Advances in Leukemia Research

Human cells with acute myelocytic leukemia as seen through a microscope

Human cells with acute myelocytic leukemia.

NCI-funded researchers are working to advance our understanding of how to treat leukemia. With progress in both targeted therapies and immunotherapies, leukemia treatment has the potential to become more effective and less toxic.

This page highlights some of the latest research in leukemia, including clinical advances that may soon translate into improved care, NCI-supported programs that are fueling progress, and research findings from recent studies.

Leukemia Treatment for Adults

The mainstays of leukemia treatment for adults have been chemotherapy , radiation therapy , and stem cell transplantation . Over the last two decades, targeted therapies have also become part of the standard of care for some types of leukemia. These treatments target proteins that control how cancer cells grow, divide, and spread. Different types of leukemia require different combinations of therapies.  For a complete list of all currently approved drugs, see Drugs Approved for Leukemia.

Although much progress has been made against some types of leukemia, others still have relatively poor rates of survival. And, as the population ages, there is a greater need for treatment regimens that are less toxic .

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) Treatment

Adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a type of cancer in which the bone marrow makes too many lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell). It usually gets worse quickly and needs rapid treatment. Some recent research includes:

Combining less-toxic therapies

The intensive chemotherapy treatments used for ALL have serious side effects that many older patients cannot tolerate. Targeted therapies may have fewer side effects than chemotherapy. Clinical trials, including one at NCI , are now testing whether combinations of these types of therapies can be used instead of chemotherapy for older patients with a form of ALL called B-cell ALL.

Immunotherapy

Immunotherapies are treatments that help the body’s immune system fight cancer more effectively. Immunotherapy strategies being used or tested in ALL include:

CAR T-cell therapy

CAR T-cell therapy is a type of treatment in which a patient’s own immune cells are genetically modified to treat their cancer.

  • Currently, one type of CAR T cell therapy is  approved for the treatment of some children and young adults with ALL. They are now being explored for use in older adults with B-cell ALL. 
  • A second CAR T-cell therapy has been approved for adults with a type of ALL called B-cell precursor ALL that has not responded to treatment or has returned after previous treatment.

CAR T cell therapies are now being explored for other uses in ALL. For example, scientists hope that it will be possible to use CAR T-cell therapy to delay—or even replace—stem-cell transplantation in older, frailer patients.

Bispecific T-cell engagers

Another immunotherapy being tested in ALL is bispecific T-cell engagers (BiTEs). These drugs attach to immune cells and cancer cells, enabling the immune cells to easily find and destroy the cancer cell by bringing them closer together.

Once such BiTE, called blinatumomab (Blincyto) , was recently shown to improve survival for people with ALL who are in remission after chemotherapy, even when there is no trace of their disease.

Improving treatment for adolescents and young adults (AYAs)

An intensive treatment regimen developed for children with ALL has been found to also improve outcomes for newly diagnosed AYA patients . The pediatric regimen more than doubled the median length of time people lived without their cancer returning compared with an adult treatment regimen. Further studies are now testing the addition of targeted therapies to the combination .

Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) Treatment

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common type of acute leukemia in adults. It can cause a buildup of abnormal red blood cells, white blood cells, or platelets.

AML tends to be aggressive and is harder to treat than ALL. However, AML cells sometimes have gene changes that cause the tumors to grow but can be targeted with new drugs. Researchers are starting to look at whether genomic sequencing of tumor cells can help doctors choose the best treatment (such as chemotherapy, targeted therapy, stem-cell transplant, or a combination of therapies) for each patient. Scientists are also testing other ways to treat AML.

leukemia research reports

New Treatment Option for Some People with AML

Combining ivosidenib with chemo is effective for AML with an IDH1 gene mutation.

Targeted therapies

Targeted therapies recently approved to treat AML with certain gene changes include  Enasidenib (Idhifa) ,  Olutasidenib (Rezlidhia) ,  Ivosidenib (Tibsovo) ,  Venetoclax (Venclexta) ,  Gemtuzumab ozogamicin (Mylotarg) ,  Midostaurin (Rydapt) ,  Gilteritinib (Xospata) ,  Glasdegib (Daurismo) , and  Quizartinib (Vanflyta) . 

Other ways to treat AML

  • Testing newer targeted therapies.  Researchers continue to develop new drugs to shut down proteins that some leukemias need to grow. For example, new drugs called menin inhibitors stop cancer-promoting genes from being expressed. 
  • Studying ways to target AML cells indirectly. These include testing ways to make cancer cells more vulnerable to new and existing treatments.
  • Targeting AML and related conditions. A type of less-aggressive cancer called myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) can eventually progress to AML. Researchers are testing HDAC inhibitors and other drugs that alter how genes are switched on and off in both MDS and AML.
  • Reducing side effects. Some older adults cannot tolerate the intensive treatments most commonly used for AML. Studies have recently found that several drug combinations can help older people with AML live longer while avoiding many serious side effects. New treatments to relieve symptoms of MDS have also been developed.
  • Immunotherapy. CAR T-cells and BiTEs are being tested in people with AML.

Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML) Treatment

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is a type of cancer in which the bone marrow makes too many granulocytes (a type of white blood cell). These granulocytes are abnormal and can build up in the blood and bone marrow so there is less room for healthy white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets. CML usually gets worse slowly over time.

Blocking an abnormal protein

Most people with CML have a specific chromosome alteration called the Philadelphia chromosome , which produces an abnormal protein that drives the growth of leukemia cells. Targeted therapies that block this abnormal protein— imatinib (Gleevec) , nilotinib (Tasigna) , dasatinib (Sprycel) , and ponatinib (Iclusig) —have radically changed the outlook for people with CML, who now have close to a normal life expectancy.

