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Download Research Papers and Scientific Articles for free (Sci-Hub and Library Genesis links updated August 2022)

Many students and researchers need to find a paper for their research, to complete the review of an article, or while writing their thesis. Many papers can be found through your university library, but for those that you may not have access to through your institution, we take a look at the three largest open access sites, as well as sci hub and Library Genesis .

Unpaywall Unpaywall is a website built by Impactstory, a nonprofit working to make science more open and reusable online. They are supported by grants from the National Science Foundation and the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation. What they do is gather all the articles they can from all the open-access repositories on the internet. These are papers that have been provided by the authors or publishers for free, and thus Unpaywall is completely legal. They say they have about 50-85% of all scientific articles available in their archive. Works with Chrome or Firefox.

PaperPanda PaperPanda is a free browser extension for Chrome that gives you one-click access to papers and journal articles. When you find a paper on the publisher’s site, just click the PaperPanda icon and the panda goes and finds the PDF for you.

Open Access Button The Open Access Button  does something very similar to Unpaywall, with some major differences. They search thousands of public repositories, and if the article is not in any of them they send a request to the author to make the paper publicly available with them. The more people try to find an article through them, the more requests an author gets. You can search for articles/papers directly from their page, or download their browser extension.

Library Genesis Library Genesis is a database of over 5 million (yes, million) free papers, articles, entire journals, and non-fiction books. They also have comics, fiction books, and books in many non-english languages. They are also known as LibGen or Genesis Library. Many of the papers on Library Genesis are the same as sci hub, but what sets them apart is that Library Genesis has books as well.

OAmg OAmg lets you search for journal articles and papers, download them, and of course cite them in your Citationsy projects. After entering a query it searches through all published papers in the world and shows you the matches. You can then click a result to see more details and read a summary. It will also let you download the paper through a couple different, completely legal open access services. www.oa.mg

Sci-Hub (link updated August 2022) Finally, there’s Sci Hub . Science-Hub works in a completely different way than the other two: researchers, students, and other academics donate their institutional login to Schi-Hub, and when you search for a paper they download it through that account. After the articles has been downloaded they store a copy of it on their own servers. You can basically download 99% of all scientific articles and papers on SciHub. Just enter the DOI to download the papers you need for free from scihub. Shihub was launched by the researcher Alexandra Elbakyan in 2011 with the goal of providing free access to research to everyone, not only those who have the money to pay for journals. Many in the scientific community praise hub-sci / sciencehub for furthering the knowledge of humankind and helping academics from all over the world. shi hub has been sued many times by publishers like Elsevier but it is still accessible, for example by using a sci hub proxy.

You can find links to Sci-Hub on Wikipedia ( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci-Hub ) or WikiData ( https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21980377#P856 ).

Referencing and Writing Advice Unlocking Knowledge Getting the green light when using plagiarism detection software doesn’t mean you haven’t plagiarised.

Best Websites to Download Research Papers for Free

Today, the average cost of downloading a research paper is roughly around $30. This is because of the present model, which has publicly funded research locked behind paywalls established by publishers, who don’t really add much extra value by themselves. As a result, many researchers and other people who are aware of this issue have been looking for a better alternative to this existing system.

In fact, some people even go to the length of claiming that this model is one of the greatest hindrances on the path of human progress today.

However, discussing that is not the purpose of this article. Rather, I’m intending to show you how to avoid paywalls and download research papers for free. Please be warned that accessing these sites is illegal in many countries, so be sure to conceal your identity by using a VPN like NordVPN , or choose from 50+ VPN options on Truely , a product aggregator site that collects reviews and ratings from multiple sources to find out which is the best product.

Returning to the good part, in this article, I will feature the 11 (not just 10) best websites that allow you to download quality peer-reviewed research papers without paying the exorbitant fees charged by the most prominent publishers today.

Best Websites to Download Research Papers for Free (Legally)

Disclaimer : Before we begin, I should mention that #1 & #2 websites listed here are technically illegal in some countries . However, thousands of academicians and researchers have praised these websites and believe that their services are not only justified but also important for the better of our world.

At the end of the day, it’s up to you to decide what’s right and wrong. Let’s now take a look at my choices for the best websites to download research papers for free.

Let’s start with the list now.

You can download almost 99% of all scientific papers and articles in existence on Sci-Hub.

Note: Using Sci-Hub may not be legal in your country. Also, you will require a VPN to use this website. I recommend using NordVPN or AtlasVPN for the purpose.

Sci-Hub was originally launched by Alexandra Elbakyan, a Kazakhstani graduate student, in 2011. It is a website known for providing access to various academic articles and papers using educational institution access and its own collection of downloaded articles and papers. In fact, you can download almost 99% of all scientific papers and articles in existence on Sci-Hub.

Needless to say, Sci-Hub is one of the most incredibly controversial websites in existence. On numerous occasions, people have targeted it for copyright infringement. Many internet service providers (especially in developed countries) have blocked it at present.  Sci-Hub’s own statistics show that the chances of a request for download being successful are 99%. It processes more than 200,000 requests every day.

Sci-Hub works in a notably different way than most other platforms listed here: students, researchers, and other academicians donate their institutional login to Sci-Hub. When you search for a paper, Sci-Hub downloads it through that account and stores a copy of it on its own servers.

You can download research papers from Sci-Hub by following the steps below:

• Visit Sci-Hub’s webpage . (Use a VPN to access it if blocked.)
• Type the full name, DOI, or URL of the research paper you are looking for.
• Click the red “open” button.

Library Genesis

Library Genesis or LibGen is a vast database harboring a whopping 58 million science magazine files and more than 5 million free papers, complete journals, articles, and non-fiction books.

Note: You may require a VPN to use this website too. I recommend using NordVPN or AtlasVPN for this purpose.

In 2015, it was sued by Elsevier – one of the world’s most well-known publishers of medical, technical, and scientific research papers. However, that hasn’t led to anything as of now.

At present, many internet service providers have blocked Library Genesis. However, it is still accessible by virtue of its numerous mirrors.

You can find a research paper or book on Library Genesis by following the steps given below:

• Visit Library Genesis’ official website .
• Type the name of whatever you’re looking for into the search field, and click the “search!” button.
• Click on the name of a book or research paper in the list of results, and choose one of the available mirrors.
• Proceed to download the book or research paper and save it to your device.

OA.mg aims to make research more open and discoverable by providing direct download links to over 200 million research papers.

Its key mission is to help everyone become more productive at every stage of their academic work — from research to bibliography generation. By aggregating and combining all Open Access databases, they are able to guide you to the latest open access research as well as the research behind paywalls. If there isn’t a direct link, they’ll help you find a way to download it. 

You can find research papers using OA.mg by following the following steps:

• Visit the following link:  https://oa.mg
• Enter your keywords or DOI number in the search field available over there.
• Click the “search” button and wait for the results to turn up.
• In the list of results, download any research paper you need by clicking the download link.

21 million academic articles from more than 50,000 content repositories and publishers.

This is a colossal database that harbors over 21 million academic articles from more than 50,000 content repositories and publishers. The articles in database are mirrored from government resources and hence downloading those is legal.

The developers claim that they have around 80-85% of all scientific articles available in their archive. They are also supported by grants from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation and the National Science Foundation.

You can use the Chrome extension to easily access them anytime. For that, you just need to follow the steps given below:

• Visit https://unpaywall.org/products/extension .
• Click the “Add to Chrome” button.
• Click “Add to Chrome” on the Chrome Web Store page as well.
• Wait while the extension gets installed.
• Once you install it, the extension works automatically and turns up whenever you visit a paywalled research paper listed in Unpaywall’s open database. All you need to do is click the green Unpaywall button for the paper to open up immediately.

Unlike many other websites listed here, the services offered by Unpaywall are totally legal because it points to legal, author-posted manuscripts hosted on government and university web servers (generally known as Green Open Access manuscripts ).

As a matter of fact, Unpaywall is integrated into several search platforms, library systems, and other information products all across the world. It has been helping make scholarship more readily accessible to people around the globe.

Citationsy Archives

Citationsy Archives allows you to search for journal articles and papers, download them, and (obviously) cite them in your projects.

Citationsy is a free to use tool but there are some limitations with the free plan. For just $9.99 per month ($4.99 if you are a student), you can get unlimited citations, references, bibliographies, word export and more. Citationsy Archives offers only 3-days trial but if you use promotion code GAURAVTIWARI , you can get premium version for free for a whole month.

Note that you can use Citationsy Archives with or without an account.

All you need is to enter a query, it will search for the same through all the research papers in the world and present the relevant matches to you. You can click on any of the results to see more details, and promptly site it from there itself.

This platform also enables you to download the paper through a few different, and completely legal, open access services.

Use Citationsy Archives from https://citationsy.com/archives/  

Directory of Open Access Journals

Community-curated website that features several peer-reviewed, high-quality open access journals.

The Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) is a community-curated website that features several peer-reviewed, high-quality open access journals. It was launched in 2003 with about 300 journals in its possession. Ever since, it has grown to harbor more than 10,000 open access journals spanning all areas of science, social science, medicine, humanities, and technology. The number of free articles featured on this platform is growing every day.

The DOAJ is maintained by Infrastructure Services for Open Access (IS4OA) – a non-profit charitable organization that wishes to offer the benefit of openly accessible publications and data to the global community of users. It asserts that open and wide distribution and dissemination of knowledge wil greatly benefit the human society all across the world.

Similar to Unpaywall, DOAJ is completely legal and its website is funded by sponsors, publishers, and non-publisher members. In order to find and download free research papers, follow the steps given below:

• Visit DOAJ’s official website.
• Enter your keywords into the search field in there, and press Enter.
• Choose the research paper you need to download
• Just above the abstract, you’ll see the “full text” button. Click it.

Open Access Button

Leverages public repositories of research papers to make publicly funded research freely accessible to one and all.

Open Access Button was founded in November 2013 by a group of students who were fed up of running into paywalls. It leverages public repositories of research papers to make publicly funded research freely accessible to one and all.

