of sources used in a research project, paper, or publication.

Also Read: Power Sharing Class 10 Notes

Creating a well-crafted “Bibliography For School Project ” is important. A comprehensive and accurate bibliography not only adds value to the project but also paves the way for further exploration by curious minds. So, invest the time to build the best bibliography and elevate your academic journey to new heights!

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Computer Science > Human-Computer Interaction

Title: ghostwriter: augmenting collaborative human-ai writing experiences through personalization and agency.

Abstract: Large language models (LLMs) are becoming more prevalent and have found a ubiquitous use in providing different forms of writing assistance. However, LLM-powered writing systems can frustrate users due to their limited personalization and control, which can be exacerbated when users lack experience with prompt engineering. We see design as one way to address these challenges and introduce GhostWriter, an AI-enhanced writing design probe where users can exercise enhanced agency and personalization. GhostWriter leverages LLMs to learn the user's intended writing style implicitly as they write, while allowing explicit teaching moments through manual style edits and annotations. We study 18 participants who use GhostWriter on two different writing tasks, observing that it helps users craft personalized text generations and empowers them by providing multiple ways to control the system's writing style. From this study, we present insights regarding people's relationship with AI-assisted writing and offer design recommendations for future work.

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  1. Bibliography for school project

  2. How to write References, Citations & Bibliography in Thesis/Dissertation

  3. bibliography 😊😊

  4. bibliography for project :)

  5. How to write bibliography for a school project or Research paper

  6. How to make Bibliography Page for Project File

COMMENTS

  1. How to Write a Bibliography, With Examples

    Give your paper extra polish Grammarly helps you communicate confidently Write with Grammarly What is the purpose of a bibliography? A bibliography is the list of sources a work's author used to create the work. It accompanies just about every type of academic writing, like essays, research papers, and reports.

  2. How to Write a Bibliography in APA and MLA styles With Examples

    To cite a source, simply put the author's name and the date of the publication in parentheses (Author, date) in your text. If the person reading your report wants to find the information and read more about it, they can look up the reference in your bibliography for more detail about the source.

  3. How To Write a Bibliography Plus Examples

    Here are some general notes on writing an APA reference list: Title your bibliography section "References" and center the title on the top line of the page. Do not center your references; they should be left-aligned. For longer items, subsequent lines should use a hanging indent of 1/2 inch.

  4. Create a bibliography, citations, and references

    Create a bibliography. With cited sources in your document, you're ready to create a bibliography. Put your cursor where you want the bibliography. Go to References > Bibliography, and choose a format. Tip: If you cite a new source, add it to the bibliography by clicking anywhere in the bibliography and selecting Update Citations and Bibliography.

  5. How to Write a Bibliography for a School Project

    College College projects might be in a number of different styles, depending on the type of project. MLA and APA are prevalent, as are Turabian/Chicago. Harvard is another popular style that might be used to create the reference list, if you use a lot of informational sources. Click Image to Download Click Image to Download Click Image to Download

  6. How to Write a Bibliography in APA Format with Examples

    Put a period after the title. If a periodical includes a volume number, italicize it and then give the page range (in regular type) without "pp." If the periodical does not use volume numbers, as in newspapers, use p. or pp. for page numbers. Note: Unlike other periodicals, p. or pp. precedes page numbers for a newspaper reference in APA style.

  7. How to Cite Sources

    Simply enter the URL, DOI, or title, and we'll generate an accurate, correctly formatted citation. Generate accurate citations with Scribbr Instantly correct all language mistakes in your text Be assured that you'll submit flawless writing. Upload your document to correct all your mistakes. Table of contents When do you need to cite sources?

  8. Bibliography Examples for Students

    Create Citation Bibliography Examples for Students By Jennifer Betts Certified Teacher In Examples, How To 4 Min read You've finished writing your essay. Now, it's time to make an alphabetized list of all the books, periodicals and websites you used. Some writing styles call this list the bibliography.

  9. 4 Ways to Write a Bibliography

    Method 1 Writing an APA Bibliography Download Article 1 Create a reference list. Reserve a page at the end of the paper for the bibliography. Title it "References." Under this heading, you'll list everything you've used in the paper. [1] 2 Sort all of your references alphabetically by last name.

  10. Harvard Style Bibliography

    Reference list or bibliography entries always start with the author's last name and initial, the publication date and the title of the source. The other information required varies depending on the source type. Formats and examples for the most common source types are given below. Books Entire book Book chapter Translated book

  11. 5 Easy Steps to Master the Format of the Bibliography for Project

    In this post we share 5 simple tips that will help you create a perfect bibliography for project.