Testing new combination therapies

Some people with CML continue to have detectable cancer cells in their body even after long-term treatment with drugs that target the protein produced by the Philadelphia chromosome. NCI-sponsored trials are testing whether the addition of immunotherapy or other targeted therapies to these drugs can reduce the number of CML cells in such patients.

Looking at whether patients can stop taking therapy

Researchers have found that some drugs that target the protein produced by the Philadelphia chromosome can be safely stopped in some CML patients rather than taken for life. These patients must undergo regular testing to ensure the disease has not come back.

Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) Treatment

Like ALL, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a type of cancer in which the bone marrow makes too many lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell). But unlike ALL, CLL is slow growing and worsens over time.

Targeted therapy

Ibrutinib (Imbruvica) . The targeted therapy ibrutinib (Imbruvica) was the first non-chemotherapy drug approved to treat CLL. It shuts down a signaling pathway called the B-cell receptor signaling pathway, which is commonly overactive in CLL cells. Depending on people’s age , ibrutinib may be given in combination with another targeted drug, rituximab (Rituxan) .

Clinical trials have shown that ibrutinib benefits both younger and older patients with CLL.

Venetoclax (Venclexta) and obinutuzumab (Gazyva) . In 2019, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the second chemotherapy-free initial treatment regimen for CLL , containing the targeted therapies venetoclax (Venclexta) and obinutuzumab (Gazyva) .

Other combinations of these drugs plus ibrutinib are now being used or tested for CLL, including •    ibrutinib and venetoclax in people with newly diagnosed CLL •    ibrutinib, obinutuzumab, and venetoclax in older adults with newly diagnosed CLL •    ibrutinib and obinutuzumab with or without venetoclax in younger adults with newly diagnosed CLL

An ongoing trial at NCI is also testing whether giving the combination of venetoclax and obinutuzumab to some people with CLL before symptoms develop can help them live longer overall.

Zanubrutinib (Brukinsa) . In early 2023, the FDA approved a drug that works in a similar manner to ibrutinib, called zanubrutinib (Brukinsa) , for people with CLL. A large study showed that zanubrutinib alone has fewer side effects and is more effective than ibrutinib for people whose leukemia has returned after initial treatment. More research is now needed to understand how to best combine zanubrutinib with other newer therapies, such as venetoclax.

CAR T-cell therapy is also being tested in adults with CLL. Researchers would like to know if using this type of immunotherapy early in the course of treatment would be more effective than waiting until the cancer recurs.

Hairy Cell Leukemia (HCL) Treatment

Hairy cell leukemia (HCL) is a type of cancer in which the bone marrow makes too many lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell). The disease is called hairy cell leukemia because the abnormal lymphocytes look "hairy" when viewed under a microscope. This rare type of leukemia gets worse slowly, or sometimes does not get worse at all.

Combinations of drugs

Researchers are studying combinations of drugs to treat HCL. For example, in a recent small study, a combination of two targeted therapies— vemurafenib (Zelboraf) and rituximab (Rituxan) — led to long-lasting remissions for most participants with HCL that had come back after previous treatments. More drug combinations are currently being tested in clinical trials.

Leukemia Treatment for Children

For the two most common types of leukemia, AML and ALL, standard leukemia treatments for children have been chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and stem-cell transplant. Despite great improvements in survival for children with many types of leukemia, some treatments don't always work. Also, some children later experience a relapse of their disease. Others live with the side effects of chemotherapy and radiation therapy for the rest of their lives, highlighting the need for less toxic treatments.

Now researchers are focusing on targeted drugs and immunotherapies for the treatment of leukemia in children. Newer chemotherapy drugs are also being tested.

Targeted Therapies

Targeted therapies that have been approved or are being studied for children with leukemia include:

  • imatinib (Gleevec) and dasatinib (Sprycel), which are  approved for the treatment of children with CML  as well as those with a specific type of ALL. The approvals are for children whose cancer cells have the Philadelphia chromosome. 
  • sorafenib (Nexavar) , which has been studied in combination with standard chemotherapy for children with AML whose leukemia has changes in a gene called FLT3. The addition of sorafenib to standard treatment was safe, and its addition may improve survival time free from leukemia. Other ongoing clinical trials are testing drugs that target FLT3 more specifically than sorafenib (such as gilteritinib).
  • larotrectinib (Vitrakvi) , which is being tested in children with leukemia that has a specific change in a gene called NTRK . 

More possible targets for the treatment of childhood cancers are discovered every year, and many new drugs that could potentially be used to treat cancers that have these targets are being tested through the Pediatric Preclinical In Vivo Testing Consortium (PIVOT) .

CAR T-cell therapy has recently generated great excitement for the treatment of children with relapsed ALL. One CAR T-cell therapy, tisagenlecleucel (Kymriah) , was approved in 2017 for some children with relapsed ALL.

Researchers continue to address remaining challenges about the use of CAR T-cell therapy in children with leukemia:

  • Sometimes, leukemia can become resistant to tisagenlecleucel. Researchers in NCI’s Pediatric Oncology Branch have developed CAR T cells that target leukemia cells in a different way. An  ongoing clinical trial is testing whether the combination of these two types of CAR T cells can provide longer-lasting remissions.
  • CAR T cells are currently only approved for use in leukemia that has relapsed or proved resistant to standard treatment. A clinical trial from COG is now testing tisagenlecleucel as part of first-line therapy in children with ALL at high risk of relapse.
  • More research is needed to understand which children who receive CAR T cells are at high risk of developing resistance to treatment. Researchers also plan to test whether strategies such as combining CAR T-cell therapy with other immunotherapies may help prevent resistance from developing. 
  • Other research, both in NCI’s Pediatric Oncology Branch and at other institutions, is focused on creating CAR T-cell therapies that work for children with other types of childhood leukemia, such as AML. Several clinical trials of these treatments, including one led by NCI researchers , are now under way.