Open Access Button is quite similar to Unpaywall in terms of functioning. However, the two of them differ in one significant aspect: whenever Open Access Button notices that an article is not freely available, it automatically notifies the authors to share it by putting it into a repository. The more people try to find an article via this platform, the more requests an author gets.

You can use Open Access Button by downloading their browser extension. For that, simply follow the steps given below:

• Visit the following URL: https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/open-access-button/gknkbkaapnhpmkcgkmdekdffgcddoiel?hl=en
• Install the Open Access Button browser extension by clicking the “Add to Chrome” button.
• Henceforth, if you are ever unable to access the research you require, just click on the Open Access Button to do it.

Don’t worry if you are not a Google Chrome user. You can still use the online version of Open Access Button by visiting the following link: https://openaccessbutton.org

ScienceOpen

Access to more than 49 million research papers and over 20 thousand journals in all areas of science.

ScienceOpen was established in 2013 by Alexander Grossman – a prominent physicist an professor of publishing management at the Leipzig University of Applied Sciences – and Tibor Tscheke – a software developer, content management specialist, and information scientist. It is a professional networking platform that is specially meant for scholars. It grants users access to more than 49 million research papers and over 20 thousand journals in all areas of science.

This platform is meant to explore new ways for opening up information to the scholarly community. Moreover, you can clearly see that the project has been achieving this goal gracefully so far.

In order to look for research papers using ScienceOpen, follow the steps given below:

• Visit the link: https://www.scienceopen.com/search
• Enter your keywords in the given search field. Apart from this, you can also search by journals, authors, publishers, collections, and so on.

Legal and flawless access to millions of open-access research papers.

CORE is known for maintaining a vast collection of open access research published in different journals and research repositories across the world. Its prime objective is to actively support the rights of citizens and the general public to access the results of research which they contributed towards by paying taxes. To accomplish this goal, it offers flawless access to millions of open access research papers.

You can find research papers using CORE by following the following steps:

• Visit the following link: https://core.ac.uk
• Enter your keywords in the search field available over there.
• In the list of results, download any research paper you need by clicking the “get PDF” button.

This free browser extension for Chrome grants you one-click access to various journal articles and papers in PDF format.

Basically, when you activate this tool, it finds the DOI of the paper from the present page and then proceeds to search for it. It begins by querying various Open Access repositories like OaDoi, SemanticScholar, ArXiV, and the Internet Archive.

The developers are working on a soon-to-be-released feature that allows you to set your university libraries domain in the settings. PaperPanda will then automatically search for the required paper through your library. If needed, you will be able to set a different custom domain in the settings.

I’ve included instructions for using this tool below:

• Install the PaperPanda extension for Google Chrome .
• Pin PaperPanda to your browser’s toolbar.
• While visiting a page for a research paper, click the tiny panda icon in the toolbar.
• PaperPanda will now find the PDF file for you. If needed, you can open “settings” and adjust the domain it uses to find your papers.

Education Resources Information Center (ERIC)

Contains not only journal publications but book sources and gray literature as well.

ERIC is a part of the United States Department of Education. It serves as a comprehensive archive of publications and is widely regarded as an excellent way of downloading research papers without paying a fee. It contains not only journal publications but book sources and gray literature as well.

Both the journal and non-journal material you’ll find over at ERIC are peer-reviewed and reliable. It adds new research publications sources to its index database system twice a year.

You can access ERIC by visiting its official website: https://eric.ed.gov/

It is common knowledge that research publication is an expensive field – both for researchers and readers. Most scientific studies are behind the paywall when the researcher refuses to pay the open-access publication fee. The average cost of downloading a research paper is about $30 – something not everyone might be able to afford. However, that’s what the websites listed in this article are meant to help you with.

However, before using any of these websites for downloading research papers for free, you must keep in mind that bypassing paywalls put up by paywalls is illegal in many parts of the world. Thus, you should consider using a VPN to protect your identity. Doing so extends a private network across a public network and allows you to send and receive data privately and securely.

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If it were not for Sci-Hub – I wouldn't be able to do my thesis in Materials Science (research related to the structure formation in aluminum alloys)

Alexander T.

We fight inequality in knowledge access across the world. The scientific knowledge should be available for every person regardless of their income, social status, geographical location and etc.

Our mission is to remove any barrier which impeding the widest possible distribution of knowledge in human society!

We advocate for cancellation of intellectual property , or copyright laws, for scientific and educational resources.

Copyright laws render the operation of most online libraries illegal. Hence many people are deprived from knowledge, while at the same time allowing rightholders to have a huge benefits from this. The copyright fosters increase of both informational and economical inequality.

The Sci-Hub project supports Open Access movement in science. Research should be published in open access, i.e. be free to read.

The Open Access is a new and advanced form of scientific communication, which is going to replace outdated subscription models. We stand against unfair gain that publishers collect by creating limits to knowledge distribution.

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• About Sci-Hub

Sci-Hub Links

Sci hub is currently available at:.

Chrome Extension

sci-hub.org

sci.hubg.org

• https://sci-hub.ru
• https://sci-hub.ee
• https://sci-hub.tw
• https://sci-hub.shop
• https://sci-hub.se
• https://sci-hub.cc
• https://sci-hub.st
• https://sci-hub.do
• https://paperpanda.app
• LibGen gen.lib.rus.ec
• http://sci-hub.tw
• http://sci-hub.si
• http://sci-hub.vk
• LibraryGenesis

How to access SciHub?

Are these links up to date, what is sci-hub, knowledge for all, how many papers are there in sci-hub, other alternative sci hub links and mirrors that might work for accessing sci-hub:, what is scihub, what is library genesis , is sci hub blocked in india, where can i get open access papers, is sci hub blocked in france, is science hub down, is sci-hub illegal, what is latest sci hub url, has scı hub been shut down, is sci hub legal in india, can sci hub download books, is sci hub legal in germany, how can i get free articles, how do i download sci hub articles, is b ok org legal, who runs sci hub, how do i access sci hub, how does sci hub works, is there a korean sheet mask subscription box in the uk.

sci hub tw is an alternative sci-hub proxy link. It is no longer functional but you can use one of the other links above to access sci hub in 2020.

The Swedish domain sci-hub.se used to work to unlock Sci Hub. In October 2020 it no longer works. There are alternative sci-hub links on this page.

where is sci hub

sci hub is currently located at sci-hub.41610.org

HW domain was an old hub sci domain.

where is sci hub now

Sci hub is now located at various changing sci hub proxy links. This is why this site exists, so you can always find the most up-to-date links.

hub sci is a misspelling of sci-hub.

• Open access

Open access journals

All articles in open access journals which are published by Elsevier have undergone peer review and upon acceptance are immediately and permanently free for everyone to read and download.

Published articles:

• Are fully peer reviewed
• Are immediately free to access and download from ScienceDirect
• Permitted re-use defined by the author's choice of Creative Commons user licenses
• Published with CrossMark® to maintain the publication record

Open access publication fee

A fee is payable by the author, or their institution or funder to cover the publication costs. Fees range between c$150 and c$9,900 US Dollars excluding tax. Visit your journal's homepages for specific pricing information.

Funding body agreements

To ensure authors can comply with open access policies, Elsevier has established agreements with a number of funding bodies. List of agreements

Transformative journals

We commit to the transformative journal criteria. We are piloting transformative journal status for more than 160 journals from across our portfolio. Find out more about transformative journals

Discover more benefits of publishing open access in Elsevier journals

Search for open access journals

Elsevier.com visitor survey

We are always looking for ways to improve customer experience on Elsevier.com. We would like to ask you for a moment of your time to fill in a short questionnaire, at the end of your visit . If you decide to participate, a new browser tab will open so you can complete the survey after you have completed your visit to this website. Thanks in advance for your time.

access millions of research papers with Paper Panda

So easy to use, such a huge life saver in terms of research and assessments !! have not come across a article i can not, not read thanks to this :D so happy and has made life easier, thank you, thank you, thank you

One of the most useful web extensions I have ever used, Thank you to the girl on Tiktok that recommended it. I hope both sides of her pillow are cold everyday. Thank you to the developers as well. Huge thumbs up.

es muy bueno!!!! y muy útil!!! estoy literalmente llorando de la felicidad porque ahora puedo ver ensayos o artículos que antes necesitaba y no podía, y además es muy fácil de usar muy recomendado

It is soooooo amazing ,easy to use and it works like a charm. Helped me a great deal!! Thank you so much

Works great. Been using it only for a short while, but it didn’t fail yet. It’s also very quick. Downside is that it sometimes downloaded an early version of the paper, not the final published paper.

very helpful in searching scientific articles

way far out from my excecptation, seldom giving comment but i have to shout out for this one !! Super great!!!!!

Why didn't i know this existed years ago this is the best tool for a scholar ever thank you!!!!!!!!!!

Cela me change la vie. C'est juste incroyable de pouvoir accéder à la connaissance sans aucune barrière. L'outil est bluffant, rapide et sûr.

An amazing extension for a researcher.

Makes my research a whole ton easier

I wish I found this earlier. It works perfectly, easy to access any articles

Game Changer for my thesis, thanks so much!

Insanely useful, and it is probably one of the greatest things in 2021.

Muy recomendable. Útil y fácil de usar.

muy fácil de usar

Loving this!!

Fácil de usar y útil para estudiantes

Ứng dụng tuyệt vời cho nghiên cứu khoa học

Great app useful for my research

Thank you so much for making my life easier!!!!!!!!!

A melhor extensão!

“Paywall? What’s that?”

Paperpanda searches the web for pdf s so you don’t have to, i’m here to help, you’ve probably run into this problem – you want to read a paper, but it’s locked behind a paywall. maybe you have access to it through your library or university, maybe it’s available to download for free through an open access portal, maybe the author uploaded a pdf to a website somewhere – but how are you going to find it paperpanda is here to help just click the tiny panda in your toolbar and the panda will run off and find the paper for you., access research papers in one click, save time accessing full-text pdf s with the free paperpanda browser plugin, stop clicking and start reading, stop navigating paywalls, search engines, and logins. paperpanda helps you get that full-text pdf faster.