  12. How to Write a Bibliography (MLA, APA Examples)

    An annotated bibliography should include a reference list of any sources you use in writing a research paper. Any printed sources from which you use a text citation, including books, websites, newspaper articles, journal articles, academic writing, online sources (such as PDFs), and magazines should be included in a reference list.

  13. LibGuides: Citing & publishing software: How to cite software

    Cite the software that was used in your research, including all software that was used to generate and analyze data. The Force11 recommendations: "citation is partly a record of software important to a research outcome". "Software should be cited on the same basis as any other research product such as a paper or a book; that is, authors should ...

  14. How to Write a Bibliography

    The list is known as a bibliography and is placed at the end of a research paper or writing project. This article features a comprehensive guide to writing a bibliography, complete with all the information one must include in it as well as formats and examples based on the style guide being followed. Information Included in a Bibliography

  15. How to Write a Bibliography for a Research Paper

    $15 proceed to order Assembling Bibliographies and Works Cited If your assignment calls for a bibliography, list all the sources you consulted in your research. If your assignment calls for a works cited or references page, include only the sources you quote, summarize, paraphrase, or mention in your paper.

  16. How to Write a Bibliography For a Project From Any Sources

    Online Encyclopedia Visual Illustration (Photos, Diagram, Table, etc) Annual Report Online Annual Report Tips on Writing a Bibliography for Your Project Before you start writing a bibliography, you need to know a few useful tips below: You should use reference sources for your project which published no more than 5 years.

  17. Sample Bibliography

    Below you'll find a Bibliography adapted from a research paper written by Aishani Aatresh for her Technology, Environment, and Society course. Barnard, Anne, and Grace Ashford. "Can New York Really Get to 100% Clean Energy by 2040?". New York Times, November 29, 2021, sec.

  18. How to Write Bibliography for Assignment: Tips on Working with Your Sources

    Author name (if mentioned) Title (if mentioned) Name of the company that created the webpage. Web address (just copy the URL) The date when you used the page last time. Most of the time, your teacher would request to collect at least three printed sources, so try not to rely on the Internet solely.

  19. How to Write Bibliography for Project Work: Tips

    Firstly Mention the author name, the title of project, date: The foremost line comes with the author of the project. Specify the author who is preparing the guide, mention project name and date initiated the guide. Example: 'sony', 'mechanism of engine', '1/11/2016'

  20. How to Cite a Book

    To cite a book chapter, first give the author and title (in quotation marks) of the chapter cited, then information about the book as a whole and the page range of the specific chapter. The in-text citation lists the author of the chapter and the page number of the relevant passage. MLA format. Author last name, First name.

  21. How to Write a Bibliography For a Science Fair Project

    Write the title of the article in quotation marks. End the title with a period inside the quotation marks. Write the title of the magazine in italics followed by a comma. Write the publication date (abbreviating the month) followed by a comma and the page numbers preceded by pp. and followed by a period.

  22. Bibliography For School Project Class 10

    How do you write a good bibliography for a project? How do you write a simple bibliography for a school project? What are the 5 types of bibliography? What is a bibliography for a project? What is the bibliography format? What is a good bibliography? What comes first in the bibliography? What is the best bibliography style?

  23. [2402.03620] Self-Discover: Large Language Models Self-Compose

    We introduce SELF-DISCOVER, a general framework for LLMs to self-discover the task-intrinsic reasoning structures to tackle complex reasoning problems that are challenging for typical prompting methods. Core to the framework is a self-discovery process where LLMs select multiple atomic reasoning modules such as critical thinking and step-by-step thinking, and compose them into an explicit ...

  24. [2402.07939] UFO: A UI-Focused Agent for Windows OS Interaction

    We introduce UFO, an innovative UI-Focused agent to fulfill user requests tailored to applications on Windows OS, harnessing the capabilities of GPT-Vision. UFO employs a dual-agent framework to meticulously observe and analyze the graphical user interface (GUI) and control information of Windows applications. This enables the agent to seamlessly navigate and operate within individual ...

  25. [2402.08855] GhostWriter: Augmenting Collaborative Human-AI Writing

    Large language models (LLMs) are becoming more prevalent and have found a ubiquitous use in providing different forms of writing assistance. However, LLM-powered writing systems can frustrate users due to their limited personalization and control, which can be exacerbated when users lack experience with prompt engineering. We see design as one way to address these challenges and introduce ...