Two other drugs that use the body’s immune system to fight cancer have shown promise for children with leukemia:

  • In clinical trials, the drug was shown to be more effective than chemotherapy in treating ALL that has relapsed in children and young adults.
  • An NCI-sponsored trial is now testing the drug as part of treatment for newly diagnosed ALL in children, adolescents, and young adults .
  • A drug called inotuzumab ozogamicin (Besponsa)  is being tested in children with relapsed B-cell ALL. This drug consists of an antibody that can bind to cancer cells linked to a drug that can kill those cells. An NCI-sponsored trial is also testing the drug as part of treatment for newly diagnosed ALL in children and adolescents at higher risk of relapse.

Chemotherapy

In addition to targeted therapies and immunotherapies, researchers are also working to develop new chemotherapy drugs for leukemia and find better ways to use existing drugs. In 2018, a large clinical trial showed that adding the drug nelarabine (Arranon) to standard chemotherapy improves survival for children and young adults newly diagnosed with T-cell ALL.

Other drugs are being tested that may make standard chemotherapy drugs more effective. These drugs include venetoclax , which has been approved for older adults with some types of leukemia and is now being tested in children .

Survivorship

Children’s developing brains and bodies can be particularly sensitive to the harmful effects of cancer treatment. Because many children treated for cancer go on to live long lives, they may be dealing with these late effects for decades to come.

The NCI-funded Childhood Cancer Survivor Study , ongoing since 1994, tracks the long-term harmful effects of treatments for childhood cancer and studies ways to minimize these effects. NCI also funds research into addressing ways to help cancer survivors cope with and manage health issues stemming from cancer treatment, as well into altering existing treatment regimens to make them less toxic in the long term.

For example, one study found that, in children with ALL, radiation therapy to prevent the cancer from returning in the brain is likely unnecessary . The study found that radiation can even be omitted for children at the highest risk of the cancer coming back, reducing the risk of future problems with thinking and memory, hormone dysfunction, and other side effects of radiation to the brain.

Preventing and Treating Graft Versus Host Disease

Many people with leukemia—both adults and children—have a stem-cell transplant as part of their treatment. If the new stem cells come from a donor, the immune cells they produce may be able to attack any cancer cells that remain in the body.

But sometimes, immune cells produced by donor stem cells attack healthy tissues of the body instead. This condition, called graft versus host disease ( GVHD ), can affect nearly every organ and can cause many painful and debilitating symptoms. 

In recent years, several drugs have been approved by the FDA for the treatment of GVHD, including:

•    ibrutinib, which is also used as a treatment for some types of leukemia •     ruxolitinib (Jakafi) •     belumosudil (Rezurock)

Researchers are also testing ways to prevent GVHD from developing in the first place. For example, a recent study found that removing certain immune cells from donated stem cells before they are transplanted may reduce the risk of chronic GVHD without any apparent increase in the likelihood of relapse.

NCI-Supported Research Programs

Many NCI-funded researchers working at the NIH campus and across the United States and the world are seeking ways to address leukemia more effectively. Some research is basic, exploring questions as diverse as the biological underpinnings of cancer. And some is more clinical, seeking to translate this basic information into improving patient outcomes. The programs listed below are a small sampling of NCI’s research efforts in leukemia.

NCI’s Leukemia Specialized Programs of Research Excellence (SPORE) promotes collaborative, interdisciplinary research. SPORE grants involve both basic and clinical/applied scientists working together. They support the efficient movement of basic scientific findings into clinical settings, as well as studies to determine the biological basis for observations made in individuals with cancer or in populations at risk for cancer.

The Pediatric Immunotherapy Discovery and Development Network (PI-DDN) is working to discover and characterize new targets for immunotherapies, design experimental models to test the effectiveness of pediatric immunotherapies, develop new immunotherapy treatments, and improve the understanding of tumor immunity in pediatric cancer patients. The PI-DDN was established as part of the Cancer Moonshot initiative.

The Fusion Oncoproteins in Childhood Cancers (FusOnC2) Consortium is also part of the Cancer Moonshot initiative. The consortium of collaborating research teams will work to advance the understanding of how five important fusion oncoproteins help drive pediatric cancers, including leukemia, and apply this knowledge towards developing drugs that target these proteins.

NCI has also formed partnerships with the pharmaceutical industry, academic institutions, and individual investigators for the early clinical evaluation of innovative cancer therapies. The Experimental Therapeutics Clinical Trials Network (ETCTN) was created to evaluate these therapies using a coordinated, collaborative approach to early-phase clinical trials.

The Pediatric Early-Phase Clinical Trials Network was established to help identify and develop effective new drugs for children and adolescents with cancer. The network’s focus is on phase I and early phase II trials, as well as pilot studies of novel drugs and treatment regimens to determine their tolerability.

NCI’s Pediatric Preclinical In Vivo Testing Consortium (PIVOT) develops mouse models to allow early, rapid testing of new drugs for pediatric cancers, including leukemia. The models are all derived from tissue samples taken from patients’ tumors. The consortium partners both with commercial drug companies and with drug development efforts at universities and cancer centers.