Free Research Papers

Looking for free access to high-quality scientific research papers? Look no further than FreeResearchPapers.net, the platform that allows you to search and download PDF s of academic articles quickly and easily. With a vast collection of research papers on a wide range of topics, this user-friendly website is a valuable resource for students, researchers, and academics. However, it is essential to use the platform responsibly, following ethical guidelines and principles to maintain academic integrity and avoid plagiarism.

Academic research papers are an integral part of the educational process, allowing students and researchers to explore and expand knowledge in their respective fields. However, accessing quality research papers can be challenging and expensive. FreeResearchPapers.net is an online platform that provides a vast collection of free research papers on various topics, enabling users to access and download research papers for free. This article will provide an overview of FreeResearchPapers.net, explain how to use it, examine its pros and cons, discuss ethical considerations when using the website, and provide final thoughts on its usefulness.

Overview of Free Research Papers

FreeResearchPapers.net is an online platform that provides free access to academic research papers on various topics. The website was established to provide students, researchers , and scholars with easy access to high-quality research papers without having to pay for expensive subscriptions or access fees. The website has been operational since 2008 and has amassed a large collection of research papers in various fields, including science, technology, engineering, social sciences, humanities, and many others.

FreeResearchPapers.net offers a user-friendly interface that makes it easy for users to search for research papers by topic, keyword, author, or publication date. The website also allows users to preview the abstract of a research paper before downloading it, ensuring that the paper aligns with their research needs. Additionally, the platform provides various filters to narrow down search results, such as by publication type or journal.

One unique feature of FreeResearchPapers.net is its collection of research papers from various sources. The platform provides papers from renowned universities, research institutions, and other academic publishers, ensuring a vast collection of papers for users to choose from.

Overall, FreeResearchPapers.net offers a convenient and cost-effective way for students and researchers to access academic research papers without having to pay for subscriptions or access fees.

How to Use Free Research Papers

Using FreeResearchPapers.net is relatively straightforward, and users can search and download research papers in a few simple steps.

Step 1: Visit the FreeResearchPapers.net website.

Step 2: On the homepage, enter the topic or keyword of the research paper you are looking for in the search box.

Step 3: The website will display a list of research papers related to the search query. You can further refine your search using the filters provided on the left-hand side of the page.

Step 4: Click on the research paper that aligns with your research needs to view the paper’s abstract.

Step 5: If the paper meets your requirements, you can download or view it by clicking on the “Title” link.

It is essential to note that FreeResearchPapers.net does not require users to create an account or log in to download research papers. However, the website limits the number of papers that a user can download in a day to prevent abuse of the platform.

Additionally, while FreeResearchPapers.net offers a vast collection of research papers, it does not guarantee the accuracy or quality of the papers. Therefore, users should verify the information contained in the papers before using them for research or academic purposes.

Pros and Cons for Free Research Papers

As with any online platform, FreeResearchPapers.net has its pros and cons. Here are some of the advantages and disadvantages of using the website:

• Free access to research papers: The primary advantage of FreeResearchPapers.net is that it offers free access to a vast collection of research papers, enabling students and researchers to access high-quality research material without paying for expensive subscriptions.
• User-friendly interface: The website offers a user-friendly interface that makes it easy for users to search for and download research papers.
• Wide range of topics: FreeResearchPapers.net offers research papers on a wide range of topics, ensuring that users can find papers relevant to their research needs.
• No need to create an account: The website does not require users to create an account or log in to access and download research papers.
• Limited number of downloads: FreeResearchPapers.net limits the number of papers a user can download in a day to prevent abuse of the platform.
• Limited selection of recent papers: While the website offers a vast collection of research papers, it may not have the latest research papers in certain fields.
• Risk of plagiarism: As the research papers are available for free, there is a risk of plagiarism if users copy and paste the content without proper citation or attribution.
• No guarantee of quality: FreeResearchPapers.net does not guarantee the accuracy or quality of the research papers, and users should verify the information contained in the papers before using them for academic or research purposes.

Overall, FreeResearchPapers.net is a useful platform that provides free access to a vast collection of research papers. However, users should be aware of the limitations and risks associated with the website and use it responsibly.

Ethical Considerations

While FreeResearchPapers.net offers a convenient and cost-effective way to access academic research papers, there are ethical considerations to keep in mind when using the platform. Here are some of the ethical considerations to consider:

• Plagiarism: Plagiarism is a serious academic offense and occurs when a user presents someone else’s work as their own. When using FreeResearchPapers.net, it is essential to cite and reference the research papers properly to avoid plagiarism.
• Copyright infringement: The research papers available on FreeResearchPapers.net are subject to copyright laws, and users should not reproduce or distribute the papers without permission from the copyright owner.
• Misuse of information: While the research papers available on FreeResearchPapers.net can be a valuable source of information, users should use the information ethically and not use it to harm individuals or groups.
• Misrepresentation: Users should not misrepresent themselves or their affiliations when using FreeResearchPapers.net. Misrepresenting oneself can lead to a loss of trust and credibility, and ultimately harm one’s academic or professional reputation.

In summary, using FreeResearchPapers.net responsibly means following ethical guidelines and principles, such as citing sources, respecting copyright laws, and using the information ethically. Users should also be aware of the risks associated with using research papers from unknown sources and verify the information before using it for academic or research purposes.

FreeResearchPapers.net is a valuable resource for students, researchers, and academics seeking access to academic research papers. The website offers a user-friendly interface, a wide range of research papers on various topics, and free access to the papers without requiring users to create an account or log in. However, it is essential to use the platform responsibly and ethically, considering the limitations and risks associated with the website. Users should avoid plagiarism, respect copyright laws, use information ethically, and verify the information contained in the papers before using them for academic or research purposes. Overall, FreeResearchPapers.net is a useful tool for accessing high-quality research material, but users must use it responsibly to maintain academic integrity and avoid any ethical issues.

PaperPanda — Get millions of research papers

12 Top Websites to Download Research Papers for Free

IN THIS BIOLOGY NOTE

2. Library Genesis

3. unpaywall, 4. directory of open access journals, 5. open access button, 6. scienceopen, 9. citationsy archives, 10. paperpanda, 11. education resources information center (eric), 12. other website.

How to download research papers for FREE? Are you looking for ways to get access to academic articles without paying? If so, you’re in the right place. In this post I’ll explain ways to obtain a research paper at absolutely no cost.

Research papers can be downloaded as an effective method to cut down on the time as well as money. The issue is that it requires a lot of work to find reliable sources. There are a few websites where you are able to download research papers for no cost.

There is no need to spend anything to gain access to these documents. All you have to do is sign-up on the website and begin downloading.

The most appealing aspect of these websites is that they provide you with the ability to access hundreds of research papers across different areas. If you’re looking to learn about any subject then just go to one of these websites.

It was created in 2011 with the help of Kazakhstani master’s student Alexandra Elbakyan, Sci-Hub is an online platform that gives access to academic articles and papers through access to educational institutions as well as its own archive of articles and papers downloaded.

To claim Sci-Hub is a controversial website is an understatement. Sci-Hub is accused of copyright infringement numerous occasions, and is currently blocked by a number of web service companies, particularly in countries with high-tech. According to the Sci-Hub’s own data it’s a 99% chance that the request to download will be successful and more than 200k requests are processed each day.

How to use Sci-Hub

• Visit https://sci-hub.se /.
• Enter the full name of the DOI, URL, or URL in the paper that you would like to download.
• Select”Open” or click the “Open” click.

Library Genesis is a massive database that contains more than 2.7 million titles and over 58 millions science magazines files. The website was threatened with legal action by Elsevier one of the largest publishing companies of technical, scientific medical and scientific research papers in the year 2015. However, there’s been no resolution to it to date. In the present, Library Genesis is blocked by a variety of Internet service providers within the United Kingdom, but the website is still accessible due in part to the presence of a huge variety of Library Genesis mirrors.

Library Genesis link:

• http://gen.lib.rus.ec
• http://libgen.pw
• http://libgen.unblocker.cc/
• http://libgen.unblockall.org/
• https://libgen.unblocker.win/
• https://libgen.unblocked.gdn/

How to use Library Genesis

• Visit: http://libgen.io/ (which is the official URL for the website at the moment).
• Input your keywords in the search box.
• Select on the “Search!” button.
• Click on the title of the book or research paper that you’re searching for.
• Click on one of the mirrors available.
• Save the paper or book onto your device.

21 million academic papers taken from more than 50,000 repository of content as well as publishers.

This is a huge database that contains more than 21 million academic works from over fifty thousand content repositories as well as publishers. The content in the database is replicated from government resources so downloading them is legal.

The authors claim they are able to access around 80-85 percent of all scientific papers accessible on their website. They are also aided by funding from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation as well as the National Science Foundation.

You can utilize Google’s Chrome extension to quickly get them at any time. In order to do this, you have to follow the instructions listed below:

• Visit https://unpaywall.org/products/extension
• Select on the “Add the Chrome” button. Chrome” option.
• Simply click “Add the store to Chrome” in the Chrome Web Store page in addition.
• Keep an eye on the extension until it is installed.
• After installing the extension, it will work automatically and will appear whenever you go to the site of a paywalled research paper in the database of Unpaywall’s open databases. All you have just click on the green Unpaywall button to allow the article to be displayed immediately.

In contrast to other websites mentioned here Unpaywall’s services Unpaywall are legal as it identifies legal, author-posted , manuscripts that are hosted on university and government web servers (generally called Green Open Access manuscripts).

In actual fact, Unpaywall is integrated into various search engines, library systems and other information products across the globe. It has made the scholarship process more accessible to students across the world.

Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) is a website run by the community, which lists the highest quality, peer-reviewed and peer-reviewed accessible journals. The website was created in 2003 with about 300 journals. It has since expanded to include more than 10,000 free access journal in the entire spectrum of technology, science and medicine, as well as social science and humanities.

DOAJ is managed via Infrastructure Services for Open Access (IS4OA) IS4OA, an unincorporated charitable foundation which’s mission is to bring an advantage to the world user community that relies on openly available research data and publications. IS4OA believes that a wide and free distribution and diffusion of knowledge can benefit society in general.

Similar to Unpaywall, DOAJ is completely legal and is funded by sponsors as well as non-publisher and publisher members.

It can be used to search for and download research papers for free:

• Visit: https://doaj.org/
• Input your keywords in the search field , then hit enter.
• Choose the research paper you wish to download.
• Hit on the “Full Text” button that is located just below the abstract.

Public archives of research papers in order to let research funded by public funds free to all.

Open Access Button was founded in the month of November 2013 by a group of students tired of having to go through paywalls. It makes use of public repositories of research papers to make publically funded research accessible to all.

Open Access Button is quite similar to Unpaywall , in the way it operates. However both differ on one major point when Open Access Button notices that an article isn’t accessible, it immediately informs authors to share the article by putting it in an archive. The more people attempt to discover an article through this platform the more requests the author receives.

You can make use of Open Access Button by downloading their browser extension. To do that, follow the instructions below:

• Visit the following URL: https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/open-access-button/gknkbkaapnhpmkcgkmdekdffgcddoiel?hl=en
• Download your Open Access Button browser extension by clicking the “Add to Chrome” button.
• In the future, if ever in a position to not access the information you need simply click the Open Access Button to do it.

Don’t fret if you’re not an Google Chrome user. You can still use the online version of Open Access Button by visiting the following link: https://openaccessbutton.org

ScienceOpen offers a professional network platform for academics that gives access to more than 40 million research papers from all fields of science. ScienceOpen was established at the end of 2013 by Alexander Grossmann, a physicist and professor of publishing management at the Leipzig University of Applied Sciences, Leipzig, Germany, and Tibor Tscheke who is expert in information science, software development and specialist in content management. The goal for Science Open is to explore ways to make it easier to access information to the scientific community. we can safely say that the initiative has succeeded admirably in achieving its goals.

To search for research papers with the help of Science open:

• Go to: http://about.scienceopen.com/ .
• Select on the “green “Search” button located in the upper right corner.
• Enter your search terms into the search box. In addition to the keywords, you can look up authors’ collections, journals publishers, as well as others.

CORE is an aggregater of research that is open access and published in journals and research repositories across the globe. Its primary objective is to protect the rights of the public and citizens to public to gain access to the findings of their research, to which they’ve contributed by paying taxes. It accomplishes this by providing an easy accessibility to millions of research papers with open access.

To find a research article using CORE:

• Visit: https://core.ac.uk/.
• Enter your search terms into the search box.
• Hit the “Search” link.
• Select on the “Get PDF” button to download any research document you are looking for.

OA.mg seeks to create a platform that makes research accessible and accessible by offering direct download links to more than 200 million papers from research.

Its main goal is to make everyone more efficient in every phase of their academic endeavors starting with research and ending with the creation of bibliographies. By aggregating and combining the various Open Access databases, they can direct you to the most recent open access research , as well as the studies behind paywalls. If there’s no direct download link, they’ll assist you to locate a method to access it.

Research papers can be found by using OA.mg by following these steps:

• Follow the link below: https://oa.mg
• You can enter your keywords or DOI number into the search field that is available there.
• Select on the “search” button, and wait for results to show up.
• In the search results Download any research document you require by clicking this link for download.

Citationsy Archives allows you to look up journals and papers to download, download them, and (obviously) incorporate them into your work.

Citationsy is a no-cost to use software, however it has some restrictions to the plan that is free. For $9.99 monthly ($4.99 when you’re in school) and you will get unlimitted citations, reference Word export, bibliographies and much more. Citationsy Archives offers only 3-days trial. However, if you make use of the promo code GAURAVTIWARI you will be able to get a premium versions at no cost for the entire month.

It is important to note that you can access Citationsy Archives with or without an account.

All you have to do is make a request, and it will then search for the exact phrase in all research papers around the world and show the pertinent matches to you. Click on each of them to view more information, and then access it directly from the search results.

The platform also allows you to download the papers using a number of different and totally open access and legal options.

Use Citationsy Archives from https://citationsy.com/archives/

It’s a free extensions for your browser Chrome that gives you the ability to access various journals and documents in PDF format.

When you turn on the tool it locates the DOI of the article on the page you are viewing and proceeds to look for it. It starts by searching different Open Access repositories like OaDoi, SemanticScholar, ArXiV, and the Internet Archive.

The developers are currently working on a feature to be released soon that lets you define the university library’s domain within the setting. PaperPanda will then look for the paper you require within your library. If required, you’ll be able to create an alternative domain within the settings.

I’ve included the instructions for using this tool.

• Installation of the PaperPanda extension to Google Chrome.
• Pin PaperPanda to the toolbar of your browser.
• When you are on a website for a research paper click the tiny panda symbol within the toolbar.
• PaperPanda will locate your PDF files. If you need to, access “settings” and change the domain that it employs to search for your files.

It includes not just journal articles as well as book and grey literature too.

ERIC is element of the United States Department of Education. It is a vast archive of books and is widely recognized as the best way to download research papers for free without paying an amount. It is not just a repository of journals but also book sources and grey literature too.

The journal as well as non-journal materials available at ERIC is reviewed by peer reviewers and are reliable. The site adds new research sources to its index database system two times each year.

You can get access to ERIC through the official website of ERIC: https://eric.ed.gov/

• Csulb California State University
• Project Gutenberg
• UNPAYWALL PLUG IN
• RESEARCHER RESEARCH PAPER APP

It’s a fact that publishing research is a costly field both for readers and researchers. Most scientific research studies are behind paywalls in the event that the researcher does not cost of publication for open access publications. The cost for downloading research papers is approximately $40, which is not something everyone would be financially able to pay for. That’s why the sites listed in this article were created to assist you with.

However, prior to using one of these sites for research papers to download for free, remember that removing paywalls that are erected by paywalls is unlawful in many areas of the world. So, it is recommended making use of a VPN to secure your identity. This extends your private network over an open network. It also allows users to transmit and receive data in a private manner and safely.

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Z-Library is legal? You can Download 70,000,000+ scientific articles for free

Why Z-Library is Banned?

Z-Library is a clone of Library Genesis, a shadow library project that allows users to share scholarly journal articles, academic texts, and general-interest books via file sharing (some of which are pirated). The majority of its books come from Library Genesis, however, some are posted directly to the site by individuals.

Individuals can also donate to the website’s repository to make literature more widely available. Z-library claims to have more than 10,139,382 Books and 84,837,646 Articles articles as of April 25, 2022.

It promises to be “the world’s largest e-book library” as well as “the world’s largest scientific papers repository,” according to the project’s page for academic publications (at booksc.org). Z-library also describes itself as a donation-based non-profit organization.

Z-Library is legal?

The law of copyrights is inherently opposed to shadow libraries. As a result, Z-Library is an illegal website. Though their intentions are good, they make works available that are not legally authorized.

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Shadow libraries are internet databases that serve as repositories for works that aren’t readily available elsewhere. They were designed primarily for academic research publications, which are getting increasingly difficult and costly to obtain like Sci-Hub.

Although Sci-Hub has received a lot of attention in recent years, there are a lot of other shadow libraries out there. This includes the Z-Library, which has a number of different domain names.

Tracking and stopping their use is incredibly tough. This is because research does not involve indicating how the research material was obtained in the references. As a result, according to research ethics and legal requirements, using shadow libraries is disallowed.

6 Interesting Facts about Z-Library

A few interesting facts about Z-Library are as follows:

• Z-Library is one of the world’s largest online libraries, with over 17 million books and 2.8 million articles available.
• Z-Library is available in over 100 languages, making it one of the most multilingual online libraries in the world.
• Z-Library is a non-profit organization, run by volunteers from all over the world.
• Z-Library has no advertising or sponsorship and is completely independent.

Steps to download Z-Library Books for Free

The steps to download Z-Library books for free are as follows:

Step 1: Go to the Z-Library website and Sign In.

Step 2: browse through the categories or use the search bar to find the book you want., step 3: click on the book to open it., step 4: click on the download button to download the book., why z-library website banned in many countries.

There is no definitive answer to this question. Some possible reasons why the Z-Library website may have been banned could include:

• The website may have been hosting pirated or illegal content.
• The website may have been engaging in other illegal activities.
• The website may have been violating the terms of service of its hosting provider.
• The website may have been involved in a dispute with its domain registrar.
• The website may have been the target of a government or law enforcement action.

Though there are so many legal issues in The Z-Library, the website is a great resource for students and researchers who are looking for online resources. The site offers a wide variety of resources, including eBooks, journals, and databases. The site is easy to navigate and the resources are easy to find. The site is also updated regularly, so users can always find the latest resources.

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Top 20 journal publications in biomedical technology, top 20 scopus-indexed journals in economics and finance.

dear please send for me List of sites for research papers for free download best regard

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Title: code llama: open foundation models for code.

Abstract: We release Code Llama, a family of large language models for code based on Llama 2 providing state-of-the-art performance among open models, infilling capabilities, support for large input contexts, and zero-shot instruction following ability for programming tasks. We provide multiple flavors to cover a wide range of applications: foundation models (Code Llama), Python specializations (Code Llama - Python), and instruction-following models (Code Llama - Instruct) with 7B, 13B and 34B parameters each. All models are trained on sequences of 16k tokens and show improvements on inputs with up to 100k tokens. 7B and 13B Code Llama and Code Llama - Instruct variants support infilling based on surrounding content. Code Llama reaches state-of-the-art performance among open models on several code benchmarks, with scores of up to 53% and 55% on HumanEval and MBPP, respectively. Notably, Code Llama - Python 7B outperforms Llama 2 70B on HumanEval and MBPP, and all our models outperform every other publicly available model on MultiPL-E. We release Code Llama under a permissive license that allows for both research and commercial use.