The Therapeutically Applicable Research to Generate Effective Treatments (TARGET) program uses a comprehensive approach to determine the genetic changes that drive childhood cancers. The goal of the program is to use data to guide the development of effective, less toxic therapies. TARGET is organized into disease-specific teams, including those for ALL and AML.

Researchers in NCI’s Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (DCEG)  investigate novel, molecular biomarkers for leukemia, as well as clarify relationships of established risk factors. Studies include those looking at environmental and workplace exposure, families with multiple leukemia cases, and inherited bone marrow failure syndromes to name a few.

Clinical Trials

NCI funds and oversees both early- and late-phase clinical trials to develop new treatments and improve patient care. Search NCI-Supported Clinical Trials to find leukemia-related trials now accepting patients. 

Leukemia Research Results

The following are some of our latest news articles on leukemia research:

  • Quizartinib Approval Adds New Treatment Option for AML, Including in Older Patients
  • Blinatumomab Increases Survival for Infants with an Aggressive Type of ALL
  • Revumenib Shows Promise in Treating Advanced Acute Myeloid Leukemia
  • Help Desk for Oncologists Treating People with a Rare Leukemia Pays Big Dividends
  • Zanubrutinib’s Approval Improves Targeted Treatment for CLL
  • Trial Suggests Expanded Role for Blinatumomab in Treating ALL

View the full list of Leukemia Research Results and Study Updates .

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Current Research

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Robert Bowman, PhD

University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine

Grant awarded: 2023 Disease: Leukemia (AML) Research focus: Cell Biology

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Yu-Chiao Chiu, PhD

University of Pittsburgh

Grant awarded: 2023 Disease: Leukemia (AML) Research focus: Treatment

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Marta Derecka, PhD

St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Inc.

Grant awarded: 2023 Disease: Myelofibrosis Research focus: Cell Biology

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Francesca Ferraro, MD, PhD

Washington University in St. Louis

Grant awarded: 2023 Disease: Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) Research focus: Relapse prevention

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Zhaohui Gu, PhD

Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope

Grant awarded: 2023 Disease: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) Research focus: Relapse prevention

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Xue Han, PhD,

The Ohio State University

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Tania Jain, PhD

Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine

Grant awarded: 2023 Disease: Myeloproliferative neoplasms, acute myeloid leukemia (AML) Research focus: Treatment

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Qingfei Jiang, PhD

University of California, San Diego

Grant awarded: 2023 Disease: Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) Research focus: Treatment

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Theodoros Karantanos, MD, PhD

Grant awarded: 2023 Disease: Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) Research focus: Cell Biology

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Linde Miles, PhD

Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center

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Joshua Riback, PhD

Baylor College of Medicine

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Reona Sakemura, MD

Mayo Clinic Rochester

Grant awarded: 2023 Disease: Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) Research focus: Treatment

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Christian Schuerch, PhD

University of Tübingen

Grant awarded: 2023 Disease: Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) Research focus: Relapse Prevention

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Alan Shih, MD, PhD

Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai

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Srividya Swaminathan, PhD

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Daniel Utzschneider, PhD

Peter Doherty Institute at the University of Melbourne

Grant awarded: 2023 Disease: Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) Research focus: Treatment

Timothy Barrow, PhD

University of Essex

Grant awarded: 2022 Disease: Leukemia (CLL) Research focus: Relapse prevention (minimal residual disease)

Lina Benajiba, MD, PhD

INSERM Institute of Health and Medical Research

Grant awarded: 2022 Disease: Leukemia (AML) Research focus: Cancer cell biology (microenvironment)

Christian Hurtz, PhD

Temple University

Grant awarded: 2022 Disease: Leukemia (ALL) Research focus: Treatment (targeted therapy)

Yoon-A Kang, PhD

Washington University in St.Louis

Grant awarded: 2022 Disease: Leukemia (MPNs) Research focus: Causes/risk factors (MPNs)

Anja Karlstaedt, MD, PhD

Cedars-Sinai Medical Center

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David Kurtz, MD, PhD

Stanford University

Grant awarded: 2022 Disease: Multiple myeloma Research focus: Treatment (immunotherapy)

Laura Mondragon Martinez, PhD

Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute

Grant awarded: 2022 Disease: Lymphoma (non-Hodgkin) Research focus: Treatment (immunotherapy)

Rui Su, PhD

Grant awarded: 2022 Disease: Leukemia (AML) Research focus: Cancer cell biology (leukemia stem cells)

To learn about research projects, supported by the Leukemia Research Foundation in previous years, and their results, click here .

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Acute Myeloid Leukaemia research

Stopping the awakening of leukaemia stem cells to prevent relapse.

Published on: 22 February 2024

Why myeloid leukaemias start to grow again after chemotherapy has killed the bulk of cancerous cells, and how growth may be blocked by repurposed drugs, may have been solved by new research.

The bone marrow of Acute Myeloid Leukaemia (AML) patients contains a rare population of leukaemic stem cells (LSCs) that do not grow and, therefore, are not killed by chemotherapy.

However, after treatment, these cells start to grow and produce AML cells, but it has until now been unclear as to what kick-starts this process.

In a new study, published in Nature Communications , experts from Newcastle University, the University of Birmingham and the Princess Maxima Centre of Pediatric oncology, studied single cells from patients with t(8;21) AML to investigate what made the rare LSCs grow.

leukemia research reports

“These cells are very rare and difficult to study but by examining gene expression in single LSCs we found genes being expressed that encode for growth regulators normally not present in myeloid cells.