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• Download a PDF of the paper titled Code Llama: Open Foundation Models for Code, by Baptiste Rozi\`ere and 24 other authors PDF
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arXivLabs: experimental projects with community collaborators

arXivLabs is a framework that allows collaborators to develop and share new arXiv features directly on our website.

Both individuals and organizations that work with arXivLabs have embraced and accepted our values of openness, community, excellence, and user data privacy. arXiv is committed to these values and only works with partners that adhere to them.

Have an idea for a project that will add value for arXiv's community? Learn more about arXivLabs .

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India lands spacecraft near south pole of moon in historic first

Vikram lander touches down at lunar south pole shortly after 6pm India time

India has become the first country to successfully land a spacecraft near the south pole of the moon, in a historic moment that drew cheers at watching parties around the country.

“India is on the moon,” Sreedhara Panicker Somanath, the chair of the Indian Space Research Organisation, said as the Chandrayaan-3 spacecraft’s Vikram lander touched down shortly after 6pm (1230 BST) near the little-explored lunar south pole in a world first for any space programme.

The successful landing marks India’s emergence as a space power as the government looks to spur investment in private space launches and related satellite-based businesses.

People across the country were glued to television screens as the spacecraft approached territory that scientists believe could hold vital reserves of frozen water and precious elements.

“This is a victory cry of a new India,” said the prime minister, Narendra Modi , who was seen waving the Indian flag as he watched the landing from South Africa, where he is attending the Brics summit. “We are witnessing history.”

A wave of nervous excitement has gripped Indians in recent days as the scheduled descent approached. Temples and mosques held special prayers for a safe landing. On the banks of the River Ganges in Varanasi, Hindu monks bestowed blessings on the mission and blew conch shells.

At street parties on Wednesday evening, Indians celebrated the double triumph of being the first to land on the south pole and the fourth to land on the moon.

In the final few minutes before touchdown, the lander executed a complex manoeuvre, slowing down from 3,730 miles an hour to nearly zero and turning from a horizontal to a vertical position.

The right tilt and thrust at this moment were vital. If too much force was applied, the lander would have toppled. Too little force and it might have hit the lunar surface at the wrong place.

It was this end manoeuvre that went wrong in the final few minutes of India’s last moon mission in 2019, when the lander failed to change position and hurtled towards the surface during the final braking phase.

Chandrayaan-3 – “moon craft” in Sanskrit – took off from a launchpad in Sriharikota in southern India on 14 July, taking much longer to reach the moon than the Apollo missions in the 1960s and 70s, which arrived in a matter of days.

India is using rockets much less powerful than the US did back then. Instead, the probe orbited Earth several times to gain speed before embarking on its month-long lunar trajectory.

If all goes to plan, a rover called Pragyaan, the Sanskrit word for wisdom, will roll out of the belly of the lander on a ramp then roam around the moon’s surface for two weeks. It has been designed to take pictures, conduct experiments on the geology and the origins of the Earth, and investigate the presence of water ice.

If found in significant quantities, water ice could allow future crew missions to set up base there as it could be used to extract oxygen and fuel. Some scientists believe that the south pole, which is hidden from Earth’s view and is full of craters and trenches, may be the most promising site for a future base.

India’s successful landing comes days after Russia said its first moon mission in 47 years, which also targeted the south pole, had failed after its Luna-25 spacecraft spun out of control and crashed . Russia’s head of the state-controlled space corporation, Roscosmos, attributed the failure to lack of expertise due to the long break in lunar research that followed the last Soviet mission to the moon in 1976.

The former Soviet Union, the US and China have already achieved a soft landing on the moon but in another region, near the moon’s equator.

With nuclear-armed India emerging as the world’s fifth-largest economy last year, Modi’s nationalist government is eager to showcase the country’s rising standing as a technology and space powerhouse. A successful moon mission dovetails with Modi’s image of an ascendant India asserting its place among the global elite and would help bolster his popularity ahead of a crucial general election next year.

The anticipation for a successful landing rose after Russia’s failed attempt and as India’s regional rival China reaches for new milestones in space. In May, China launched a three-person crew for its orbiting space station and hopes to put astronauts on the moon before the end of the decade.

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India’s rover takes walk on the moon after frenzied celebrations

India’s south pole moon landing is big business for global space race

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Moon rocket blasts off, carrying Russia’s hope of first successful lunar landing since 1976

Nerves build as India moon mission prepares to make first successful south pole landing

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India moon landing in latest moon race, india lands first in southern polar region.

Days after a Russian lunar landing failed, India’s Chandrayaan-3 mission is set to begin exploring an area of the moon that has yet to be visited and has water ice that could be a resource for future missions.

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India Successfully Lands Spacecraft on Moon’s Surface

The control room at the indian space research organization erupted in cheers when the chandrayaan-3 spacecraft landed on the southern polar region of the moon..

The altitude is being brought down from 800 meters. And we are nearing and approaching the lunar surface. He hung up a painting for the exact day. He the. People are applauding. From the Secretary department of space and chairman isro Somnath. I’m confident. That all countries in the world. Including those from the Global South. Are capable of achieving such feats. We can all aspire. Part of the moon and beyond.

Hari Kumar ,  Alex Travelli ,  Mujib Mashal and Kenneth Chang

Hari Kumar and Alex Travelli reported from Bengaluru, India, near the Chandrayaan-3 mission control.

What to know about India’s next chapter in space.

Two visitors from India — a lander named Vikram and a rover named Pragyan — landed in the southern polar region of the moon on Wednesday. The two robots, from a mission named Chandrayaan-3, make India the first country to ever reach this part of the lunar surface in one piece — and only the fourth country ever to land on the moon.

“We have achieved soft landing on the moon,” S. Somanath, the chairman of the Indian Space Research Organization, said after a roar ripped through the ISRO compound just past 6 p.m. local time. “India is on the moon.”

The Indian public already takes great pride in the accomplishments of the nation’s space program, which has orbited the moon and Mars and routinely launches satellites above the Earth with far fewer financial resources than other space-faring nations.

But the achievement of Chandrayaan-3 may be even sweeter, as it comes at a particularly important moment in the South Asian giant’s diplomatic push as an ambitious power on the rise.

Indian officials have been advocating in favor of a multipolar world order in which New Delhi is seen as indispensable to global solutions. In space exploration, as in many other fields, the message of Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s government has been clear: The world will be a fairer place if India takes on a leadership role, even as the world’s most populous nation works to meet its people’s basic needs.

That assertiveness on the world stage is a central campaign message for Mr. Modi, who is up for re-election to a third term early next year. He has frequently fused his image with that of India’s rise as an economic, diplomatic and technological power.

Mr. Modi has been physically present at mission control for other recent moments in India’s space history, including during a successful orbit of Mars in 2014 and a failed moon landing in 2019 where he was seen consoling the scientists and hugging the chief of ISRO, who was weeping.

But the Chandrayaan-3 landing coincided with his trip to South Africa for a meeting of the group of nations known as BRICS . Mr. Modi’s face beamed into the control room in Bengaluru during the landing’s final minutes, where he was split-screen with the animation of the lander.

“Chandrayaan-3’s triumph mirrors the aspirations and capabilities of 1.4 billion Indians,” Mr. Modi said when the landing was complete, declaring the event as “the moment for new, developing India.”

In a country with a deep tradition of science, the excitement and anticipation around the landing provided a rare moment of unity in what has otherwise been fraught times of sectarian tension stoked by divisive policies of Mr. Modi’s ruling Hindu nationalist party.

Prayers were offered for the mission’s success at Hindu temples, Sikh Gurdwaras and Muslim mosques. Schools held special ceremonies and organized live viewings of the moon landing, with an official YouTube video of the event racking up tens of millions of views. The police band in the city of Mumbai, India’s commercial and entertainment hub, sent a “special musical tribute” to the scientists, performing a popular patriotic song.

“There is full faith,” the song, in Hindi, says. “We will succeed.”

The Indian mission launched in July, taking a slow, fuel-conscious route toward the moon. But Chandrayaan-3 out-endured its Russian counterpart, Luna-25, which launched 12 days ago. Luna-25 was scheduled to land on the moon on Monday in the same general vicinity as the Indian craft but crashed on Saturday following an engine malfunction.

That India managed to outdo Russia, which as the Soviet Union put the first satellite, man and woman in space, speaks to the diverging fortunes of the two nations’ space programs.

Much of India’s foreign policy in recent decades has been shaped by a delicate balancing act between Washington and Moscow, but the country is grappling more with an increasingly aggressive China at its borders. The two countries’ militaries have been stuck in a standoff in the Himalayas for three years now, and the vulnerability to a threat from China is a major driving factor in India’s calculations.

A shared frustration with Beijing has only increased U.S. and Indian cooperation , including in space, where China is establishing itself in direct competition with the United States.

And with the success of Chandrayaan-3, Mr. Modi can reap benefits in leaning into India’s scientific prowess to “more confidently assert Indian national interest on the world stage,” said Bharat Karnad, an emeritus professor of national security studies at the Center for Policy Research in New Delhi.

The control room in Bengaluru became a joyous scene among the engineers, scientists and technicians of the Indian Space Research Organization.

Speaking after the landing, members of the ISRO leadership who managed Chandrayaan-3 made clear that the failure of their last moon landing attempt, in 2019, was a major driving force behind their work.

“From the day we started rebuilding our spacecraft after Chandaryaan-2 experience, it has been breathe in, breathe out Chandrayaan-3 for our team,” said Kalpana Kalahasti, the mission’s associate project director.

Chandrayaan-3 has been orbiting the moon since early August. On Sunday, an engine burn pushed the lander into an elliptical orbit that passed within 15 miles of the surface. On Wednesday, as the spacecraft approached the low point of the orbit, moving at more than 3,700 miles per hour, a preprogrammed sequence of maneuvers commenced.

The craft’s four engines fired again at the start of what ISRO called the “rough braking” portion of the descent, its speed of fall accelerating. After 11.5 minutes, the lander was just over 4.5 miles above the surface and started rotating from a horizontal to a vertical position while continuing its descent.

The spacecraft stopped to hover about 150 yards above the surface for a few seconds, then resumed its downward journey until it settled gently on the surface, about 370 miles from the south pole. The landing sequence took about 19 minutes.

Chandrayaan-3 is a scientific mission, timed for a two-week period when the sun will shine on the landing site and provide energy for the solar-powered lander and rover. The lander and rover will use a range of instruments to make thermal, seismic and mineralogical measurements.

India and ISRO have many other plans afoot.

Although an Indian astronaut flew to orbit on a Soviet spacecraft in 1984, the country has never sent people to space on its own. India is preparing its first astronaut mission, called Gaganyaan. But the project, which aims to send three Indian astronauts to space on the country’s own spacecraft, has faced delays, and ISRO has not announced a date.

The country is also working on launching a solar observatory called Aditya-L1 in early September, and later, an Earth observation satellite built jointly with NASA. India is also planning a follow-up to its recently concluded Mars orbiter mission.

Mr. Somanath has described the current moment as an inflection point, with the country opening its space efforts to private investors after half a century of state monopoly that made advances but at “a shoestring budget mode of working.”

“These are very cost-effective missions,” Mr. Somanath said after the landing. “No one in the world can do it like we do.”

When pressed by reporters about the cost of Chandrayaan-3, Mr. Somanath deflected with laughter: “I won’t disclose such secrets, we don’t want everyone else to become so cost-effective!”

While ISRO will continue exploring the solar system, the accomplishments of India’s private sector may soon garner as much attention. A younger generation of space engineers, inspired by SpaceX , have started going into business on their own. While ISRO’s budget in the past fiscal year was less than $1.5 billion, the size of India’s private space economy is already at least $6 billion and is expected to triple as soon as 2025.

And the pace of change is quickening. Mr. Modi’s government wants India to harness the private sector’s entrepreneurial energy to put more satellites and investment into space — and faster.

Up on the moon Vikram and Pragyan were set to get to work, with the rover possibly rolling onto the lunar surface in the coming hours or sometime on Thursday according to Mr. Somanath. The landing site, on a plateau south of the Manzinus crater and to the west of the Boguslawsky crater, is at about the same latitude as the edge of Antarctica on Earth.

To date, spacecraft have successfully landed on the moon closer to the equator. The polar regions are intriguing because there is frozen water at the bottom of permanently shadowed craters. If such water can be found in sufficient quantities and extracted, astronauts could use it for future space exploration.

The lunar south pole is the intended destination for astronauts who could visit the moon as part of NASA’s Artemis program, and also for upcoming Chinese and Russian missions. In the nearer term, as many as three robotic missions, one from Japan and two from private U.S. companies working with NASA, could head to the moon later this year.

But in Bengaluru after the launch, Mr. Somanath hinted that India had its eyes on worlds beyond the moon.

“It is very difficult for any nation to achieve. But we have done so with just two attempts,” he said. “It gives confidence to land on Mars and maybe Venus and other planets, maybe asteroids.”

Kenneth Chang

On the moon’s south pole, a quest for ice.

If you want to send astronauts to the moon, a place with water would be a good destination.

Obviously, humans need to drink water to survive, and water molecules can be split into hydrogen and oxygen. Oxygen provides air to breathe, and hydrogen and oxygen can also be used as rocket propellants to get back home to Earth, or somewhere else in the solar system.

But water is heavy, and lugging it from Earth is expensive and inconvenient.

The rocks brought back by NASA’s Apollo astronauts from 1969 through 1972 suggested that the moon was completely dry. But then planetary scientists started seeing hints of water ice at the bottom of craters in the polar regions where the sun never shines. India’s first lunar orbiter, Chandrayaan-1 , collected some of the data that confirmed the presence of water.

The armada of missions now headed to the south pole aim to measure how much water is contained in the shadowed craters and how difficult it would be to extract the water. (It could be very difficult if the water molecules are trapped within minerals and not as ice mixed in with the soil.)

Layers of ice in the craters could also provide a history book of the solar system, much like how ice cores in Greenland and Antarctica provide a record of Earth’s climate.

Michael Roston

You won’t have to wait long for the next moon mission.

If you found the journeys of India’s Chandrayaan-3 and Russia’s Luna-25 missions exciting, we have even more lunar adventures for you to follow. One moon mission will be in the news later this week, and there could be even more lunar missions later this year.

The next mission will launch on Friday, Aug. 26. It’s called Smart Lander for Investigating Moon, or SLIM, and comes from Japan’s space agency, JAXA. SLIM aims to test the country’s lunar landing technologies; JAXA has yet to announce a landing date for the mission. Sign up for The Times Space and Astronomy Calendar to get a reminder about the launch and landing of SLIM.

Two American companies are also vying to set down on the lunar surface later this year. They are participants in a program called Commercial Lunar Payload Services, or CLPS , in which NASA pays private businesses to send experiments to the surface of the moon.

A lander from the first company, Intuitive Machines, of Houston, could launch as early as Nov. 15 on a SpaceX rocket. It will head to the lunar south polar region.

The other lander, from Astrobotic Technology, of Pittsburgh, is to be lofted by the new Vulcan Centaur rocket. It will head to the northeast edge of the Ocean of Storms on the moon’s near side. It had been expected to launch earlier this year, but was delayed after an explosion during a test of a version of a part of the rocket. A launch is expected sometime before the end of this year .

NASA selected the landing sites for both missions based on their science value for the future missions of Artemis, the American program to return astronauts to the moon on a sustainable basis.

Alex Travelli

S. Somanath, the director of the Indian Space Research Organization, had fun deflecting one reporter’s question about the project’s frugal cost. Somanath laughed and said, “I won’t disclose such secrets. We don’t want everyone else to become so cost-effective!” The Chandrayaan-2 was reported to have cost about $46 million, and the Chandrayaan-3 is supposed to have been in a similar range.

Speaking to reporters gathered outside Mission Control, the chairman of ISRO, S. Somanath, told us that the lander’s rover, named Pragyaan, would be rolled out in a matter of hours or, maybe, tomorrow. Its sensors, including a laser and an alpha-particle beam, as well as instruments on the Vikram lander, will start relaying data after that.

Behind India’s space agency, a private space sector is ready to lift off.

As India looks out into the solar system, its space agency is taking a star turn from an earlier era of space exploration. While the national government looks like a hero, private companies that are increasingly important players in the country’s space program operate quietly behind the scene.

ISRO, the Indian Space Research Organization, was born not long after NASA. In recent years, it has sent robotic orbiters to Mars and the moon and is now preparing to send the first Indian astronauts to space. Based in Bengaluru, the center of the world’s third-largest tech start-up scene, ISRO has bequeathed India a legacy of derring-do in space research.

But the accomplishments of India’s private sector may soon garner as much attention. A younger generation of space engineers, inspired by SpaceX, have started going into business on their own.

And the pace of change is quickening. Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s government wants India to harness the private sector’s entrepreneurial energy to put more satellites and investment into space, faster. That means relegating ISRO to a lower priority.

Mr. Modi hinted at this ambition in June 2020 when he launched IN-SPACe, a government agency headed by a former chairman of India’s biggest multinational automobile company, and assigned it with “space promotion and authorization.” It has become a one-stop shop for India’s private players, as they sign memorandums of understanding with the government and make plans involving ISRO’s spaceport.

This year Mr. Modi’s government published an official space policy that listed IN-SPACe’s role first and gave it more than twice as many priorities as ISRO, which is now to “focus primarily on research and development” and “expanding the human understanding of outer space.”

Outer space is of less interest to commerce, compared with satellites that exchange information with the Earth’s surface, and so the segment left to ISRO seems to be shrinking. While ISRO’s budget in the past fiscal year was less than $1.5 billion, the size of India’s private space economy is already at least $6 billion, and expected to triple as soon as 2025.

Mujib Mashal

S. Somanath, the director of the Indian Space Research Organization, highlights what has been a defining characteristic of India’s space program — that they have achieved a lot with far fewer resources than other major players. “These are very cost effective missions. No one in the world can do it like we do.”

On X, the platform formerly known as Twitter, Bill Nelson, administrator of NASA, offered his congratulations to ISRO after India became the fourth nation to successfully soft-land a spacecraft on the moon. “We’re glad to be your partner on this mission!” he wrote. (NASA provided access to its Deep Space Network of radio antenna for communications with India's Chandrayaan-3 spacecraft.)

India’s main opposition party, the Indian National Congress, joins in the celebrations. “We are deeply indebted to the remarkable hard work, unparalleled ingenuity and unflinching dedication of our scientists, space engineers, researchers,” Mallikarjun Kharge, the party’s president, said.

Hari Kumar and Mujib Mashal

Here is what’s next for India in space exploration.

India has a busy decade of space exploration ahead.

S. Somanath, the director of Indian Space Research Organization, has described the current moment as an inflection point, as the country opens its space programs to private investors after half a century of state monopoly that made advances but at “a shoestring budget mode of working.”

A large share of India’s space efforts in the coming years will focus on the moon.

In addition to the scientific results of Chandrayaan-3, India is preparing a joint lunar exploration with Japan, in which India will provide the lander and Japan the launch vehicle and the rover. The robotic mission, known as LUPEX, is also intended for exploring the South Pole of the moon.

Although an Indian astronaut flew to orbit in 1984, the country has never sent humans to space on its own. It is therefore preparing its first astronaut mission to space, called Gaganyaan. But the project, which aims to send three Indian astronauts to space on the country’s own spacecraft, has faced delays, and ISRO has not announced a date for it.

ISRO will first have to conduct a test flight of the Gaganyaan spacecraft with no astronauts aboard. Officials have said they are at the stage of perfecting the crew escape system, and they said this month that they had tested the drogue parachutes, which help stabilize the capsule that the astronauts will ride as they return to Earth.