“Both cell types are found in the bone marrow alongside the AML cells, but healthy stem cells do not respond to their signals. By aberrantly upregulating these growth regulators, leukaemic stem cells now can respond to growth factors that are present in the body and tell them to grow."

Preventing relapse

The first author of the study, Dr Sophie Kellaway, who is now continuing this research at the University of Nottingham, said: "We were very excited to find not one but two new, and potentially druggable, targets to prevent relapse in these patients.

“Being told your cancer has come back is devastating news and we want to prevent this happening. Unfortunately, as these receptors were so specific this would only work for t(8;21) acute myeloid leukaemia and is not a magic bullet.

“However, inspection of other single cell data from different leukaemia sub-types show that other growth regulatory pathways are upregulated in their stem cell population as well. We are now hoping to find those that can be hit in other types of AML" .

This work was funded by grants from Blood Cancer UK and the Medical Research Council .

Leukemic stem cells activate lineage inappropriate signalling pathways to promote their growth. Constance Bonifer et al. Nature Communications . DOI:  doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-45691-4

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Correspondence:  Correspondence provides readers with a forum for comment on papers published in a previous issue of the journal or to address new issues relevant to the research community. Specifications:   No abstract required; Main body of text (tables/figures, and references) not to exceed 1,000 words; Max 2 tables or figures; Max 10 references

Comment:  Commentaries provide short summaries of recently published articles in Leukemia. Specifications: No abstract required; Main body of text (tables/figures, and references) not to exceed 750 words; Max 2 tables or figures;  Max 10 references

Publication charges

After final layout for publication, each page of an article will incur a fixed charge of £150/ $235 per page. This charge is fully inclusive of colour reproduction of all colour images (where deemed appropriate by the Editor) in print, HTML and PDF formats. It covers also a proportion of the costs of processing and producing the article for publication (VAT or local taxes will be added where applicable). Page charges will NOT apply to authors who choose to pay an article processing charge to make their paper open access - for further information on open access publication see our Author Services page .

Preparation of Articles

House Style:  Authors should adhere to the following formatting guidelines

  • Text should be double spaced with a wide margin.
  • All pages and lines are to be numbered.
  • Do not make rules thinner than 1pt (0.36mm).
  • Use a coarse hatching pattern rather than shading for tints in graphs.
  • Colour should be distinct when being used as an identifying tool.
  • Spaces, not commas should be used to separate thousands.
  • At first mention of a manufacturer, the town (and state if USA) and country should be provided.
  • Statistical methods: For normally distributed data, mean (SD) is the preferred summary statistic. Relative risks should be expressed as odds ratios with 95% confidence interval. To compare two methods for measuring a variable the method of Bland & Altman (1986, Lancet 1, 307–310) should be used; for this, calculation of P only is not appropriate.
  • Units :  Use metric units (SI units) as fully as possible. Preferably give measurements of energy in kiloJoules or MegaJoules with kilocalories in parentheses (1 kcal = 4.186kJ). Use % throughout.
  • Abbreviations: On first using an abbreviation place it in parentheses after the full item. Very common abbreviations such as FFA, RNA, need not be defined. Note these abbreviations: gram g; litre l; milligram mg; kilogram kg; kilojoule kJ; megajoule MJ; weight wt; seconds s; minutes min; hours h. Do not add ‘s’ for plural units.  Terms used less than four times should not be abbreviated.

Cover Letter:  Authors should provide a cover letter that includes the affiliation and contact information for the corresponding author. Authors should briefly discuss the importance of the work and explain why it is considered appropriate for the diverse readership of the journal.  The cover letter should confirm the material is original research, has not been previously published and has not been submitted for publication elsewhere while under consideration. If the manuscript has been previously considered for publication in another journal, please include the previous reviewer comments, to help expedite the decision by the Editorial team.

Title Page:  The title page should contain:

  • Title of the paper - brief, informative, of 150 characters or less and should not make a statement or conclusion
  • Full names of all the authors and their affiliations, together with e-mail address of the corresponding author. If authors regard it as essential to indicate that two or more co-authors are equal in status, they may be identified by an asterisk symbol with the caption ‘These authors contributed equally to this work’ immediately under the address list.
  • Competing Interests statement (see  Editorial Policies  section). Authors should disclose the sources of any support for the work received in the form of grants and/or equipment and drugs.

Large Language Models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT, do not currently satisfy our authorship criteria . Notably an attribution of authorship carries with it accountability for the work, which cannot be effectively applied to LLMs. Use of an LLM should be properly documented in the Methods section (and if a Methods section is not available, in a suitable alternative part) of the manuscript.

Abstract:   Articles must be prepared with an unstructured abstract designed to summarise the essential features of the paper in a logical and concise sequence.

Graphical Abstracts (optional):  A graphical abstract, which summarizes the manuscript in a visual way, is designed to attract the attention of readers in the table of contents of the journal. Files should be uploaded as a ‘Figure’ and be labelled ‘Graphical abstract’.  A standard file format (.tiff, .eps, .jpg, .bmp, .doc, or .pdf.) should be used, and the graphic should be 9 cm wide x 5 cm high when printed at full scale and a minimum of 300 dpi. All graphical abstracts should be submitted with a white background and imagery should fill the available width, whenever possible. Colour graphical abstracts are encouraged and will be published at no additional charge. Textual statements should be kept to a minimum.

Introduction:  The Introduction should assume that the reader is knowledgeable in the field and should therefore be as brief as possible but can include a short historical review where desirable.

Materials/Subjects and Methods:   This section should contain sufficient detail, so that all experimental procedures can be reproduced, and include references. Methods, however, that have been published in detail elsewhere should not be described in detail. Authors should provide the name of the manufacturer and their location for any specifically named medical equipment and instruments, and all drugs should be identified by their pharmaceutical names, and by their trade name if relevant.

Results:   The Results section should briefly present the experimental data in text, tables or figures. Tables and figures should not be described extensively in the text.

Discussion:   The Discussion should focus on the interpretation and the significance of the findings with concise objective comments that describe their relation to other work in the area. It should not repeat information in the results. The final paragraph should highlight the main conclusion(s), and provide some indication of the direction future research should take.

Acknowledgements:  These should be brief, and should include sources of support including sponsorship (e.g. university, charity, commercial organisation) and sources of material (e.g. novel drugs) not available commercially.

Author Contributions: Authors must include a statement about the contribution of each author to the manuscript (see Editorial Policies  page for details regarding authorship). The statement can be up to several sentences long, describing the tasks of individual authors referred to by their initials. See example below: MAJ was responsible for designing the review protocol, writing the protocol and report, conducting the search, screening potentially eligible studies, extracting and analysing data, interpreting results, updating reference lists and creating ’Summary of findings’ tables. SBM was responsible for designing the review protocol and screening potentially eligible studies. She contributed to writing the report, extracting and analysing data, interpreting results and creating ’Summary of findings’ tables. DIH conducted the meta-regression analyses and contributed to the design of the review protocol, writing the report, arbitrating potentially eligible studies, extracting and analysing data and interpreting results. NAL contributed to data extraction and provided feedback on the report. FRT and RAL provided feedback on the report. 

Competing Interests:   Authors must declare whether or not there are any competing financial interests in relation to the work described. This information must be included at this stage and will be published as part of the paper, but should also be noted on the title page. Please see the Competing Interests definition in the  Editorial Policies  section for detailed information.

Data Availability Statement:  An inherent principle of publication is that others should be able to replicate and build upon the authors' published claims.  Leukemia  adheres to  Springer Nature’s Data Policy Type 3 . This means that a submission to the journal implies that materials described in the manuscript, including all relevant raw data, will be freely available to any researcher wishing to use them for non-commercial purposes, without breaching participant confidentiality. It also means that a Data Availability Statement ( see here for more details ) must be included as part of your manuscript.

References:   Only papers directly related to the article should be cited. Exhaustive lists should be avoided. References should follow the Vancouver format. In the text they should appear as numbers starting at one and at the end of the paper they should be listed (double-spaced) in numerical order corresponding to the order of citation in the text. Where a reference is to appear next to a number in the text, for example following an equation, chemical formula or biological acronym, citations should be written as (ref. X).  Example “detectable levels of endogenous Bcl-2 (ref. 3), as confirmed by western blot”. All authors should be listed for papers with up to six authors; for papers with more than six authors, the first six only should be listed, followed by  et al.  Abbreviations for titles of medical periodicals should conform to those used in the latest edition of Index Medicus. The first and last page numbers for each reference should be provided. Abstracts and letters must be identified as such. Papers in press may be included in the list of references. Personal communications can be allocated a number and included in the list of references in the usual way or simply referred to in the text; the authors may choose which method to use. In either case authors must obtain permission from the individual concerned to quote his/her unpublished work.

Examples: Journal article:   Neidlein, S, Wirth, R, Pourhassan, M. Iron deficiency, fatigue and muscle strength and function in older hospitalized patients. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2020; 75:456–463. Journal article by DOI:   Kurotani K, Shinsugi C, Takimoto H. Diet quality and household income level among students: 2014 National Health and Nutrition Survey Japan. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2020;  https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-020-00794-1 .  Journal article, in press:   Gallardo RL, Juneja HS, Gardner FH. Normal human marrow stromal cells induce clonal growth of human malignant T-lymphoblasts. Int. J Cell Cloning (in press). Complete book:   Atkinson K, Champlin R, Ritz J, Fibbe W, Ljungman P, Brenner MK (eds). Clinical Bone Marrow and Blood Stem Cell Transplantation. 3rd ed. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2004. Chapter in book:   Coccia PF. Hematopoietic cell transplantation for osteopetrosis. In: Blume KG, Forman SJ, Appelbaum FR (eds). Thomas' Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation. 3rd ed. Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Malden, 2004. pp 1443–1454. Abstract :  Abstracts from the 2020 Annual Scientific Meeting of the British and Irish Hypertension Society (BIHS). J Hum Hypertens 34; 2020; 1–20 Website:   Kassambara A. rstatix: pipe-friendly framework for basic statistical tests. 2020.  https://rpkgs.datanovia.com/rstatix/ . Online Document:   Doe J. Title of subordinate document. In: The dictionary of substances and their effects. Royal Society of Chemistry. 1999. http://www.rsc.org/dose/title of subordinate document. Accessed 15 Jan 1999.  

Tables:   Tables should only be used to present essential data; they should not duplicate what is written in the text. All tables must be editable, ideally presented in Excel.  Each must be uploaded as a separate workbook with a title or caption and be clearly labelled, sequentially. Please make sure each table is cited within the text and in the correct order, e.g. (Table 3).  Please save the files with extensions .xls / .xlsx / .ods / or .doc or .docx. Please ensure that you provide a 'flat' file, with single values in each cell with no macros or links to other workbooks or worksheets and no calculations or functions.

Figure Legends:   These should be brief, specific and appear on a separate manuscript page after the References section.