Additionally, India is preparing for the Aditya-L1 mission, which plans to study the sun, in early September. ISRO officials have said that it will carry seven payloads to study the photosphere chromosphere and the outermost layers of the sun using electromagnetic and particle detectors.

Another mission is the collaborative NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar, or NISAR, which will monitor changes in our planet’s land and ice surfaces from orbit. It is slated to launch from India next year.

The country will also launch a second Mars orbiter mission. The first Mars mission, Mangalyaan, successfully entered the planet’s orbit in 2014 and remained in communication with ISRO until the mission concluded in 2022 when the spacecraft lost power . It made India the first country to achieve Martian orbit on its first attempt, and demonstrated that the country could show scientific prowess even when resources are constrained: The mission’s budget of about $75 million was less than the $100 million budget of the Hollywood space film “Gravity.”

Lynsey Chutel

In South Africa, President Cyril Ramaphosa celebrated the successful landing during a summit of the five-member group of nations known as BRICS — Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. "This, for us as the BRICS family, is a momentous occasion, and we rejoice with you," he said to applause.

The ISRO leadership who managed Chandrayaan-3 make clear the failure of their last moon landing attempt, in 2019, was a major driving force. “From the day we started rebuilding our spacecraft after Chandaryaan-2 experience, it has been breathe in breathe out Chandrayaan-3 for our team,” said Kalpana Kalahasti, the mission's associate project director.

The Deep Space Network, a NASA network of large dish antennas, is assisting ISRO in communicating with the ground. Right now, it shows Chandrayaan-3 sending and receiving signals.

Modi is speaking: “This is an unprecedented moment," he says, adding, "This is the moment for new, developing India. This is the moment for 1.4 billion” Indians.

A genuine roar rips out, from both Mission Control and the media tent and elsewhere in the ISRO compound: the lander has landed! Mr. Modi’s face was streamed on screen, silently smiling, during the final hundred meters’ descent. Now the speeches begin, and everyone is clapping.

The landing attempt, in its final minutes, is being viewed by 7.5 million people on ISRO’s youtube channel, and it is broadcast live on Indian news channels.

Kenneth Chang and Jonathan Corum

The moon may be the easiest place in the solar system to land, or crash.

Once a robotic spacecraft is commanded to land on the moon, there is no turning back.

The task is not easy, but in many ways, the moon is the easiest place in the solar system to land a spacecraft from Earth.

It is the closest destination, less than a quarter-million miles away. It is much smaller than Earth or the other planets, so its gravity is weaker and it is easier to slow spacecraft down.

Unlike Mars, the moon’s atmosphere doesn’t generate searing temperatures on the outside of the spacecraft during descent. Venus is even more hellish, with temperatures close to 900 degrees Fahrenheit at the surface and corrosive sulfuric acid in the atmosphere.

Yet when Russia’s Luna-25 spacecraft crashed into the moon on Saturday, two days before a planned landing attempt, it was the latest in a series of impacts, belly flops and hard landings since 1959, when the Soviet Union’s Luna-2 became the first probe to hit the moon.

Some crashes were setbacks. Others were intentional, marking the end of a successful mission. Whatever the cause, space agencies have learned from each collision. Crashes can reveal software glitches or weaknesses in a spacecraft’s design, and they can expose material under the lunar surface for future study.

In the following interactive, take the moon for a spin and see all the places where the United States, the Soviet Union, China, India and others have crashed on the moon:

Racing to Land, or Crash, on the Moon

Six decades of crashes, belly flops and hard landings on the lunar surface.

This is closer to landing than Chandrayaan-2 got.

Whoops and cheering as the spacecraft flips from a horizontal to a vertical orientation, at less than 800 meters above the lunar surface.

As the spacecraft continues its automated descent to the moon, Prime Minister Narendra Modi has just shown up on screen in mission control in a video call from South Africa, prompting further applause in the room.

Prime Minister Narendra Modi is in South Africa for a meeting of the BRICS countries during the landing attempt. In 2019, Mr. Modi was at the control room to console the emotional scientists after Chandrayaan-2 failed, hugging the weeping chief of that mission.

Chandrayaan-3 is aiming to land in the moon’s south polar region.

Chandrayaan-3 is aiming for a landing site in the moon’s south polar region at about 70 degrees south latitude, or about 370 miles from the south pole. That latitude is about as far south as the edge of Antarctica is on Earth.

The landing site lies on a plateau south of the Manzinus crater and to the west of the Boguslawsky crater. That is roughly in the same neighborhood as where India’s Chandrayaan-2 mission crashed in 2019, and where Russia's Luna-25 spacecraft, which crashed on Saturday, was to set down.

Chandrayaan-2

Chandrayaan-3

target landing site

Boguslawsky

target landing

Scientists working on NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter described the terrain as “relatively ancient.” The spacecraft is heading to a spot that can be described as flat and boring, compared with more rugged parts of the lunar surface. Mission managers sometimes choose such nondescript environs to increase the chances of a successful landing.

There are no second chances now. The spacecraft is essentially doing a controlled fall toward the moon.

The powered descent has begun, and the room has burst into applause. Minutes ago, our window into the mission control was a picture of nervous tension. Sitting in front of banks of monitors and keyboards, most of the scientists seemed to be clutching pens and notebooks, with some tapping them in agitation. Now most are breaking into excited smiles.

The Chandrayaan-2 moon lander crashed in 2019, but its orbiter has produced 4 years of science.

The crash of the Chandrayaan-2 lander in 2019 was a disappointment to the Indian Space Research Organization — India’s equivalent of NASA. But the mission was not a total loss.

The Chandrayaan-2 orbiter continued to travel around the moon, where its suite of instruments have been making scientific observations.

One instrument on the orbiter identified signs of water, likely trapped in minerals , in parts of the moon far from the polar regions. Further study of the findings may give insights into the moon’s geology, chemical composition and interaction with the solar wind .

If the water can be extracted efficiently, “This is also significant for future planetary exploration for resource utilization,” a team of ISRO researchers wrote in a paper published two years ago.

Using data from another instrument that measured X-rays, scientists produced a map of the abundance of the element sodium on the lunar surface . That helps answer the mystery of sodium atoms that have been observed floating above the surface. The sodium atoms can be knocked off the surface by the bombardment of ions and ultraviolet light from the sun.

Chandrayaan-2 will also have another important job if the Chandrayaan-3 mission succeeds in landing. The older orbiter will be the new lander’s link back home to mission control on Earth.

The live video feed from the interior of the Mission Control room has just taken over the large screen in the media area. In Hindi, an announcer welcomes all who have come to watch, from around the world. “All are excited to see the moment of the Chandrayaan landing on the moon.”

Excitement is building around the HQ of India’s space agency. The media tent outside ISRO’s Mission Control room in Bengaluru is thronging, with the buzz of human chatter drowning out the hum of the underpowered air-coolers. Banners celebrating the “Chandrayaan Mission Soft Landing Event” have been unfurled and flowers garland an empty lectern before a giant LED screen that glows with a holding pattern.

Why India’s last moon lander crashed

The Vikram lander and Pragyan rover on Chandrayaan-3 are almost identical to the ones that were aboard Chandrayaan-2 four years ago. Indeed, their names are unchanged.

The Chandrayaan-2 landing attempt on Sept. 6, 2019, appeared to be going well, until the lander was about 1.3 miles above the surface. Then its trajectory diverged from the planned path .

The problems arose because one of the lander’s five engines had thrust that was slightly higher than expected, S. Somanath, the chairman of India’s space agency, said during a news conference last month. With the spacecraft firing its engines to slow down, that meant it slowed more than anticipated.

The spacecraft tried to correct its path, but its software specified limits on how quickly it could turn. And because of the higher thrust, the lander was still some distance from its destination even as it approached the ground.

“The craft is trying to reach there by increasing velocity to reach there, whereas it was not having enough time to,” Mr. Somanath said.

In essence, the spacecraft’s computer was unable to find a solution that could satisfy all of the requirements for how and where it was supposed to land, and as a result, it crashed.

Months later, an amateur internet sleuth used imagery from a NASA spacecraft to locate the crash site , where the debris of the Vikram and Pragyan sit to this day.

Although the design of the Chandrayaan-3 lander is largely the same, engineers made alterations to avoid a repeat of the 2019 crash. Changes include stronger landing legs, more propellant, additional solar cells to gather energy from the sun and improved sensors to measure the altitude.

The software was also fixed so that the spacecraft could turn faster if needed, and the allowed landing area has been expanded.

If they get to the moon, the lander and the rover will use a range of instruments to make thermal, seismic and mineralogical measurements of the area.

It was a difficult weekend for Russia’s space program.

When Russia’s robotic Luna-25 mission launched on Aug. 11, it seemed set on a course to deny the Indian Chandrayaan-3 mission its shot at becoming the first spacecraft to land on the moon successfully this year.

But things turned out differently.

While Chandrayaan-3 took a steady, fuel-saving course to lunar orbit, Luna-25 rushed toward the moon, arriving there only five days after launching.

The Russian vehicle appeared to execute a series of orbital adjustments. Then, on Saturday, disaster struck.

At 2:10 p.m. Moscow time, Luna-25 fired its engines in order to move the spacecraft into an elliptical orbit that would prepare it for landing on Monday. By 2:57 p.m., Russia had lost contact with the spacecraft.

Yury Borisov, the head of Roscosmos, the state corporation that oversees Russia’s space program, described what was said to have gone wrong to the Rossiya 24 TV channel . The engine had been programmed to fire for 84 seconds. Instead, it fired for 127 seconds. That extra push sent the spacecraft on a collision course with the lunar surface. After nearly a day of silence, Roscosmos disclosed the failure on Sunday.

Mr. Borisov did not explain what had caused the engine to fire for too long. In an interview with The Times on Sunday , Natan Eismont, a senior scientist with the Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, said that there had been indications that the engine had performance problems during Luna-25’s mission to the moon. Though not involved in the mission, he suggested that its managers may have needed to take more time before attempting the fateful burn that destroyed the spacecraft.