Figures:   Figures and images should be labelled sequentially and cited in the text. Figures should not be embedded within the text but rather uploaded as separate files. The use of three-dimensional histograms is strongly discouraged unless the addition of the third dimension is important for conveying the results. Composite figures containing more than three individual figures will count as two figures. All parts of a figure should be grouped together.  Where possible large figures and tables should be included as supplementary material. Detailed guidelines for submitting artwork can be found by downloading our  Artwork Guidelines.  Using the guidelines, please submit production quality artwork with your initial online submission. If you have followed the guidelines, we will not require the artwork to be resubmitted following the peer-review process, if your paper is accepted for publication.

Graphs, Histograms and Statistics Plotting individual data points is preferred to just showing means, especially where N<10 If error bars are shown, they must be described in the figure legend Axes on graphs should extend to zero, except for log axes Statistical analyses (including error bars and p values) should only be shown for independently repeated experiments, and must not be shown for replicates of a single experiment The number of times an experiment was repeated (N) must be stated in the legend

Supplementary Information:  Supplementary information is material directly relevant to the conclusion of an article that cannot be included in the printed version owing to space or format constraints. The article must be complete and self-explanatory without the Supplementary Information, which is posted on the journal's website and linked to the article. Supplementary Information may consist of data files, graphics, movies or extensive tables.

Please submit supplementary figures, small tables and text as a single combined PDF document. Tables longer than one page should be provided as an Excel or similar file type. Please refer to the journal’s Data Policies, outlined in the  Editorial Policies  section of these guidelines for additional options for such files, and which provides guidance on alternatives to supplementary files for data deposition, linking, preservation, and storage.

For optimal quality video files, please use H.264 encoding, the standard aspect ratio of 16:9 (4:3 is second best) and do not compress the video. Important: Supplementary information is not copyedited, so please ensure that it is clearly and succinctly presented, that the style and terminology conform to the rest of the manuscript, and that any tracked-changes or review mark-ups are removed.

Authors should submit supplementary information files in the FINAL format as they are not edited, typeset or changed, and will appear online exactly as submitted. When submitting Supplementary Information, authors are required to: 

  • Include a text summary (no more than 50 words) to describe the contents of each file.
  • Identify the types of files (file formats) submitted.

Please note: We do not allow the resupplying of Supplementary Information files for style reasons after a paper has been exported in production, unless there is a serious error that affects the science and, if by not replacing, it would lead to a formal correction once the paper has been published. In these cases we would make an exception and replace the file; however there are very few instances where a Supplementary Information file would be corrected post publication.

Video summaries:   Authors are welcome to include a video summary of their submission in order to support and enhance their scientific research. Files should be uploaded as a ‘video’ and be labelled ‘Video abstract’. Please take note of the technical requirements listed below. Technical requirements: The maximum file size of a video should not exceed 25 GB.  An audio track is required, and video and audio streams must be in the correct order (video before audio). To ensure streamed video playout in HD in an acceptable quality, the following minimum requirements are recommended: Resolution -  At least 480p. If no HD is available: 1024 x 576 (PAL 16:9) respectively 768 x 576 (PAL 4:3) Aspect ratio - Standard 16:9 or acceptable 4:3 Video bitrate - 5.000 to 10.000 Kbit/s Audio bitrate - 320 Kbit/s, stereo, 44,1 KHz Sound - AAC

Tips for presentation: 1. The video should introduce the topic of the article, highlight the main results and conclusions, discuss the current status and potential future developments in the field 2. Write your script and practise first – explain any obscure terminology 3. Film in a quiet room against a plain (white if possible) background and ensure there is nothing confidential in view 4. Avoid using background music 5. Include figures, slides, video clips of the experiment, etc. to help explain your methods and results. Please try to include a mixture of you talking to the camera and slides – it is nice for viewers to see your face at times 6. Keep figures simple; don’t show raw data and ensure any text is legible. Do not include lots of small text or data that won’t be legible in a small video player that’s the size of a smartphone screen. 7. Please do not use images, music, or insignia in your video for which you do not own the copyright or have documented permission from the copyright holder. Files will be viewed by the editorial office for quality; however the onus for creating, uploading and editing the video falls on the author.

Subject Ontology  Upon submission authors will be asked to select a series of subject terms relevant to the topic of their manuscript from our subject ontology. Providing these terms will ensure your article is more discoverable and will appear on appropriate subject specific pages on nature.com, in addition to the journal’s own pages.  Your article should be indexed with at least one, and up to four unique subject terms that describe the key subjects and concepts in your manuscript.   Click here  for help with this. 

IMAGES

  1. (PDF) Acute Myeloid Leukemia: A Concise Review

    leukemia research reports

  2. (PDF) Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Review and Current Update

    leukemia research reports

  3. (PDF) Case reports with t(8;14)(q11;q32) in Mixed-Phenotype Acute

    leukemia research reports

  4. (PDF) A Case Report: Acute Myeloid Leukemia (FAB M7)

    leukemia research reports

  5. Genomic Classification and Prognosis in Acute Myeloid Leukemia

    leukemia research reports

  6. Research paper

    leukemia research reports

COMMENTS

  1. Leukemia Research Reports

    Leukemia Research Reports is a peer-reviewed publication that publishes short, high-quality papers on various aspects of hematology, including hematologic malignancies and other non-malignant diseases. The journal covers topics such as stem cell transplantation, leukemias, lymphomas, multiple myelomas and more. It is the official journal of the Myelodysplastic Syndromes Foundation and indexed in PubMed/PubMed Central and Scopus.