A mix of pride and anticipation mounts ahead of the moon landing.

Across India on Wednesday, there was an air of excitement and anticipation.

In a country with a deep tradition of science, schools were holding special ceremonies and organizing live viewings of the moon landing. Prayers were offered for the mission’s success at Hindu temples, Sikh Gurdwaras and Muslim mosques — an important moment of unity in what has otherwise been fraught times of sectarian tension .

Radio jockeys beamed with excitement, repeating the evening landing time before playing joyful songs. Television channels ran countdown clocks and competed in tickers. “INDIA’S MOON SHOT,” read the chyron at the bottom of one channel’s screen.

In Delhi, students made artwork celebrating what they hope will be a historic day — India joining just three other countries in landing on the moon and becoming the first to land in its southern polar region. In Uttar Pradesh, India’s largest state, the government there has announced that schools would remain open in the evening for students to gather and watch the broadcast from mission control.

“We are very proud to say we are Indian because of our scientists,” one student from the southern city of Hyderabad told a television channel.

The police band in the city of Mumbai, India’s commercial and entertainment hub, sent a “special musical tribute” to the scientists working on the mission. They performed a popular patriotic song, Hum Honge Kaamyab.

The mood around the landing, which will take place just a little after sunset in India, was captured by the opening line of an article in Times of India .

“When the sun sets on Wednesday, look at the moon: India may be up there.”

Look back at the launch of Chandrayaan-3 to the moon.

India launches moon mission, a rocket lifted off from sriharikota, india, on july 14, carrying the chandrayaan-3 robotic lander and rover toward the moon..

“Three, two, one, zero. Plus 5 seconds.“ “Lift off normal.” “Here we have a majestic lift off of LVM3-M4 rocket carrying India’s prestigious Chandrayaan-3 spacecraft. Every Indian witnessing the launch live is content with the feeling of watching history in the making.” [applause]

It has been more than a month since the Indian Space Research Organization, or ISRO, launched the Chandrayaan-3 to the moon .

The Russian Federation’s Luna-25 mission launched almost a month after Chandrayaan-3, and reached lunar orbit in only five days. India, by contrast, took a roundabout but more fuel-efficient trip to lunar space. Launching on July 14, it didn’t reach lunar orbit until Aug. 5.

In the days after launching, Chandrayaan-3 stayed in Earth orbit, steadily raising its altitude above the planet. When it was far enough from Earth, the spacecraft fired its engines again just after midnight on Aug. 1, setting it on a course to meet the moon.

It reached Earth’s lunar companion on Aug. 5. Then the mission basically reversed the sequence of actions it had completed over Earth, firing its engines to lower its orbit and moving closer to the moon.

After shifting on Aug. 15 into a lunar orbit as low as 95 miles from the surface, the mission prepared for a crucial step: separation from the propulsion module that had helped it get there. This occurred on Aug. 17. For now, India has three spacecraft orbiting the moon — Chandrayaan-2, Chandrayaan-3’s landing module and the propulsion module, which is expected to stay in orbit for months or years , using sensors on board to aid scientific research on Earth.

The Chandrayaan-3 lander also established communications with the Chandrayaan-2 spacecraft, which has orbited the moon since 2019. Should the new mission successfully reach the moon’s surface, the Vikram lander and Pragyan rover will use the long-tenured orbiter to communicate with Earth.

On Sunday, the Chandrayaan-3 lander shifted to an elliptical orbit with an altitude as low as 15 miles above the moon. On Wednesday, the sun rose at the landing site, and the mission will attempt to become the first Indian spacecraft on another world’s surface.

Mujib Mashal and Hari Kumar

India’s space ambition mirrors the country’s rise as a geopolitical power.

India’s recent efforts in space exploration closely mirror the country’s diplomatic push as an ambitious power on the rise.

That assertiveness on the world stage is a central campaign message for Mr. Modi, who is up for re-election for a third term early next year. He has frequently fused his image with that of India’s rise as an economic, diplomatic and technological power.

“Thanks to our scientists, India has a very rich history in the space sector,” Mr. Modi said after Chandrayaan-3’s launch to the moon last month. “This remarkable mission will carry the hopes and dreams of our nation.”

India aims to be only the fourth country to achieve a moon landing — after the United States, the Soviet Union and China — and the first to do so in the moon’s South Pole region.

Much of India’s foreign policy in recent decades has been shaped by a delicate balancing act between Washington and Moscow, as the country grapples with an increasingly aggressive China at its borders. The two countries’ militaries have been stuck in a standoff in the Himalayas for three years now, and the vulnerability to a threat from China is a major driving factor in India’s calculations.

The common frustration with Beijing has only increased American and Indian cooperation , including in space, where China is establishing itself in direct competition with the United States. Russia’s failed moon landing just days before India’s successful attempt was the latest indication of Moscow’s struggles as a space power.

On the day India is attempting its moon landing, Mr. Modi is in South Africa for a meeting of the group of nations known as BRICS . Much attention will be focused on whether Mr. Modi will sit down for talks on the summit’s sidelines with President Xi Jinping of China, which would be the first proper bilateral discussion between the two leaders since the deadly skirmishes between their militaries in 2020.

At the BRICS summit on Wednesday, Mr. Modi pitched the creation of a consortium for space exploration among the group’s members to “work for global good in areas like space research and weather monitoring.” The suggestion to a group where China and Russia are key members was another indication of India’s constant balancing act — it came just months after Mr. Modi’s government signed on to the U.S.-led Artemis Accords for space exploration.

Bharat Karnad, an emeritus professor of national security studies at the Center for Policy Research in New Delhi, said India’s cost-effective approach to space exploration was “making India the launcher of choice for many countries for their low Earth orbit communications satellites.”

But the potential success of Chandrayaan-3 comes at a particularly important moment in the country’s rise, Mr. Karnad said, and Mr. Modi can reap benefits in leaning into India’s scientific prowess to “more confidently assert Indian national interest on the world stage.”

The New York Times

The latest on India’s successful moon landing.

The Indian public already takes great pride in the accomplishments of the nation’s space program, which has orbited the moon and Mars and routinely launches satellites above the Earth with far fewer financial resources than other nations. But the achievement of Chandrayaan-3 may be even sweeter.

“We have achieved soft landing on the moon,” S. Somanath, the director of the Indian Space Research Organization, said after a roar ripped across the ISRO compound just past 6 p.m. local time. “India is on the moon.”

Prime Minister Narendra Modi, whose face beamed onto a screen in the control room in the final minutes from South Africa, where he is on an official visit, declared the landing as “the moment for new, developing India.”

Here’s what you need to know:

Pragyaan should be rolled out in a matter of hours or, maybe, Thursday, and its sensors, including a laser and an alpha-particle beam, as well as instruments on the Vikram lander, will start relaying data after that, according to Mr. Somanath.

The Indian mission launched in July, taking a slower, fuel-conscious route toward the moon. Vikram out-endured its Russian counterpart, Luna-25, which launched 13 days ago for the moon. It was scheduled to land on Monday in the same general vicinity as the Indian craft but crashed on Saturday following an engine malfunction.

That India managed to outdo a nation that put the first satellite, man and woman in space is a measure of the country’s long embrace of the science and technology needed to support a space program. But the landing also comes at a particularly important moment in the South Asian giant’s rise.

The Aug. 23 landing was selected because it is the day when the sun will rise at the landing site. The mission is to conclude two weeks later when the sun sets. While on the surface, the solar-powered lander and rover will use a range of instruments to make thermal, seismic and mineralogical measurements.

The landing was seen by tens of millions of viewers on the YouTube channel of the Indian Space Research Organization, and many more people on Indian TV broadcasts.

The Deep Space Network, a NASA network of large dish antennas, is assisting ISRO in communicating with the ground. Right now, it shows Chandrayaan-3 sending signals.

ISRO said it had established communication with the Vikram lander and released images of the moon captured by cameras during the spacecraft’s descent.

Paper straws found to contain long-lasting and potentially toxic chemicals - study

PFAS were found in a majority of the paper and bamboo straws analysed. They have been widely used since the shunning of plastic straws in the UK and Europe in recent years.

News reporter @Reemul_B

Friday 25 August 2023 09:11, UK

Paper straws contain potentially toxic chemicals which could pose a risk to people, wildlife and the environment, a study has found.

Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), which are long-lasting and potentially destructive to human health over time, were discovered in the majority of paper and bamboo straws tested.

The straws are considered "eco-friendly" compared to their plastic counterparts, which have been banned in the UK since 2020 .

The groundbreaking European study analysed straws made from a range of materials from shops and fast-food restaurants and found 18 out of 20 brands of paper straws contained PFAS, with a lower frequency of detection in plastic and glass versions.

The research did not look at whether PFAS leaked out of the straws into the liquids.

The most commonly found PFAS, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), has been prohibited worldwide since 2020.

No PFAS traces were detected in any of the steel straws tested.

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PFAS concentrations were found to be low and since straw use is seldom, the Belgian researchers said they posed a limited risk to human health.

However, they warned the chemicals could accumulate in the body over many years.

The chemicals have been associated with a number of health problems, including lower response to vaccines, lower birth weight, thyroid disease, increased cholesterol levels, liver damage, kidney cancer and testicular cancer.

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The presence of PFAS in the bulk of paper straws was due to them being used as a water-repellent coating, in some cases, the researchers added.

Dr Thimo Groffen, from the University of Antwerp, said the researchers wanted to find out if PFAS were in plant-based drinking straws sold in Belgium, after they were discovered in straws sold in the US.

After the findings, he advocated the use of steel straws but also advised to "avoid using straws at all".

Dr Groffen added: "Straws made from plant-based materials, such as paper and bamboo, are often advertised as being more sustainable and eco-friendly than those made from plastic.

"However, the presence of PFAS in these straws means that's not necessarily true."

PFAS are notably used in items such as outdoor clothing and non-stick pans because they are resistant to water, heat and stains.

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