  2. Leukemia Research Articles

    Leukemia Research Results and Study Updates See Advances in Leukemia Research for an overview of recent findings and progress, plus ongoing projects supported by NCI. Quizartinib Approval Adds New Treatment Option for AML, Including in Older Patients Posted: August 15, 2023

  3. Advances in Leukemia Research

    Learn about the latest research in leukemia treatment, including clinical trials, programs, and results from NCI-funded studies. Find out how NCI researchers are working to advance our understanding of how to treat leukemia with targeted therapies and immunotherapies. Discover the progress in acute, chronic, and acute lymphoblastic leukemia, as well as myeloid leukemia.

  4. Leukemia Research

    4.3 CiteScore 2.7 Impact Factor Submit your article Guide for authors About the journal Aims & Scope Official journal of the Myelodysplastic Syndromes Foundation .

  5. Etiology of Acute Leukemia: A Review

    2. Age and Race. Age and race are important factors in the incidence of leukemias. For example, in the United Kingdom, 42.8% of all leukemias occur in individuals over 65 years of age [].A review of the subject in the United States reports that the overall age-adjusted leukemia incidence is highest in the White population at 15 per 100,000, followed by Blacks at 11 per 100,000, and Hispanics ...

  6. Research articles

    Paul Milne Olaf Heidenreich Letter Open Access 02 Feb 2024 State-transition modeling of blood transcriptome predicts disease evolution and treatment response in chronic myeloid leukemia David E....

  7. Most Cited Articles

    The most cited articles from Leukemia Research Reports published since 2020, extracted from Scopus. Rewriting the rules for care of MDS and AML patients in the time of COVID-19. Azra Raza, Amer Assal, Abdullah M. Ali, Joseph G. Jurcic Open Access January 2020 Volume 13.

  8. Leukemia Research Reports

    Leukemia Research Reports Leukemia Research Reports Published by Elsevier BV Print ISSN: 2213-0489 Articles Strategies to circumvent the T315I gatekeeper mutation in the Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase...

  9. Announcements

    In 2022 and 2023, Leukemia Research Reports aims at increasing the representation of women. This sits within Elsevier's broader ongoing inclusion & diversity efforts. Equity and inclusion in publishing are critically important for scientific excellence and innovation.

  10. Leukemia ResearchReports: Guide for authors

    Leukemia Research Reports is an open access, international journal which delivers timely information online to all health care professionals involved in basic and/or applied clinical research in leukemias, lymphomas, multiple myeloma and other hematologic malignancies.

  11. Leukemia

    Luise Fischer Nora Grieb Maximilian Merz Article Open Access 06 Jan 2024 Predictors of early morbidity and mortality in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: data from five randomized, controlled,...

  12. Archive of "Leukemia Research Reports".

    Articles from Leukemia Research Reports are provided here courtesy of Elsevier. Follow NCBI. Connect with NLM. National Library of Medicine 8600 Rockville Pike Bethesda, MD 20894. Web Policies FOIA HHS Vulnerability Disclosure. Help Accessibility Careers. NLM; NIH; HHS; USA.gov ...

  13. Leukemia Research Reports

    A peer-reviewed, open access journal in leukemia, lymphoma, multiple myeloma & hematologic malignancy. ... Leukemia Research Reports 2213-0489 (Online) Website ISSN Portal About Articles About. Publishing with this journal. The journal charges up to: ...

  14. Updates of the ERIC recommendations on how to report the ...

    The treatment paradigm of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is rapidly shifting from chemoimmunotherapy (CIT) to novel targeted agents. Recent randomized studies have consistently documented the ...

  15. Current Research

    Zhaohui Gu, PhD Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope Grant awarded: 2023 Disease: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) Research focus: Relapse prevention Learn more >> Xue Han, PhD, The Ohio State University Grant awarded: 2023 Disease: Leukemia (AML) Research focus: Treatment Learn more >> Tania Jain, PhD

  16. Acute Myeloid Leukaemia research

    Professor Olaf Heidenreich. The bone marrow of Acute Myeloid Leukaemia (AML) patients contains a rare population of leukaemic stem cells (LSCs) that do not grow and, therefore, are not killed by chemotherapy. However, after treatment, these cells start to grow and produce AML cells, but it has until now been unclear as to what kick-starts this ...

  17. Leukemia Research Reports

    Leukemia Research Reports (LRR), a companion title to Leukemia Research, is a peer-reviewed publication devoted to the rapid publication of short, high-quality papers related to a broad scope of therapeutic areas of hematology, including hematologic malignancies and other non-malignant diseases, such as: • Hematopoetic and stem cell transplantat...

  18. Guide to Authors

    Article: An Article is a substantial, in-depth, novel research study of interest to the readership of the journal. The structure an Article should follow is detailed below. Specifications ...

  19. Leukemia: A Research Report

    A research report which begins with a description of how normal blood cells develop & what they do. Continues with information about the incidence, possible causes, symptoms, diagnosis, & treatment of leukemia -- a cancer that arises in blood-forming cells. Includes information about: acute Leukemias, chronic Leukemias (Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia, Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia, & Hairy cell ...

  20. Think You Know the Latest ASH Leukemia & Lymphoma Research?

    Stay connected to the latest news with Physician's Weekly. Insights from the leaders in medical research, trending topics in clinical medicine, and perspectives from your colleagues. Subscribe to our free Newsletters to receive weekly emails, and even get a laugh or two from our medical cartoons. Do you remember the leukemia and lymphoma ...

  21. Guide for authors

    Leukemia Research Reports Open access 1.1 CiteScore Menu Guide for authors Your Paper Your Way Types of article Submission checklist Before you begin Ethics in publishing Studies in humans and animals Informed consent and patient details Declaration of interest Declaration of generative AI in scientific writing